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Topic: 1960 Treaty of Guarantee

	Turkish invasion of Cyprus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This action led to the subsequent Turkish military invasion (under the provisions of the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee) [1].
		Turkey claimed she was acting in compliance with the terms of the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee.
		British rule lasted until 1960, when the island was declared an independent state, under the London-Zurich agreements creating a foundation for the Republic of Cyprus by the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkish_Invasion_of_Cyprus (4215 words)

	Cyprus and the rule of Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Article IV, the final article of the Treaty of Guarantee, is the article relied on by the Turkish government to justify its use of force and invasion of Cyprus.
		Turkey's argument that the Treaty of Guarantee, and in particular article IV, gave her the right to intervene in Cyprus with the use of force is untenable for a number of reasons:
		If an interpretation of article IV of the Treaty of Guarantee could be made to justify the use of force then all or part of article IV used to justify force is in conflict and inconsistent with article 103 of the United Nations Charter, consequently, is void ab initio.
	www.hr-action.org /chr/Rossid01.html (1503 words)

	Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus :: www.trncgov.com :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Not only were all the documents, including Treaties and Exchange of Notes, signed by the representatives of both the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities, but also the extracts given below from the minutes of the preparatory meetings leave no doubt as to the political equality of the two communities.
		The minutes of the meeting held in London on 11 February 1959 clearly show that both the Foreign Ministers of Turkey and Greece, throughout the discussions, had considered it proper that the representatives of the two communities should participate at all the stages leading to the establishment of the partnership Republic.
		As pointed out in that paragraph, the clear wording of the second paragraph of Article 1 of the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee prohibits, inter ail, the participation of the Republic of Cyprus "in whole or in part, in any political or economic union with any state whatsoever".
	www.trncgov.com /cyprusissue_eu_s1_2.htm (773 words)

	ingilizce dil kursu yardimi - Why ?? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		But when the contents of the interventions by the UN was of such little result and ethnic cleansing continued increasingly towards 1974.
		This illegal state of affairs continued until July 20, 1974 when the Turkish intervention, undertaken in discharge of the obligation and right emanating from the 1960 treaty of Guarantee, ended the racial attacks and prevented the annexation of the island by Greece.
		Turkey executed its intervention rights as part of the 3 country (Greece, Turkey, UK) guarantee agreement to protect the rights of the islands muslim Turks who were under constant pressure and attacks since December 31, 1963.
	www.ingilizce.com /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=25 (312 words)

	cypruseu
		It was in August 1960, the same month as the new Republic was born, and before there had been any opportunity for the new Constitution to work, that the Greek Cypriot leadership approved the notorious Akritas plan - the blueprint for the destruction of the Turkish Cypriots.
		Turkey, as a party to the 1960 Treaty also has a veto in the sense that she is not willing to release Britain from her treaty obligation under Article 2 until the Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots have settled their differences.
		Britain was bound by Article 2 of the 1960 Treaty to GUARANTEE our basic constitutional rights, but Britain failed three times to take any effective action, even when Turkey's Prime Minister Ecevit proposed a joint intervention force in 1974.
	www.konsey.org.uk /cypruseu.htm (6968 words)

	KKTC Dışişleri ve Savunma Bakanlığı
		The Turkish Cypriot people and the Greek Cypriot people negotiated and signed the international Cyprus Treaties of 1960 governing Cyprus, as two of the five contracting parties (the other three being Turkey, the United Kingdom and Greece), agreeing to share power on the basis of equality and in exercise of their separate rights of self-determination.
		Under the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee, Turkey, Greece and the United Kingdom became Guarantors of the 1960 “state of affairs” in Cyprus.
		The Turkish Cypriot people were relieved from this agony and saved from total extermination only by the timely intervention of Turkey on July 20, 1974, undertaken in accordance with her 1960 Treaty rights and obligations.
	www.trncinfo.com /ENGLISH/PRESSRELEASE/Anniversary30.htm (657 words)

	Archic-2001
		Turkish Cypriot pleas during the 1963-1974 period to maintain the 1960 constitutional order were ridiculed, and Greek Cypriots went ahead and unilaterally changed even the unchangeable 'equal partnership' provisions of the 1960 Constitution soon after ejecting the Turkish Cypriot partner from all the organs of the state.
		As the EC Arbitration Commission confirmed on 27 April 1992, recognition is not a prerequisite for the foundation of a state and is purely a declaration on its impact.13 The TRNC has accepted all appropriate international obligations and has committed itself in good faith to a peaceful process and to negotiations.
		Turkey, under obligation as a Guarantor of the 1960 state of affairs, helped the Turkish Cypriot people to resist persecution and oppression and is standing by in order to facilitate peace and self-sustaining stability - very similar to what NATO has done for years and is continuing to do in Bosnia and Kosovo.
	www.tuerkischebotschaft.de /de/archiv/2001/al1906011.htm (4319 words)

	Untitled
		Not only were all the documents, including Treaties and Exchange of Notes, signed by the Representatives of both Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities, but also the extracts given below from the minutes of the preparatory meetings leave no doubt as to the political equality of the two communities.
		As pointed out in that paragraph, the clear wording of the second paragraph of Article I of the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee prohibits, inter alia, the participation of the Republic of Cyprus "in whole or in part, in any political or economic union with any state whatsoever".
		It will be seen, therefore, that the second paragraph of Article I of the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee, has been incorporated in that Treaty in order to give effect to, and to meet the requirements of, the points referred to above.
	www.cypnet.com /.ncyprus/history/cyproblem/ertekun/chap4.html (919 words)

	theparliament.com - Greek Cypriots reject settlement in Cyprus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		They had overseen the destruction in December 1963 of the bi-communal 1960 Republic of Cyprus and were rejected by force of arms from the partnership government.
		The Turkish Cypriot people were relived from this suffering by the timely intervention of Turkey in 1974 which was undertaken in accordance with her rights and obligation under the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee.
		He blames the UN for providing for the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee to continue which is vital for the security needs of the Turkish Cypriots and a principle agreed by all the signatories to the said Treaty apart from the Greek Cypriots.
	www.eupolitix.com /NR/exeres/C498F726-AA87-468C-976A-820AA2F89AD1 (1277 words)

	1
		In 1960, a partnership state between Turkish and Greek Cypriots was set up in accordance with the international agreements signed by the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot sides, as well as the Turkish, Greek and British governments.
		The 1974 attempt by Greece to annex the Island, through a coup attempt, was resisted by Turkey in accordance with the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee.
		Turkey and TRNC argued that the Greek Cypriot side had no authority to negotiate on behalf of the whole Island and that this accession would be in contravention of the relevant provisions of the 1959-1960 Treaties on Cyprus, and thus, constituted a violation of international law.
	www.byegm.gov.tr /REFERENCES/cyprus-mfa.htm (1850 words)

	..:: ABHABER.COM ::..
		Cyprus gained independence from Britain in 1960 but has been divided between the Turkish Cypriot north and Greek Cypriot south since Turkey's intervention on the island under the terms of the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee after diplomacy failed to end Turkish-Greek Cypriot clashes in 1974.
		Under the terms of Cyprus' independence treaty, Britain is the third guarantor, yet did not intervene during the crisis.
		Ever since independence in 1960, Britain has retained sovereignty over two large base areas on the island that are home to some 10,000 service personnel and their dependants.
	www.abhaber.com /news_page.asp?id=2004 (379 words)

	Turkish Intervention
		The presence of Turkish troops in the Turkish Cypriot part of the island, pursuant to article 4 of the Treaty of Guarantee, is an essential and welcome protection for the Turkish Cypriots without it being any threat for the Greek Cypriots, as is evidenced by the peace and calm prevailing on the island since 1974.
		Turkish troops are acting, merely, as a Pce Force under and by virtue of the 1960 Treaties, preventing armed attacks against Turkish Cypriots.
		In any case, the Turkish intervention was perfectly legal, according to the Treaty of Guarantee of 1960.
	www.geocities.com /t_volunteer/cyprus/intervention.htm (772 words)

	Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus :: www.trncgov.com :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It ignores the fact that the expectation of peaceful co-existence was destroyed as part of a pre-conceived plan to establish a Greek Cypriot Republic.
		It conveniently neglects to mention that when the constitutional system of the partnership republic was eviscerated in 1963, the Turkish Cypriots were effectively stripped of their political, economic and human rights.
		And it overlooks the fact that Turkish troops landed on the island in 1974 in a rescue mission to prevent the physical extermination of the Turkish Cypriot people under obligations imposed on Turkey by the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee.
	www.trncgov.com /cyprusissue_background.htm (235 words)

	Makarios_III - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In the latter years of the 1950s, the Turkish Cypriot community first began to float the idea of ‘Taksim’ or partition, as a counterweight to the Greek ideal of Enosis or union.
		Taking office on 16 August 1960, the day the Union flag was finally lowered in Nicosia, Makarios moved towards the moderate centre of Cypriot politics and now pursued a policy of non-alignment, cultivating good relations with Turkey as well as Greece and becoming a high-profile member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
		Under the terms of the Treaty of Guarantee, Britain, Greece and Turkey were entitled to sanction one or all of them to intervene militarily to restore peace to the island.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /information.asp?k=Makarios_III (2896 words)

	Cyprus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A return to the 1960 constitution is the solution that international law dictates.
		When Turkey invaded Cyprus in 1974 it justified its action with reference to the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee, which required that any intervention be "with the sole aim of re-establishing the state of affairs created by the present Treaty".
		Although it soon became clear that Turkey had no intention of restoring the constitutional order, no effective pressure was exerted on Turkey to withdraw, and its occupation and ethnic cleansing of 37 per cent of Cyprus has been allowed to stand for 25 years.
	www.lobbyforcyprus.org /press/press1999/Ind230799.htm (232 words)

	Mission 94
		The 1960 Constitution - which is still in force in the Republic of Cyprus, although the provisions concerning the Turkish Cypriot Community are suspended de facto, and which is deemed to be "dead and buried" by the Turkish Cypriot side since 1963 - provided for a bi-communal unitary State.
		This position is based on the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee and the provisions of the 1960 Constitution which grant the President and Vice-President (a Turkish Cypriot) a veto over any foreign policy decision, particularly any decision on joining an international organization or alliance that does not include both Greece and Turkey among its members.
		To justify the intervention, Turkey invoked the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee but its action went much beyond the provisions of the Treaty and became a military occupation which is still prevailing to-day: some 30,000 men at the time of the delegation's visit according to United Nations estimates.
	www.ipu.org /cypr-e/missn94.htm (11844 words)

	index
		The British granted independence in 1960 on the basis of a partnership constitution agreed between the two peoples of Cyprus.
		There are now two states and two governments in Cyprus, but the Greek Cypriots have used their political influence in Britain and America to persuade the world to deal with them as if they were the legitimate government of all Cyprus.
		Until a joint application is made, Britain would be in breach of the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee if it failed to veto the unilateral application made by the Greek Cypriots.
	www.konsey.org.uk (1023 words)

	FACT SHEET: Cyprus at a Glance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Cyprus became an independent republic in 1960 and is a member of the United Nations.
		Turkey, citing the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee, intervened militarily to protect Turkish Cypriots.
		Despite ratification of this agreement, as of late 1990 there was no legislation in the Republic of Cyprus that guaranteed the right to equal pay for work of equal value, nor the right of women to the same employment opportunities.
	deploymentlink.osd.mil /deploy/info/middle_east/cyprus/index.shtml (1043 words)

	Politics of the TRNC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Government of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus has remained a non-recognized entity (except by the Government of Turkey) since its UDI in 1983.
		In 1974, following a coup by the Greek backed National Guard and the arrival of Turkish troops in response (claiming that their authority to do so was under the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee), the Turkish Cypriots formally set up their own institutions under the title Turkish Federated State of North Cyprus.
		The Greek Cypriots however emphasized the rights of unrestricted population movement, recovery of property, resettlement, and the return of territory to their control.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus (1075 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Commenting on the retention of the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee, under which Greece, Turkey and Britain are guarantor powers of Cyprus' independence, Ker-Lindsay said there was no question of abolishing it.
		He said the provision that Cyprus shall sign and ratify the EU Treaty of Accession was very important because it will prevent Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktash from trying to hold off on Cyprus' accession until Turkey is ready.
		In 1960 it was 70-30 so this is a reduction for the Turkish Cypriots.
	www.cyprus-mail.com /news/main_old.php?id=7980&archive=1 (1040 words)

	Foreign relations of Greece - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In 1960, Some members of EOKA were indignant over the fact that enosis was not granted, and formed EOKA-B to instigate a coup against President of Cyprus Makarios III.
		New tensions over the Aegean Sea surfaced in November 1994, precipitated by Greece's claims that the Law of the Sea Treaty states that it reserved the right to declare a 12 nautical mile (22 km) territorial sea boundary around its Aegean islands as permitted by the treaty.
		However, sensitive negotiations between Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom resulted in a fragile independence for Cyprus in 1960 and the new Cypriot President Makarios, formerly a keen advocate of enosis, now preferred to follow a more neutral foreign policy and enosis seemed politically faded.
	foreignrelationsofgreece.quickseek.com (3333 words)

	Cyprus History: 1960 Cyprus Treaty of Guarantee
		Article II Greece, Turkey, and the United Kingdom, taking note of the undertakings of the Republic of Cyprus set out in Article I of the present Treaty, recognise and guarantee the independence, territorial integrity, and security of the Republic of Cyprus, and also the state of affairs established by the Basic Articles of its Constitution.
		In witness whereof, the undersigned have signed the present Treaty.
		Treaty Concerning Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus
	www.cypnet.co.uk /ncyprus/history/republic/try-guarantee.html (325 words)

	Print Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The web site fails to state that the Treaty of Guarantee, cited by Turkey, does not authorize “force” when it authorized “action.” There is no mention of the word force in the Treaty.
		If the Treaty of Guarantee is interpreted to mean the use of force, it is in conflict with article 103 of the UN Charter and consequently void al initio.
		The web site fails to state that the Treaty of Guarantee, on its face, only authorized action to restore the status quo ante.
	www.hellenicnews.com /print.html?newsid=3617%E2%8C%A9=US (1045 words)

	A SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE OF T.M. OF 12.07.90
		In view of the fact that the bi-communal Republic of Cyprus came about as the result of international treaties, the question of international illegitimacy clearly arises.
		In the same paragraph, it is also stressed by the two Foreign Ministers that "the present settlement would be based not on the British Government granting a Constitution to the Island but on their signing an international treaty under which they would recognize the existence of the new Cypriot State together with its Constitution.
		As pointed out in that paragraph, the clear wording of the second paragraph of Article 1 of the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee prohibits, inter alia, the participation of the Republic of Cyprus "in whole or in part, in any political or economic union with any state whatsoever."
	www.cypnet.co.uk /ncyprus/history/cyproblem/articles/bolum10.html (917 words)

	Pravda.RU:Turkey did not need an excuse to intervene in Cyprus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The references to the so-called 'President of Cyprus' and 'Government of Cyprus' reflect neither the realities not the legal position in the island.
		The Republic of Cyprus was founded in 1960 in accordance with international treaties.
		The Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot peoples, in their respective capacities as two political equals, entered into a partnership, setting up a joint State.
	newsfromrussia.com /main/2002/03/25/27162_.html (913 words)

	..:: ABHABER.COM ::..
		Europeans who bought property on northern Cyprus at cheap prices -- often land confiscated from Greek Cypriots who fled the island's north after the Turkish intervention 31 years ago -- now face the prospect of losing that land because of Greek Cyprus' European Union entry.
		Property disputes are among the most contentious in Cyprus, divided along ethnic lines since the Turkish military intervention on the Mediterranean island under the terms of the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee after diplomacy failed to end Turkish-Greek Cypriot clashes.
		Both Ankara and the Turkish Cypriot leadership welcomed last week's verdict, interpreting it as an indirect referral of the issue to domestic law in the northern part of the island, although the Strasbourg-based court ruled last week that Turkey had violated the property rights of the Greek Cypriot complainant.
	www.abhaber.com /news_page.asp?id=2143 (518 words)

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