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Topic: 1950s in Hong Kong

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	Battle of Hong Kong - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		British, Canadian and Indian forces, commanded by Major-General Maltby supported by the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Forces, resisted the Japanese invasion by the 38th Division, commanded by Lieutenant General Sakai Takashi, but were outnumbered two to one and lacked their opponents' recent combat experience.
		On December 19 fierce fighting continued on Hong Kong Island but the Japanese annihilated the headquarters of East Brigade and could not be forced from the Wong Ne Chong Gap that secured the passage between downtown and the secluded southern parts of the island.
		Hong Kong was eventually retaken in 1945, following the surrender of the Japanese forces on August 15, less than a week after the United States had dropped atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong (1676 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Economic History of Hong Kong
		Hong Kong’s economic and political history has been primarily determined by its geographical location. The territory of Hong Kong is comprised of two main islands (Hong Kong Island and Lantau Island) and a mainland hinterland.
		Hong Kong was profoundly affected by the disastrous events in Mainland China in the inter-war period.
		The economic development of Hong Kong is unusual in a variety of respects. First, industrialization was accompanied by increasing numbers of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) rather than consolidation. In 1955, 91 percent of manufacturing establishments employed fewer than one hundred workers, a proportion that increased to 96.5 percent by 1975.
	eh.net /encyclopedia/article/schenk.HongKong (824 words)

	Hong Kong - MSN Encarta
		Hong Kong is bordered on the north by Guangdong Province and on the east, west, and south by the South China Sea.
		Hong Kong’s mainland portion consists of the urban area of Kowloon and a portion of the New Territories, a large area that became part of Hong Kong in 1898.
		Hong Kong is among the leading trading centers in the world, and shipping and trade continue to be important aspects of its economy.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561507/Hong_Kong.html (2136 words)

	Japanese occupation of Hong Kong - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Throughout the Japanese occupation, Hong Kong was ruled as a detained terrain and was subjected to martial law.
		As a result, the unemployed were deported to the Mainland, and the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from two million to seven hundred thousand in 1945.
		The Hong Kong News, a pre-war Japanese-owned English newspaper, was revived on January 1942.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Japanese_Occupation_of_Hong_Kong (3168 words)

	Hong Kong's History. »´ä¾ú¥v¡C
		Prior to the arrival of the British, Hong Kong was a small fishing community and a haven for travellers and pirates in the South China Sea.
		Settlement in the territory grew slowly with the population rose from 32,983 in 1851 to 878,947 in 1931.
		Hong Kong's economic life began to slow after the United Nations' embargo on trade with China in the 1950s.
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Towers/2464/hist.htm (825 words)

	Hong Kong. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Hong Kong is governed under the Basic Law as approved in 1990 by the National People’s Congress of China.
		Hong Kong is a free port, a bustling trade center, and a shipping and banking emporium—one of the greatest trading and transshipment centers in East Asia.
		Hong Kong was affected by the Asian financial crisis of 1997–98, but its economy began to rebound in 1999.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ho/HongKong.html (1454 words)

	Hong Kong
		Hong Kong is a unique melding of Eastern and Western influences, whose history has made it a meeting point for China and the outside world.
		Hong Kong consists of Hong Kong Island (ceded by China to Britain in 1842), the southern part of the Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island (ceded in 1860) and the New Territories, which include the mainland area lying to the north and 235 offshore islands.
		Hong Kong was not isolated from Chinese domestic politics, however, especially during the Cultural Revolution of 1966-76.
	www.loc.gov /loc/lcib/9708/hongkong.html (2012 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Stanley, Hong Kong
		The Southern District (å—å€) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong.
		After the annexation of Hong Kong in 1842, the British made Stanley the administrative centre for a while, before moving to the newly founded Victoria City north of Hong Kong Island.
		Stanley was the location where the British garrison in Hong Kong was defeated by the advancing Japanese troops in December 1941.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Stanley,-Hong-Kong (2208 words)

	Hong-Kong Hotels Guide
		During the teens and twenties of this century, Hong Kong served as a refuge for exiles from China following the establishment of the Chinese Republic in 1912.
		It was estimated that some 100,000 refugees entered in 1937, 500,000 in 1938 and 150,000 in 1939 - bringing Hong Kong's population at the outbreak of World War II to an estimated 1.6 million.
		In the 1950s Hong Kong began in earnest a new career as a manufacturing and industrial centre.
	www.hong-kong-hotels-guide.com /hong-kong-hotels-guide/HkHist.htm (802 words)

	Hong Kong : In Depth : History \| Frommers.com
		Hong Kong's growth in the 20th century was no less astonishing in terms of both trade and population.
		As a British colony, Hong Kong was administered by a governor appointed by the queen.
		Hong Kong's pro-democracy leaders responded that Hong Kong's autonomy had been violated, with the core principals of the Basic Law and the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration -- that Hong Kong would be ruled by the people of Hong Kong -- replaced by a Beijing dictatorship.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/hongkong/0078020044.html (2181 words)

	Hong Kong's Struggle for Selfhood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Hong Kong was treated as primarily a place of rest and recreation for their missionaries.
		Although Hong Kong is not likely to have a fully elected government in the foreseeable future (meaning its citizens are able to elect their own chief executive and all 60 legislators by universal franchise), a more open and accountable government must be pursued.
		On behalf of all of Hong Kong's citizens, the Church must be a watchdog over the activities of the rich and powerful by maintaining a critical stance toward their endeavors.
	daga.dhs.org /daga/press/1997b/ch09.htm (3129 words)

	Country Pages: Hong Kong (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Hong Kong, S.A.R. (Special Administrative Region) is composed of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, the New Territories and the Outlying Islands.
		China's official policy with regard to Hong Kong is "one country, two systems." At the border, citizens of the PRC must go through an immigration process just as visitors from other countries, and citizens of other countries must have a Chinese visa to enter the PRC from Hong Kong.
		Although Hong Kong was affected by the Asian economic crisis of the late 1990s and has experienced rising unemployment, falling property prices and close to zero growth in recent years, it is still a vibrant financial center and one of the world's great cities.
	www.cies.org /country/hongkong.htm (2187 words)

	Restorative Justice for Juveniles in Hong Kong: Reflections of a Practitioner
		Hong Kong people worried about whether real justice could be achieved outside the court system, since there were examples showing that people’s mediation committees might not be absolutely fair and resolution might be biased because of party-line politics in communist China.
		Although the Hong Kong government was not keen on reforming the traditional retributive system at that time, my initial enthusiasm has not diminished, but I have re-orientated my work direction to focus on advocating the use of victim-offender mediation outside the judicial system and promoting RJ concepts to teachers.
		In Hong Kong and mainland China, Van Ness’s idea about building an RJ City[6] seems to be a myth, especially for those who have experienced more than 40 years of the informal but arbitrary, as well as unfair, social-control system.
	www.realjustice.org /library/au05_wong.html (5357 words)

	Bloomberg.com: Asia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		SARS has crippled Hong Kong's retail and travel industries, driven the benchmark Hang Seng Index to its lowest level since 1998 and pushed the city's $170 billion-a-year economy to the brink of its third recession in five years.
		At the 1,225-hectare (3,027-acre) Hong Kong International Airport, which opened in 1998 and is capable of handling 87 million passengers a year, airlines canceled 5,200 flights in April alone.
		The Hong Kong currency has become so overvalued that it might plunge by as much as 30 percent against the dollar if it were allowed to float freely, he says.
	quote.bloomberg.com /apps/news?pid=10000080&sid=avTpzolBcPAI&refer=asia (2845 words)

	Far Outliers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Hong Kong was the best listening post into "Red China." It was, as the long-distance telephone ad used to say, "The next best thing to being there." The island-colony was roiling with action in 1953.
		It was a base for agents from China and Taiwan and, therefore, served as one of the few places where the two sides could rub elbows, and, if the situation called for it, pass on communications to each other's governments.
		Wealthy capitalists from Shanghai sought refuge in Hong Kong after the Communist revolution and spent much of their time trying to find a way off the island.
	faroutliers.blogspot.com /2005/10/hong-kong-listening-post-in-1950s.html (485 words)

	Hong Kong: Internal Affairs and Foreign Affairs, 1960-January 1963 State Dept Central Files (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		During the early decades of the 20th century, Hong Kong served as a refuge for exiles from China following the establishment of the Chinese Republic in 1912.
		Hong Kongs economic life began to slow after the United Nations placed an embargo on trade with China in the 1950s.
		Hong Kongs success in this field was due to a number of factors, including cheap labor, capital input, and the colonial governments tax policies.
	www.lexisnexis.com /Academic/2upa/Ias/cfHongKong.asp (800 words)

	Old Hong Kong in the 1950s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		There were 10,000 British servicemen stationed in Hong Kong, the number of potential combatants on the street periodically swollen when the US Sixth Fleet were in harbour.
		Water shortages and rationing were frequent in Hong Kong, with bars full of blocked toilets which would stay like that until the authorities turned the water on again, but it seemed to have no effect on the Hong Kong breweries' ability to keep pace with the servicemens' throats.
		In the banks and Hong Kong commercial establishments typewriters and adding machines were the norm, but in the small shops that lined every street the abacus was still king and a receipt was as likely to be written with a brush as with a pen.
	www.harrys-stuff.com /hong-kong/hong-kong.php (629 words)

	Hong Kong: The Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A look at the history of Hong Kong as reported in the pages of The New York Times, with a focus on the years leading up to the handover to China.
		Fast-growing Hong Kong, one of Britain's most prized colonial outposts, falls to the Japanese in 1941.
		Residents of Hong Kong learn that not all of them will have the right to move to Britain.
	www.nytimes.com /specials/hongkong/archive (226 words)

	DM: Brown Bag highlights Asian studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		According to King, Hong Kong is different from other parts of China because it has developed a combination of German and British cultures.
		Hong Kong, is located at the mouth of China's Pearl River and is about 386 square miles.
		Between the 1840s and 1950s, Hong Kong served as a center stage of transshipment of trade between China and the western world.
	www.olemiss.edu /news/dm/archives/98/9804/980408/980408N4luncheon.HTML (512 words)

	Peak tram
		In the 1950s the Hong Kong government responded to the burgeoning population that was resulting from Chinese emigration.
		This sailing junk is supposedly under hire by the Hong Kong Tourist Association for the benefit of tourists.
		Hong Kong University campus is located in the central business district of Victoria.
	geoimages.berkeley.edu /GeoImages/Semans/PEAKTRAM.html (813 words)

	GrandPrix.com > GP Encyclopedia > Sponsors > Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank
		Thomas Sutherland was a Scotsman born in Aberdeen in 1834.
		Two years later the bank came under the control of the Hong Kong legislative council, of which Sutherland was a member, and was granted a special ordinance by the British government.
		In 1991, in preparation for the handing back of Hong Kong to China, HSBC was floated on the London and Hong Kong Stock Exchanges and transferred its head office to London.
	www.grandprix.com /gpe/spon-022.html (540 words)

	Amazon.com: Golden Boy : Memories of a Hong Kong Childhood: Books: Martin Booth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Martin remained there until he was in his late teens, and his experience of Hong Kong and the mainland proved crucial to his subsequent career as a writer of books and screenplays, many of them set in the Far East or other exotic locales.
		Upon landing in Hong Kong, the Booths went to the first of their several lodgings, "the somewhat ostentatiously named Grand Hotel," in Kowloon, on the mainland across from Hong Kong island.
		This book and "Gweilo Memories of a Hong Kong Childhood" by Martin Booth are the same book given different titles by diferent publishers, whilst this is a perfectly legitimate practice I feel it is VERY BAD practice for amazon.com when marketing both titles not to indicate that they are the same book....
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0312348177?v=glance (2794 words)

	Garcia bio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Roger Garcia was born in Hong Kong and educated in England.
		He was the director of the Hong Kong International Film Festival 1978-80 and has been consultant to several international film festivals.
		He was English language editor of "Cantonese Cinema of the 1950s" and "Hong Kong Cinema of the 1950s" (Hong Kong International Film Festival 1978 and 1985), and the book on Hollywood director Frank Tashlin for the Locarno Film Festival in 1994.
	www.pardo.ch /1999/htm/lineu/e/gar_bio.htm (280 words)

	CHINA BOOKS: :Hong Kong & Macau: History & Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In Hong Kong, the first public sector reform programme was launched in 1989, paving the way for new initiatives such as performance pledges, trading funds, budget devolution, contracting-out of services and performance management.
		Hong Kong's skyline is ever in transition, a flamboyant affirmation of the city's determination to let nothing stand in its way as it forges ahead.
		British rule in Hong Kong ended in 1997 and it is now both timely and intellectually inspiring to look back at the last twenty-five years of British rule, when Hong Kong was transformed from a low-cost manufacturing base into one of Asia's most vibrant international service centres.
	www.chinabooks.com.au /generalcatalogue/hongkong_2.htm (3280 words)

	Hong Kong : Recommended Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Life in Hong Kong during the opium trade is chronicled in Nigel Cameron's The Cultured Pearl (Oxford University Press, 1978), while life in the infamous Walled City is the subject of Greg Girard and Ian Lambot's City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City (Watermark Publications, 2003), complete with photographs of a life now vanished.
		For an intimate view of Hong Kong, a recommended book is Hong Kong: Borrowed Place, Borrowed Time (Praeger, 1968) by Richard Hughes, a foreign correspondent who lived in Hong Kong for several decades and was said to have been the inspiration for several characters in John Le Carré's novels.
		Fragrant Harbor (Putnam, 2002) by John Lanchester is a historical novel that brings to life Hong Kong from the 1930s to the present, as seen through the eyes of an Englishman in love with a Chinese woman and spying for the Empire during the Japanese occupation.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/print-narrative.cfm?destID=78&catID=0078020052 (665 words)

	East-West Center: News & Events: Exhibition: Neither East nor West: Hong Kong Contemporary Art
		Hong Kong people have always been living a gap between Eastern and Western culture.
		This exhibition highlights the contemporary art of Hong Kong and marks important points in the historical development of Hong Kong art.
		Images reveal the tough lives of the refugee immigrants of the 1950s; the Hong Kong experience during the 1990's when the city was moving toward unification with China; and a new sense of identification with Hong Kong during the post-1997 era.
	www.eastwestcenter.org /events-ce-detail.asp?conf_ID=698 (352 words)

	Hong Kong University Press
		Together with work from established authors, both bilingual writers who choose to write in English and expatriate authors who have made Hong Kong their home, a section of 'New Voices' introduces the work of unknown and young writers who are part of today's surge of new creativity.
		She is the author of five books: three novels - The Unwalled City (2001), Hong Kong Rose (1997) and Chinese Walls (1994), and two short fiction collections - History's Fiction (2001) and Daughters of Hui (1996).
		Previously he worked for the Hong Kong Education Department at the Institute of Language in Education and subsequently the Hong Kong Institute of Education, as well as teaching on the first MA in East-West Theatre Studies in Hong Kong.
	www.hkupress.org /asp/bookinfo.asp?PD_NUM=9622096042 (791 words)

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