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	Kenneth Boulding : General Systems Theory (1956)
		Science, that is to say, is what can be talked about profitably by scientists in their role as scientists.
		The more science breaks into sub-groups, and the less communication is possible among the disciplines, however, the greater chance there is that the total growth of knowledge is being slowed down by the loss of relevant communications.
		There is hardly a science in which the growth phenomenon does not have some importance, and though there is a great difference in complexity between the growth of crystals, embryos, and societies, many of the principles and concepts which are important at the lower levels are also illuminating at higher levels.
	www.panarchy.org /boulding/systems.1956.html (6002 words)

	Cognitive Science (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of mind and intelligence, embracing philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology.
		Cognitive science is becoming increasingly aware of the need to view the operations of mind in particular physical and social environments.
		Although the computational-representational approach to cognitive science has been successful in explaining many aspects of human problem solving, learning, and language use, some philosophical critics such as Hubert Dreyfus (1992) and John Searle (1992) have claimed that this approach is fundamentally mistaken.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/cognitive-science (3831 words)

	Thomas Kuhn
		Instead, science is "a series of peaceful interludes punctuated by intellectually violent revolutions" [Nicholas Wade, writing for Science], which he described as "the tradition-shattering complements to the tradition-bound activity of normal science." After such revolutions, "one conceptual world view is replaced by another" [Wade].
		During periods of normal science, the primary task of scientists is to bring the accepted theory and fact into closer agreement.
		Kuhn suggested that questions about whether a discipline is or is not a science can be answered only when members of a scholarly community who doubt their status achieve consensus about their past and present accomplishments.
	www.des.emory.edu /mfp/Kuhnsnap.html (1297 words)

	Thomas Kuhn
		Instead, science is "a series of peaceful interludes punctuated by intellectually violent revolutions" [Nicholas Wade, writing for Science], which he described as "the tradition-shattering complements to the tradition-bound activity of normal science." After such revolutions, "one conceptual world view is replaced by another" [Wade].
		During periods of normal science, the primary task of scientists is to bring the accepted theory and fact into closer agreement.
		Kuhn suggested that questions about whether a discipline is or is not a science can be answered only when members of a scholarly community who doubt their status achieve consensus about their past and present accomplishments.
	des.emory.edu /mfp/Kuhnsnap.html (1297 words)

	Science Quotes
		Science is nothing but trained and organized common sense differing from the latter only as a veteran may differ from a raw recruit: and its methods differ from those of common sense only as far as the guardsman's cut and thrust differ from the manner in which a savage wields his club.
		Science is facts; just as houses are made of stone, so is science made of facts; but a pile of stones is not a house, and a collection of facts is not necessarily science.
		Poetry is opposed to science, and prose to meter.
	www.lhup.edu /~dsimanek/sciquote.htm (5169 words)

	Science Show - 23 September 2006 - 1956 - developments in science
		Frederick Reines made the first experimental detection of the elementary particle, the neutrino, and 1956 is seen as the beginning of the nuclear power revolution.
		We have all kinds of very accurate proof...at least it gave the impression that it worked very well, and of course unless you are very peculiar you wouldn't try to deviate from this line.
		In April 1956, in a surprise move to ease Cold War tensions, the Russians sent a warship carrying a top-level delegation to Britain.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/scienceshow/stories/2006/1746580.htm (3059 words)

	50 years for Education p.204
		The quarterly review Impact of Science on Society (4) was initiated in 1950 to discuss the effects of scientific developments on modern society.
		Science education had become an important area of co-operation with the newly-independent and developing countries, many of which established their own agencies for curriculum development, for example, the Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Sciences and Technology in Thailand.
		From the beginning of the 1980s, emphasis was placed on the application of science and technology education to the needs of daily life and the development of society.
	www.unesco.org /education/educprog/50y/brochure/promotin/204.htm (1471 words)

	Freud and Science
		The related truths which they will progressively uncover through their work are their responsibility, even as it is their responsibility to analyze their mistakes and to publicize their failures.
		This is the scientific method, and the record of science indicates that we can place our trust in it.
		But a smattering of knowledge is one thing; the whole grasp of a discipline is another; and the first, unless used with wisdom and tolerance, can be hurtful as well as beneficial.
	www.trussel.com /hf/freud.htm (846 words)

	Defense Science Board - Links
		On December 31, 1956, a charter was issued specifying the Board as advisory to the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Research and Development).
		This revision harmonized the role and mission of the Defense Science Board with DDRandD’s responsibilities, prescribing eight members-at-large and modifying ex officio membership to conform with the establishment or dissolution of advisory panels in the office of the DDRandE.
		The members are appointed for terms ranging from one to four years and are selected on the basis of their preeminence in the fields of science, technology and its application to military operations, research, engineering, manufacturing and acquisition process.
	www.acq.osd.mil /dsb/history.htm (653 words)

	Plant Science Bulletin 1956, Volume 2, Issue 4
		As botanists we are particularly interested in the teaching of our own science, and our concern with it is shown by the establishment of a section in our society to serve as a center for the discussion of teaching problems.
		While the personal traits and instructional procedures of these teachers were diverse, the combination of characteristics shared most generally were those in the complex designated by psychologists as the "father figure." In addition to performing well in the classroom, these professors appeared to take a warm, personal, almost paternal, interest in their students.
		The National Science Foundation has recently made a grant to Smith College to finance the assembling of the data on Datura genetics and related problems, and its publication in a mono- graph on Datura.
	www.botany.org /plantsciencebulletin/psb-1956-02-4.php (8939 words)

	Science Hall (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Science Hall was built in 1906, and by 1959 had been recently renovated and equipped for lab work in biology, chemistry, and physics.
		After the Hartline Science Center was built the building began to be commonly called Old Science.
		It now houses the departments of anthropology, art, history, and languages and cultures, and is the second oldest building on campus after Carver Hall.
	www.bloomu.edu /library/pages/Archives/bloomu59/Oldscience.htm (104 words)

	Information Science 1920
		IUPAC establishes commissions on chemical nomenclature to formulate rules for naming chemical compounds systematically (Perry, et al., 1956).
		Science Service, at the National Academy of Science in Washington, DC, is established to disseminate scientific information.
		Principal purpose of the school is to be research oriented and to operate a Ph.D. program in library science (Buckland, 1996).
	www.libsci.sc.edu /bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISC1920.HTM (597 words)

	1956 in the FSU Biological Science History project
		Faculty of the Department of Biological Science in 1956
		This page is part of the Departmental History Project of the Department of Biological Science at Florida State University.
		Send an e-mail to thistle@bio.fsu.edu, a fax to (850) 644-9829, or snail-mail to Dr. Anne B. Thistle, Editor, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1100.
	www.bio.fsu.edu /history/1956roster.html (134 words)

	Science And Technology, China Facts, Chinatravel.com.
		It epitomizes the intelligence and wisdom of China's technological personnel, and it also shows that China's science and technology in these fields have reached a higher degree, and China is initially capable of conducting scientic research independently.
		In a relatively short period of time, a set of science and technology management institutions, scientific research institutions and academic institutions are restored and rebuilt.
		Chinese Academy of Sciences was established on Nov., 1, 1949.
	www.chinatravel.com /facts/general-china/science-and-technology.htm (455 words)

	James and Mendelsohn, Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction
		Acceding to the generally held view that the term genre mostly misses what science fiction is about, she calls it "an ongoing discussion," and later, a "mode of writing," which echoes the sentiments of a number of commentators.
		Attention is paid also to science fiction in film and television, a very different animal from that portrayed in literature, and, an area that is critically important, a look at the editors who have shaped the field.
		This is not to say that none of these schools has anything to say about science fiction -- quite the opposite is the case, actually, but one has to take their approaches with a grain of salt and a good awareness of what they are not addressing.
	www.greenmanreview.com /book/book_james_mendelsohn_ccsf.html (709 words)

	Clarke, Arthur C(harles) (1917-2008)
		British author (resident in Sri Lanka since 1956) of science fiction and popular science who worked on the development of radar during World War II, originated the concept of communications satellites in the Oct. 1945 issue of Wireless World,
		Informed by his science and engineering background and suffused with his liberal optimism about man's destiny among the stars, Clarke's writings combine meticulous technical authenticity with an almost mystical vision of the future.
		The notion that mankind's further evolution is inextricably bound up with extraterrestrial contact is recurrent throughout his work.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/C/ClarkeA.html (356 words)

	SF Citations for OED
		Fred Galvin submitted a 1956 cite from Roger De Soto in Amazing Stories which suggests that Sam Moskowitz originated the phrase in his columns in "fan-and-prozines"; we would like to see cites from his earlier columns.
		Science fiction exists to provide what Moskowitz and others call `the sense of wonder': some widening of the mind's horizons, no matter in what direction—the landscape of another planet, or a corpuscle's-eye view of an artery, or what it feels like to be in rapport with a cat.
		Much less postmodern in tone (although still able to generate a certain `sense of wonder') are the necroscopic brain-scans portrayed in much SF cinema and television of the latter 20th century.
	www.jessesword.com /sf/view/211 (1244 words)

	† Brief History of Divine Science Church †
		Divine Science was founded in 1887 by Nona Lovell Brooks, Aletha Brooks, and Fannie Brooks James.
		This brought together two closely related streams of thought and in 1898, the Divine Science College in Denver was incorporated to train teachers and practitioners, organize churches, and ordain ministers.
		There are several other Divine Science churches and study groups in other parts of the country and in other countries.
	www.divinescience.org /history.html (207 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Lu Ting-yi: Let Flowers of Many Kinds Blossom, Diverse Schools of Thought Contend!, 1956
		Kuo Mo-jo, President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chairman of the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, has asked me to speak on the policy of the Chinese Communist Party on the work of artists, writers and scientists.
		If we want art, literature and science to flourish, we must apply a policy of letting flowers of many kinds blossom, letting diverse schools of thought contend.
		We have waged this struggle in organizations dealing with public health and research in the natural sciences, in literature and art, and in the social sciences.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1956-china-flowers.html (2171 words)

	COE @ MSU > Info for Students > Undergraduate > Scholarships > Berkheimer
		Recipients shall be selected on the basis of their academic achievement in science and their desire to pursue a career in the field of science education.
		degree in 1956 in Science Education and Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh.
		He taught secondary science in Maryland and Pennsylvania and was Director of Implementation, In-service Training, and Feedback with the Educational Research Council of Greater Cleveland before earning his Ed.D. degree with an emphasis in Curriculum and Chemistry from Michigan State University.
	www.educ.msu.edu /students/undergraduate/scholarships/berkheimer.htm (405 words)

	BellScience.html
		Created by the Bell Telephone Company (the only phone company we had back then) in the 1950s, this series of science films was shown to vast numbers of students in the 50s, 60s and 70s.
		It is also interesting to see the references to Christianity and the attempt to couch Science in such a was as to not offend the God Squad.
		As a cosmic-ray physicist, this videotape is amusing not only for its well-presented (though rather outdated) science but also for the shear novelty of its existence.
	www.users.nac.net /karl/eine/Links/BellScience.html (1094 words)

	John Bardeen - Biography
		Because he felt his interests were more in pure than in applied science, Bardeen resigned his position at Gulf in 1933 to take graduate work in mathematical physics at Princeton University.
		Bardeen was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1954.
		Honours include the Stuart Ballentine Medal of the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia (1952) and the John Scott Medal of the City of Philadelphia (1955), both awarded jointly with Dr. W.H. Brattain, the Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society (1955) and D.Sc.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/bardeen-bio.html (722 words)

	1956 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		May 21 - Nuclear testing : In the Pacific Ocean Bikini Atoll is nearly obliterated by the first explosion of a hydrogen bomb.
		October 31 - Suez Crisis : The United Kingdom and France begin bombing Egypt to force the reopening of the Suez Canal.
		November 6 - U.S. presidential election 1956 : Republican incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower is reelected by defeating Democrat challenger Adlai E. Stevenson in a rematch of their contest years earlier.
	www.freeglossary.com /1956 (1482 words)

	Arthur C.Clarke
		Arthur C. Clarke was born in -1917, and became interested in science when he was wery young.
		In the school Clarke started to write "short storys" about fiction....And mutch later in 1949 he became the chairman of the British Interplanetary Society.Clarke, From 1941 to 1946 he served the Royal Air Force, specializing in radar, and sold during the service his first science-fiction story.
		Won the Nebula, Hugo Awards, and the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for the novel Rendezvous with Rama.
	www.rama3d.com /arthur.htm (184 words)

	The April 3, 1956 Tornado Outbreak
		Although the awareness to the threat of severe weather and the presence of early warning systems are much improved since 1956, this is at least partially offset by the increase in population density.
		Many areas that were open farmland or woods have been converted to residential areas and commercial districts.
		Although they are relatively rare in Michigan, strong tornadoes like those of April 3, 1956 can and will occur.
	www.crh.noaa.gov /grr/science/19560403/what_if (236 words)

	Management Science
		The Institute of Management Sciences: Report of the fourth annual international meeting.
		The Institute of Management Sciences: Report of the fifth annual international meeting.
		The Institute of Management Sciences report of the American national meeting.
	www.maaw.info /ManagementJournals/ManagementScience.htm (1248 words)

	Mathematics Department
		This department is an important constituent of the Faculty of Science since 1956, the year when it was established.
		With its proficiency in taught programmes and strong research projects of excellence it has made significant contributions in the study of Mathematics in the country.
		It offers Computer Science as a special paper both in the U.G. and P.G. levels.
	www.jadavpur.edu /academics/science_maths.htm (115 words)

	Albert Einstein "Religion and Science," 1956
		In my view, it is the most important function of art and science to awaken this feeling and keep it alive in those who are capable of it.
		When one views the matter historically one is inclined to look upon science and religion as irreconcilable antagonists, and for a very obvious reason.
		The man who is thoroughly convinced of the universal operation of the law of causation cannot for a moment entertain the idea of a being who interferes in the course of events—that is, if he takes the hypothesis of causality really seriously.
	www.stephenjaygould.org /ctrl/einstein_religion.html (1482 words)

	Science/AAAS \| Science Magazine: Previous Issues
		Science, January 1997 to present -- abstracts/summaries, full-text HTML, and full-text PDF.
		Science Classic, July 1880 to December 1996 -- full-text PDF access to all issues of Science before December 1996 (separate institutional subscription may apply).
		How to access: The full text of Science issues since January 1997 is available online to AAAS members, to users at subscribing institutions, and on a pay-per-article basis.
	www.sciencemag.org /archive (1651 words)

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