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Topic: 1960 in South Africa

	1960 South Africa referendum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On 5th October, 1960, South Africa's white minority government held a referendum on whether or not the then Union should sever links with the British monarchy and become a republic.
		However, it was not until 1960 that the Prime Minister, Hendrik Verwoerd, held a referendum on the issue.
		When the Republic of South Africa was declared on 31 May 1961, Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be head of state, and the last Governor General of the Union took office as the first State President.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1960_South_Africa_referendum (583 words)

	Encyclopedia: 1960 in South Africa
		South Africa's highest courts are: the Supreme Court, the highest criminal court; and the Constitutional Court, which determines the constitutionality of all laws, including a president and ten judges, who are selected by the Judicial Committee of South Africa.
		Before South Africa's vast mineral wealth was discovered in the late nineteenth century, there was a general belief that the region was devoid of the natural riches that had drawn Europeans to the rest of the continent.
		Following the 1960 South Africa referendum, in which whites voted in favour of a republic, the Union became the Republic of South Africa on 31 May 1961 and left the Commonwealth in the face of condemnation of its apartheid policies.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/1960-in-South-Africa (319 words)

	South Africa (11/05)
		South Africa's GDP is expected to increase gradually during the next few years, and the government recently revised upward its 2005 estimated growth to 4.3%.
		South Africa was a founding member of the League of Nations and in 1927 established a Department of External Affairs with diplomatic missions in the main west European countries and in the United States.
		South Africans (particularly the ANC leadership) also acknowledge support from and ties to the anti-apartheid movement in the U.S. From the 1970s through the early 1990s, U.S.-South Africa relations were severely affected by South Africa's racial policies.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.htm (6004 words)

	Union of South Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Union of South Africa came into being on 31 May 1910, comprising four states representing the British and Boer populations of South Africa following the end of the Boer War in 1902.
		The monarchy was represented in South Africa by a Governor-General, while effective power was exercised by the Prime Minister.
		Following a referendum on 5 October 1960, in which whites voted in favour of a republic, the Union became the Republic of South Africa on 31 May 1961 and left the Commonwealth in the face of condemnation of its apartheid policies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Union_of_South_Africa (364 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: South Africa: Chemical Chronology
		South African leaders become aware of the tangible threat posed to their own troops by CW after battlefield use of chemical agents by the Germans on the Western Front.
		South Africa becomes a party to the 1925 Geneva Gas Protocol banning the use of chemical and biological weapons in warfare.
		South African [special operations] units fighting against guerrillas in Namibia and Angola, such as the 5th Reconnaissance commandos, the Koevoet ("Crowbar") unit, and the SADF SF's D[elta]40 unit [composed largely of Rhodesians], employ unconventional counterinsurgency tactics, including the use of chemical and biological agents.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/SAfrica/Chemical/2446.html (10338 words)

	By Level> GCSE> History> By Country Or Region> Africa> South Africa Essays and Coursework
		Nelson Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa in 1918.
		South Africa - In 1976, the South African government announced that half of the subjects studied in schools, including m...
		South Africa and Apartheid: Have the effects of apartheid disappeared?...
	www.coursework.info /228 (564 words)

	The Nation, 04/16/1960 - South Africa's Rubicon by Carter, Gwendolen M.
		The resolution of the Security Council calling on South Africa to abandon the apartheid policy defined by its ruling Afrikaner Nationalist Government and embodied in the laws of the country turns racial discrimination, at least of this type, into an international offense.
		The circumstances which gave rise to this U.N. action are new to South Africa only in the degree of solidarity which the Africans have shown in their demonstrations, the severity of the police action against the antipass demonstrators at Sharpeville and elsewhere.
		...action are new to South Africa only in the degree of solidarity which the Africans have shown in their demonstrations, tlie severity of the police action against the antipass demonstrators at Sharpevillc and elsewhere, and the international repercussions following the death of some seventy-five African demonstrators and the wounding of many more...
	www.nationarchive.com /Summaries/v190i0016_03.htm (1755 words)

	South West Africa People's Organization -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It was founded in 1960, and, after South Africa refused a United Nations order to withdraw from the trust territory in 1966, SWAPO turned to armed struggle.
		Sub-Saharan Africa will move into the 21st century carrying the crippling burden of AIDS, a disease that is slashing life expectancy, shattering families, pushing industries to the brink of bankruptcy, and creating a generation of orphans.
		Bantu-speaking groups later came to the region from Central Africa: the Herero settled in the northeast and central region, the Ovambo in the north, and the...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9068892 (962 words)

	RMS Caronia II Timeline - Great World Cruise 1960 - South African Tour Page 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Pretoria is, too, the West Point of South Africa, the Military College being at Voortrekkerhoogte on the outskirts of the city.
		South Africa produces nearly one-half of the entire world output of newly-mined gold and the total yield to date is valued at more than £3,630,000,000.
		The bulk of South Africa's diamond-cutting factories are situated in the city, and other thriving industries include engineering, building, textiles, printing, furniture, drugs, chemicals, leather and metal.
	www.caronia2.info /capetour60d.htm (1454 words)

	Africa Calling \| South Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		South Africa has many archaeological sites containing evidence of very early human settlement.
		During the years 1910 - 1960 South Africa was a Union and in 1961 it became an independent Republic.
		For 33 years the government implemented it's policy of apartheid, until in 1994 South Africa held it's first free and fair democratic elections, and elected Mr.
	www.africall.co.za /SouthAfrica.htm (337 words)

	South African Hotels.com \| History \| 1960 - 1975
		The South African government informs the United Nations Secretary-General that it is unable to agree to a visit by the group of experts, as it would be an interference in the internal affairs of the Republic.
		The leader of the South African opposition, Sir de Villiers Graaf, agrees with the government that the composition of the proposed United Nations Committee to Study Apartheid is such as to preclude any possibility of an objective or impartial inquiry and that the group should not be received in South Africa.
		A resolution to expel South Africa from the Universal Postal Union is approved by the Union’s congress in Vienna, by fifty-eight votes to thirty, with twenty-six abstentions.
	www.south-african-hotels.com /history-part5text.php (17436 words)

	1960 in South Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		See also: 1959 in South Africa, other events of 1960, 1961 in South Africa and the Timeline of South African history.
		21 March - Sharpeville Massacre, Police shoot and kill an estimated 69 people who were part of a demonstration against pass laws, in which all fl South Africans needed a passbook to be able to travel about their own land
		5 October - whites vote in a referendum, to sever South Africa's last links with the British monarchy and become a republic
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1960_in_South_Africa (375 words)

	The Policing of Public Gatherings and Demonstrations in South Africa 1960-1994 - Rauch & Storey
		The South African police agencies were isolated from the international advances that were being made in the field of public order, and were unaware of the new strategies and techniques that other police services were implementing.
		The introduction of troops to quell unrest in the townships in 1984 was a key moment in the history of crowd control in South Africa, unequivocally signifying a military approach to public protest.
		The primary role of South African policemen fulfilling a riot control function was the enforcement of apartheid restrictions on the freedom to assemble and protest.
	www.csvr.org.za /papers/papjrds.htm (9702 words)

	Pangaea (tm) -- Feature Article 2/97 No. 7 - by Fjetland
		That morning the "Star" newspaper headlined that South Africa was now the "rape capital of the world." For a week I read the reports and watched the news of robberies, rapes and other acts of crime.
		South Africa is a key country whose industrial base manufactures everything and includes a huge arms-making infrastructure (remember the U.S. satellite that detected the nuclear explosion that turned out to be a collaboration between Israel and South Africa in the 80's?).
		South Africa has rejected nuclear arms (publicly) but it wants to sell conventional arms to Syria, which is on the U.S. terrorist list.
	www.pangaea.net /IGN/FJET0297.HTM (3376 words)

	South Africa D'Lynn Waldron
		But in South Africa, the change was not to an African run government, but to a repressive Boer Afrikaner government that wanted complete independence from Britain, and inflicted repressive apartheid segregation on non-Whites.
		Since South Africa produced half the world’s gold, and Russia most of the rest, a shut down of the South African mines would greatly increase the price of gold and Russia would benefit from that, which was something the West did not want.
		I was in the Union of South Africa in 1960 as a roving correspondent for Scripps-Howard newspapers when I came to be a fugitive from the apartheid enforcing Boer Afrikaner police at the time of the Sharpsville massacre.
	www.dlynnwaldron.com /South_Africa.html (3519 words)

	WWW-VL History Index: South Africa
		Huguenot Refugees in the Cape Colony of South Africa
		The Union of South Africa 1910-1960: a white-run state
		South Africa: The Peasants' Revolt ["Self Government" and "Self-Development"]
	vlib.iue.it /history/africa/south_africa.html (638 words)

	South Africa's official gateway - investment, travel, country information - SouthAfrica.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		SA is the best holiday destination in Africa, with the country walking off with 16 of the 17 African prizes in the 2005 World Travel Awards and the Saxon Hotel, Shamwari and Bushman Sands game reserves and Rovos Rail voted the best in the world.
		With a hexagonal mirror array 11 metres in diameter, the telescope is the largest in the southern hemisphere and among the 10 biggest in the world.
		South Africa has made its first round of selections for the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Australia.
	www.southafrica.info (474 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- South Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		South Africa is a middle-income, emerging market with an abundant supply of natural resources; well-developed financial, legal, communications, energy, and transport sectors; a stock exchange that ranks among the 10 largest in the world; and a modern infrastructure supporting an efficient distribution of goods to major urban centers throughout the region.
		South African economic policy is fiscally conservative, but pragmatic, focusing on targeting inflation and liberalizing trade as means to increase job growth and household income.
		South Africa has placed military along the border to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political persecution; managed dispute with Namibia over the location of the boundary in the Orange River
	www.odci.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/sf.html (1304 words)

	IndyMedia South Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		While it was a challenge to organise the logistics of the Forum, especially since the lack of fuel in the country made transportation of delegates difficult, Zimbabwe is a key country in the struggle against imperialist oppression causing poverty and social under-development, as well as the struggle against internal repression and lack of democratic rights.
		Jubilee South Africa and the Anti War Coalition co-ordinated demonstrations against Wolfowitz and the doctrine of unilateral intervention he has promoted.
		CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA, 10 MAY 2005 - Residents of Valhalla Park, Vrygrond and elsewhere marched today (11 May 2005) to demand electricity for all, houses for all and an end to the privatisation of government land.
	southafrica.indymedia.org (14599 words)

	South Africa 1920's to 1960's (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		IN 1923 MARCONI built a radio station for the South African government and following the combination of the radio and cable services in 1929, the company continued to provide international communications for South Africa.
		Cable and Wireless had a large shareholding in OCSA, (Overseas Communications of South Africa), and continued to provide communications services until 1948, when the South African Post Office nationalised OCSA.
		Cable and Wireless' next link with South Africa came in the early 1960's as a result of the SAT 1 cable project, which brought a coaxial cable from Europe to South Africa down the western coast of Africa.
	www.cwhistory.com /history/html/SouthAfTwo.html (113 words)

	Why did opposition to apartheid grow during the 1950's and 1960's in South Africa?
		Below is a short sample of the essay "Why did opposition to apartheid grow during the 1950's and 1960's in South Africa?".
		This trial helped other countries see that the government were willing to lie to keep their power over the fls, helping opposition grow, not just from fls in South Africa, but from all races all over the world.
		This was the turning point for the world opinion, and people had started to realise that the fl South Africans couldn't live like they were any longer.
	www.coursework.info /i/57942.html (552 words)

	L. Ron Hubbard: Chronicle 1960 - 1961
		After delivering over 30 more lectures at Saint Hill and London, he travels to South Africa in September where he standardizes the operation and administration of South African organizations.
		After extending his stay in Washington for an additional 13 lectures he returns to Saint Hill for a week, then travels back to South Africa in late January.
		Here he not only delivers more than 20 lectures which further detail the means of realizing man’s spiritual goals, but also develops a refined pattern of organization for Scientology churches.
	www.scientology.org /html/en_US/l-ron-hubbard/chronicle/pg012.html (322 words)

	South Africa in England, 1960
		Somerset v South Africa at Taunton, 15-17 Jun 1960
		Hampshire v South Africa at Southampton, 18-21 Jun 1960
		TN Pearce's XI v South Africa at Scarborough, 7-9 Sep 1960
	www.cricinfo.com /link_to_database/ARCHIVE/1960S/1960/RSA_IN_ENG (305 words)

	bidorbuy Auction 1750990 - SOUTH AFRICA 1960 1 SHILLING QUEEN ELIZABETH II !!! EF+ CONDITION - Johannesburg, South ...
		SOUTH AFRICA 1960 1 SHILLING QUEEN ELIZABETH II !!!
		Once you have placed a bid, it cannot be altered or deleted.
		Copyright 1999-2005 bidorbuy.co.za South Africa, All Rights Reserved
	www.bidorbuy.co.za /jsp/BidForm.jsp?Trade_TradeId=1750990 (219 words)

	eBay - 1960's south, Postcards Paper, Historical Memorabilia items on eBay.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		South Australian Gas Co. early 1960’s advertising page
		South Hill VA First Baptist Church 1960's postcard
		The American South in the 1960'S. Leiserson, Avery.
	search-desc.ebay.com /search/search.dll?query=1960's+south&newu=1&krd=1 (413 words)

	Amazon.com: Mbube Roots: Zulu Choral Music from South Africa, 1930's-1960's: Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Featuring the original stars of "Isicathamiya" and "Mbube" type singing like Solomon Linda and the Evening Birds, the Crocodiles and of course, the current Isicathamiya legends Ladysmith Black Mambazo with their first ever radio transcription, from 1967.
		This album is a great, brilliant and factual insight into South African music, with the original so-called 'Wimoweh', "Mbube".
		This CD is a guide to South African music.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B00000038J?v=glance (870 words)

	Carter, Kevin -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		July 27, 1994, Johannesburg), recorded on film the racial strife and political chaos of his native South Africa, but he captured international attention and the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for a haunting photograph of a vulture patiently watching a starving Sudanese child.
		By defeating the Calgary Stampeders 37-20 at Regina, Sask., on Nov. 19, 1995, the Baltimore Stallions became the first U.S. team to win the Grey Cup, the championship of the Canadian Football League (CFL).
		Quarterback Tracy Ham was the game's Most Valuable Player for Baltimore, which had won the South (U.S.) Division (SD) with a 15-3-0 won-lost-tied record.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9115449?tocId=9115449 (647 words)

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