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	Archaeology
		Archaeology or archæology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of cultural and environmental data, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes.
		The goals of archaeology are to document and explain the origins and development of human culture, culture history, cultural evolution, and human behaviour and ecology.
		Archaeology is an approach to understanding lost cultures and the mute aspects of human history, without a cut-off date: in England, archaeologists have uncovered the long-lost layouts of medieval villages abandoned after the crises of the 14th century and the equally lost layouts of 17th century parterre gardens swept away by a change in fashion.
	www.news-from-newspapers.com /en/Wikipedia.org/2005/04/19/Archaeology.html (3949 words)

	Archaeology
		Archaeology (or archeology) is the scientific study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes.
		The next major figure in the development of archaeology in the UK was Mortimer Wheeler, whose highly disciplined approach to excavation and systematic coverage of much of the country in the 1920s and 1930s brought the science on swiftly.
		It was now possible to study archaeology as a subject in universities and even schools, and by the end of the 20th century nearly all professional archaeologists, at least in developed countries, were graduates.
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/a/ar/archaeology.html (5987 words)

	Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology - Cambridge University Press
		Archaeology in Nazi Germany: the legacy of Faustian bargain Bettina Arnold and Henning Hassman; 5.
		Archaeology and ideology in Southeast Europe Timothy Kaiser; 7.
		The regionalist paradigm in Chinese archaeology Lothar von Falkenhausen; 12.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521558395 (616 words)

	Archaeology: What Is It?
		Archaeology is simply the study of the material things of the past.There is over a century of jargon that can and will be applied, but in very simplest terms, archaeologists study stuff that is preserved so that we may decipher something of the culture, beliefs, and values of past societies.
		Archaeology for Post-Processualists is often defined as the anthropology of material culture, and encompasses but is not limited to Materialist positivistic approaches to study of past societies.
		Archaeology emerges in its P-P guise as a social anthropology of the past, not purely Western Science and not purely History, but a holistic study of humans in the past, including their institutions, their beliefs, and their culture in all its many facets.
	imnh.isu.edu /digitalatlas/arch/ArchDef/main.htm (1834 words)

	Archaeology - duno.com reference
		Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech/discourse) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes.
		The goals of archaeology are to document and explain the origins and development of human culture, understand culture history, chronicle cultural evolution, and study human behavior and ecology, for both prehistoric and historic societies.
		Traditional archaeology is viewed as the study of pre-historic human cultures, that is, cultures that existed before the development of writing for that culture.
	www.duno.com /term/Archaeology (7962 words)

	ipedia.com: Archaeology Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Archaeology (or archeology) is the scientific study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes.
		The next major figure in the development of archaeology in the UK was Mortimer Wheeler, whose highly disciplined approach to excavation and systematic coverage of much of the country in the 1920s and 1930s brought the science on swiftly.
		It was now possible to study archaeology as a subject in universities and even schools, and by the end of the 20th century nearly all professional archaeologists, at least in developed countries, were graduates.
	www.ipedia.com /archaeology.html (6035 words)

	Philosophy and the New Archaeology
		Archaeology is generally taken to have become established in the nineteenth century with Jacques Boucher de Perthes' discovery of chipped stones in Somme river gravel quarries, alongside the bones of now-extinct animals.
		In 1949 radiocarbon dating (C14) was invented by William Libby and suddenly archaeology seemingly had a scientific basis to back up the placing of finds in historical order, although it took some time for the consequences to become clear.
		In order to practice archaeology it would be necessary to question presuppositions that had previously been implicit and reject them if required, as well as to consider the impact that the philosophy of science would have as debates therein changed the image of archaeology that had been crafted to date.
	www.galilean-library.org /newarch.html (4161 words)

	Archaeology and Sports History
		Archaeology is based generally on the idea that there are ancient remains of human activity to be studied and published to the aim of world history.
		It is obvious that archaeology and history should have a very closed relation, and a big interest is to be established between archaeologists and historians, because the archaeologist also needs the historian to develop his information and draw a certain philosophy of history.
		Archaeology is a field of interest to sport historians, especially those who have no texts in hand.
	phoenicia.org /sportsarch.html (2137 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The goals of archaeology are to document and explain the origins and development of human culture, understand culture history, chronicle cultural evolution, and study human behavior and ecology, for both prehistoric and historic societies.
		Traditional Archaeology is viewed as the study of pre-historical human cultures; that is cultures that existed before the development of writing for that culture.
		During the 20th century, the development of urban archaeology and then rescue archaeology have been important factors, as has the development of archaeological science, which has greatly increased the amount of data that it is possible to obtain.
	www.blinkbits.com /blinks/archaeology (5262 words)

	archaeology
		Traditional Archaeology is viewed as the study of pre-historical human cultures; that is cultures that existed before the development of writing for that culture.
		Historical archaeology is the study of post-writing cultures.In the study of relatively recent cultures, which have been observed and studied by Western scholars, archaeology is closely allied with ethnography.
		The material record is nearer to a fair representation of society, though it is subject to its own inaccuracies, such as sampling bias and differential preservation.In addition to their scientific importance, archaeological remains sometimes have political significance to descendants of the people who produced them, monetary value to collectors, or simply strong aesthetic appeal.
	www.dirpedia.com /archaeology.html (4781 words)

	CaliforniaPrehistory.com -- The History of Archaeological Classification in Central California
		Local archaeology seemed to promise so little of positive value that the resources of the department [of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley] were diverted to rescue ethnographic information from the survivors of the last aboriginal generation of California Indian groups.
		By 1949, the assumption was being implicitly made that "The Bay region shellmounds may, therefore, have been occupied by interior peoples and not visa versa" (Heizer 1949:39).
		Loud, L.L. Ethnogeography and Archaeology of the Wiyot Territory.
	www.californiaprehistory.com /reports01/rep0025.html (7570 words)

	Archaeology in Whithorn, Scotland. The Whithorn Trust explore the archaeology and history of Whithorn and examine its ...
		The Whithorn Trust explore the archaeology and history of Whithorn and examine its role in the evolution of Christianity and society in Scotland.
		Whithorn and St. Ninian records the results of eleven years of research by the Whithorn Trust, which has revealed a detailed picture of the thriving community which lived around the church built by St. Ninian, and its evolution over the next 1100 years.
		The book Whithorn and St Ninian: The Excavation of a Monastic Town 1984-91 (available from the Whithorn Trust) is a work that not only details the results of this excavation but also gives a background of the previous excavations plus the historical sources.
	www.whithorn.com /archaeology.htm (1060 words)

	British Archaeology, no 21, February 1997: Obituary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Martyn Jope had three overlapping careers in archaeology, as a medievalist, in the Iron Age, and as a campaigner for the deployment of laboratory disciplines in the subject.
		His first achievements were as a medievalist, for he was one of two or three scholars who established the study of the period after 1066 as a core part of archaeology, with pioneering urban and rural excavations and a whole series of regional studies of pottery in the 1950s.
		The archaeology of all periods in Ireland, and Ulster in particular, was changed totally by his standards, methods and breadth of vision.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /ba/ba21/ba21obit.html (455 words)

	A History of Archaeology
		The exact origins of archaeology as a disciplined study are uncertain.
		Archaeology was continued as an amateur pastime pursued, in later years, by persons such as Augustus Pitt-Rivers who collected many artifacts during his early career as a colonial soldier to which he added further finds from a large estate he had inherited complete with numerous prehistoric features.
		The next major figure in the development of archaeology in the UK was Mortimer Wheeler, whose highly disciplined approach to excavation and systematic coverage of much of Great Britain in the 1920s and 1930s brought the science on swiftly.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /archaeology/history_of_archaeology.html (1219 words)

	Stanford Journal of Archaeology
		From the time of the civil war and 1949 "liberation" up through present day, a multiplicity of perceptions has characterized narratives of the First Emperor ¨D fluctuating between condemnation and praise ¨D as political and social agendas have constantly shifted in the last 50 years.
		The significance of the sculpted army was of equally great magnitude to art history, archaeology, and the political uses of the ancient Chinese material culture.
		Archaeology again became a pursuable discipline for a barrage of new hands and minds (Guldin 1994).
	archaeology.stanford.edu /journal/newdraft/miller/paperpage.html (6423 words)

	Archaeology - ELi Research Guides - UWF Libraries (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This work presents an examination of the discipline of archaeology and a chronology of civilization.
		This general and specialized dictionary of archaeology provides the student, layperson, and professional archaeologist with clear definitions of complex terms and procedures.
		This comprehensive handbook discusses archaeology and the work of archaeologists while providing practical information about living conditions and work at archaeological sites, analyzing artifacts, and writing reports.
	www.lib.uwf.edu /eli/Social/Archaeology.shtml (827 words)

	Islamic Archaeology: A Primer \| CorrenteWire
		Islamic archaeology is a relatively new field that has received very little attention, by contrast with its contemporary, the archaeology of medieval Europe.
		Excavations at Ramla in 1949, 1973, and the 1990â€™s were mainly isolated and salvage work designed to test the land for the construction of new urban development and put recent Russian unemployed immigrants to work.
		The next step for the progress of Islamic archaeology in Israel is to integrate excavations of other sites in a wider framework of Islamic excavations and make these accessible to the public who, in turn, can benefit from understanding their own contextualized place in the history of Israel and Palestine.
	www.correntewire.com /islamic_archaeology_a_primer (1665 words)

	Bryn Mawr - Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology
		Born in the Netherlands in 1917, she studied at the University of Amsterdam and, due to wartime conditions received her doctorate in 1943 from the University of Utrecht.
		With a deep interest in interconnections between ancient Greece and the Near East, between 1947-49 she participated in the ground-breaking excavation of Tarsus, then from 1950-65 was a staff member of the important excavation of Gordion, the capital of the legendary King Midas of Phrygia.
		In 1986 she was honored by her students and colleagues in a volume of essays entitled Ancient Anatolia, and in 1994 the College sponsored an international symposium in Istanbul on archaeology in Turkey where alumnae and professional colleagues and friends gathered to appreciate her contributions.
	www.brynmawr.edu /archaeology/MJMellink-bmc.htm (686 words)

	Archaeology - MSN Encarta
		Introduction; The Scope of Archaeology; Fields of Archaeology; The Goals of Archaeology; Gaining Insights on the Past; Establishing Archaeological Sites; Archaeological Excavation; Determining the Age of Finds; Interpreting the Archaeological Record; Recent Trends in Archaeology; The Future of Archaeology
		During this time, the inhabitants of the valley shifted from a pattern of seasonal migration and a diet of wild plants and game animals to a more stable pattern of settlement and a diet based on cultivated maize (corn), beans, and squash.
		One way they accomplish this is by doing archaeological research on present-day societies—studying the ways in which people live today and the material traces that their activities leave behind.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572159_3/Archaeology.html (1221 words)

	Apologetics Press - Dating in Archaeology: Challenges to Biblical Credibility
		Archaeology, therefore, presents a challenge to those who contend for the integrity of the Scriptures.
		Finally, archaeology is an imprecise science, and should not serve as the judge of biblical historicity.
		Indeed, archaeology is most helpful in biblical studies, often confirming and illuminating biblical texts.
	www.apologeticspress.org /articles/2020 (2833 words)

	Tong, Enzheng (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The article is primarily a critique of the Chinese archaeologist Xia Nai's view of the thirty years of archaeology work in China from 1949-1979, namely during the Maoist period.
		He harshly criticizes the pre-formulated conclusions brought to bear upon the fields of archaeology and history (e.g., assuming a linear progress through stages of civilization).
		Archaeology in China was born in the wake of the May Fourth Movement and its anti-foreign, pro-China fervor.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~dkane/TongEnzheng.htm (338 words)

	Irish Archaeology on the Internet
		Centre for Maritime Archaeology (CMA) : Formed in February 1999 and is jointly funded by the University of Ulster and the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland.
		Journal of Irish Archaeology: published at irregular intervals since 1983 but now more or less annual, this journal is intended as a forum for discussion and debate on all aspects of archaeology with particular reference to Ireland.
		Also based on Achill: Ceramics in Archaeology Course This is an intensive course in the identification and classification of ceramics from the Neolithic to the Post-Medieval.
	www.xs4all.nl /~tbreen/links.html (7722 words)

	CaliforniaPrehistory.com -- Archaeological Investigations at CA-FRE-1333, in The White Creek Drainage, Western Fresno ...
		Fredrickson, D.A. Preliminary Impressions on the Archaeology of Ker-116.
		Archaeology of the Southern San Joaquin Valley, California.
		A Symposium on the Culture Sequence of the Kahwatchwa Yokuts Area: The Archaeology of the Western San Joaquin Valley, California.
	www.californiaprehistory.com /reports01/rep0014.html (12368 words)

	Harvard Gazette: Renowned archaeologist Willey dies at 89
		He is recognized as the creator of the field of "settlement pattern studies" in archaeology, an enormously significant methodological advance that he pioneered in the Viru Valley on the northern coast of Peru in the late 1940s.
		The ancient settlements and other features were shown to reflect people's uses of the landscape and relations with their neighbors, thus enabling scholars to reconstruct the economic, political, and social organization of past cultures.
		Willey's 1949 book, "Archaeology of the Florida Gulf Coast," became an instant classic, and is still carried in the back pocket of virtually all field archaeologists working in that part of the United States.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/2002/05.02/13-willey.html (593 words)

	Archaeology on the Web
		Archaeology has undergone rapid changes in its discipline since the invention of radiocarbon dating in 1949.
		This constant flux that characterizes archaeology is often a source of controversy, but as evidenced by the majority of the web sites, it is one that is welcomed for the health and continuous rebirth of the discipline.
		The scope of archaeology and the magnitude of complementary disciplines make it nearly impossible for an individual to study by fieldwork or library research.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/wilson/ant304/notes/notes98/saxtonnotes.html (910 words)

	Laboratory of Archaeology (LOA)
		The Laboratory of Archaeology (LOA) is committed to the scholarly study of the material evidence of past cultures.
		The Laboratory of Archaeology (LOA) is an autonomous research and teaching unit of the Department of Anthropology and Sociology created by the late Dr. Charles (Carl) Borden (often referred to as "the father of B.C. archaeology") in 1949.
		The Laboratory of Archaeology (LOA) policies and procedures describe the handling of cultural materials and human remains in LOA's care at all stages of collection, research, reporting of results, access, and repatriation.
	www.arts.ubc.ca /Laboratory_of_Archaeology__LOA.9769.0.html (328 words)

	Iranica.com - ORIENTAL INSTITUTE, THE
		The catalyst for the OI to enter into the field of Iranian archaeology was Ernst Herzfeld, a noted scholar of many skills, who had already been active in Iran for some thirty years (Gunter and Hauser 2004).
		Shortly after the abolition of French monopoly on Iranian archaeology and the ratification of the new Antiquities Laws in 1930, Breasted applied to the Iranian government for a permit for excavations and restorations at Persepolis on behalf of the OI.
		From 1949 Robert Braidwood began a series of surveys and test excavations in northern Mesopotamia aimed at exploring the transitional period from food procurement to food production, especially the questions of domestication of plants and animals and the beginning of sedentary life (L. Braidwood et al.
	www.iranica.com /newsite/articles/ot_grp9/ot_orieninst_20051018.html (3826 words)

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