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Topic: 1963 Elections of Singapore

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	Singapore. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		It is separated from Indonesia to the south by the Singapore Strait and from Malaysia to the north by the Johore Strait.
		Singapore island is low-lying and is composed of a granitic core (rising to 580 ft/177 m at Bukit Timah, the country’s highest point) surrounded by sedimentary lowlands.
		Singapore has remained in the Commonwealth of Nations, and it joined the United Nations in 1965; it was one of the founding members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1967.
	www.bartleby.com /65/si/Singapor.html (1731 words)

	Book Encyclopedia - Web Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Singapore joined Malaysia after a national referendum was held, under the conditions that all Singapore citizens would automatically become citizens of Malaysia.
		Thorny issues concerning Singapore's right as an autonomous state in addition to racial ties further put a dent in relations, such as the failure of a common market to be set up between the Federation and Singapore, and the heavy tax system placed on Singapore, which was seen as unfair.
		It should be noted that although de jure, Singapore withdrew of its own accord, de facto, the PAP had no true authority to influence whether Singapore should leave or not, despite pressuring Tunku Abdul Rahman not to take such a course of action.
	www.bookencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=PAP-UMNO_relations (886 words)

	1963 Elections of Singapore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The elections were called out of necessity to reform the government and allocate the mandate to the winner in accordance with the constitution especially after the change in Singapore's sovereignty after the merger had been taken place.
		On 3 September 1963 Lee Kuan Yew, General Secretary of the PAP, dissolved the Parliament in accordance to procedure and called for elections to be held on 21 September.
		It was because of this heated elections that the PAP did not appreciate UMNO's actions of backing the Singapore Alliance Party 's attempts to oust them, especially when they had agreed not to compete with each other's elections, of state and Federal governments respectively.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1963_Elections_of_Singapore (630 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Asia - Singapore
		Singapore abolished jury trials except for capital offenses in 1959; all jury trials were abolished by the 1969 amendment of the code of criminal procedure.
		Singapore's judges and superior courts repeatedly demonstrated their independence from the government by ruling against the government in cases involving political opponents or civil liberties.
		Singapore is a major regional center for shipping and finance, and international traffickers exploit these facets of the country's infrastructure to transit narcotics and to launder drug proceeds.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/asia_pacific/singapore.html (11171 words)

	Book Encyclopedia - Web Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The Elections Department of Singapore is responsible for the planning, preparation and conduct of presidential and parliamentary elections and of any national referendum in Singapore.
		The Court of Appeal is Singapore's final court of appeal and the right of appeal to the Privy Council in London was abolished in April 1994.
		PAP won all of the seats in an expanding parliament in the general elections of 1968, 1972, 1976, and 1980, while in the last general election of 2001, it won 82 of the 84 seats.
	www.bookencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=Politics_of_Singapore (1677 words)

	Commanding Heights : Singapore \| on PBS
		1910-1919: Singapore, Penang, and Malacca comprise the British-controlled Straits Settlements on the Malay Peninsula.
		Singapore is the area's primary port and a major producer of rubber and tin.
		Elections for one 25-seat Legislative Assembly are scheduled, and automatic registration swells the voting ranks.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/sg/sg_full.html (3059 words)

	Singapore - Simple English Wikipedia
		It was established as a British trading settlement in the early 19th century by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and soon became a centre of British influence in the region.
		In 1963, Singapore joined Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak to form the new nation of the Federation of Malaysia but there was a disagreement between the individual governments in the Federation, and discord soon erupted, eventually resulting in Singapore breaking off from the federation.
		However, the people of Singapore remained determined and upgraded their skills in order to make use of Singapore's port, which remains an important asset of Singapore, even today.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/Singapore (345 words)

	Background Notes: Singapore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Singapore is located in Southeast Asia at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula and is separated from Malaysia by the Strait of Johore, which is traversed by a 1.2-kilometer (3/4-mi.) causeway carrying a road and a railway.
		In the general elections of 1972, 1976, and 1980, the PAP won all of the seats in an expanding parliament.
		Singapore's efforts to maintain economic growth and political stability and its support for regional cooperation harmonize with US policy in the region and form a solid basis for amicable relations between the two countries.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/eap/singapore9005.html (3090 words)

	A brief on Singapore, the history of singapore, political structure and more (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Though the first elections in this regard were held in March 1948, the insurgent activities fostered by the Communist Party of Malaya saw a state of emergency being declared in June 1948, which lasted for 12 years.
		At this stage, the communists fought the elections as part of the PAP, but over time, the increasing divergence between the moderate PAP members led by Lee Kuan Yew and the communists saw the latter breaking away to form the Barisan Sosialis.
		The merger took effect in September 1963 with the formation of Malaysia comprising the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo (Sabah).
	www.embassyofindia.com /sg_cbrief.htm (732 words)

	Singapore (04/05)
		Singapore generally allows religious freedom, although religious groups are subject to government scrutiny, and some religious sects are restricted or banned.
		In the general elections of 1968, 1972, 1976, and 1980, the PAP won all of the seats in an expanding Parliament.
		Singapore's strategic location on major sea lanes and industrious population have given the country an economic importance in Southeast Asia disproportionate to its small size.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2798.htm (3487 words)

	A Concise History of Southeast Asia, Chapter 8
		Singapore's population was 76% Chinese, enough to upset the balance and turn Malaya into a new Chinese state if the city was included in the federation.
		His reasoning was that an independent Singapore, with a leftist or socialist government, would pose a greater danger to Malaya than the incorporation of the island into an expanded Malayan state.
		Despite this, and despite threats that the Khmer Rouge would disrupt elections, UN personnel registered 90% of the civilians to vote, and after convincing them that their ballots would be secret, got a big enough turnout to proclaim the election results acceptable.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /seasia/sea08.html (16248 words)

	Singapore: Strong and credible opposition needed now
		But in Singapore the government builds a system that it ensures that there is little possibility of a change of government and that everything possible is done to ensure that the PAP rules Singapore forever.
		The PAP learnt a bitter lesson in the Anson by-election in 1981 where its candidate lost to J. Jeyaretnam of the Workers' Party.
		The PAP refused to hold by-elections in those two constituencies when there were at least 1 1/2 years left in each of those constituencies before the next general election was due.
	www.singapore-window.org /sw99/90605cst.htm (2146 words)

	Industry & Environment in Asia : Country Assessment - Singapore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Singapore's challenge is how to maintain its growth in the face of increasing labor, land, and other costs, and competition from Malaysia, whose expanding infrastructure, port development, and manufacturing base makes it of growing concern.
		Singapore's Ministry of Environment (ENV) began as an antipollution unit in 1969 in the Prime Minister's Office and became a ministry in 1972.
		Singapore is also a model for other cities throughout Asia that have increasing responsibilities for their urban and industrial management; the nation demonstrates how a city can be made healthy and attractive and how industrial and environmental policy can be productively linked.
	apocalypse.usaep.org /country/singpore.htm (5848 words)

	Singapore -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Singapore's electorate includes every adult citizen who is a registered voter, and voting is compulsory.
		Singapore, a republic of Southeast Asia and member of the Commonwealth, consists of the island of Singapore and 60 nearby islets, at the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula.
		Singapore, a republic of Southeast Asia and member of the Commonwealth, consists of the island of Singapore and 58 nearby islets, at the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=52633 (555 words)

	Freedom in the World 1998-99: Singapore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In 1998, Singapore’s leaders continued to use the law to chill political opposition, even as a recession highlighted the need to foster a freer society more conducive to the city-state’s increasingly information-driven economy.
		Prior to Singapore’s first presidential elections in 1993, a three-member committee rejected two opposition candidates for lacking proper character and the requisite financial experience.
		Singapore also faces the broader question of how long its increasingly information-driven, high-tech economy can thrive in an authoritarian environment that stifles free thought and creativity.
	www.freedomhouse.org /survey99/country/singapor.html (1544 words)

	ICL - Singapore Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		A special feature of Singapore's legal system is this Fund which gathers compulsory contributions from employees and employers of 20% of salary each.
		Jan 1997: After general elections, Tang Liang Hong who was the main opposition candidate, receives a series of defamation suits and flees to Johor Bahru (Malaysia).
		It is then ejected after ethnic discord between Chinese (77% of Singapore's population and 31% in Malaysia) and Malays (14% in Singapore and 58% in Malaysia).
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/sn__indx.html (414 words)

	ICL - Singapore - Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Singapore shall be a sovereign republic to be known as the Republic of Singapore.
		(1) There shall be a Presidential Elections Committee whose function is to ensure that candidates for the office of President have the qualifications referred to in Paragraph (e) or (g)(iv) or both such paragraphs of Article 19 (2), as the case may be.
		(9) A decision of the Presidential Elections Committee as to whether a candidate for election to the office of President has fulfilled the requirement of Article 19 (2)(e) or (g)(iv) shall be final and shall not be subject to appeal or review in any court.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/sn00000_.html (15551 words)

	Singapore v Malaysia
		Singapore's success as a port was underpinned by the principle of laissez-faire.
		Malaysia was established in Sept. 1963, through the union of the Independent Federation of Malaya, the internally self-governing state of Singapore, and the former British colonies of Sarawak and North Borneo (Sabah).
		Singapore is such an anomaly: tiny, embarrassingly rich, and Chinese - a reflection of its citizens - all the reason anyone needs to invade.
	www.users.on.net /~wallala/2003/ID_SG_v_MY.htm (1817 words)

	A non-election for Singapore's new president
		Given that Singapore has been a virtual one-party state since 1963, a candidate has to be either a leading PAP member or a wealthy businessman.
		As a result, Singapore was treated to the absurd spectacle of Nathan addressing a political meeting in which he thanked people for supporting his campaign although there were no rivals, no campaign and no poll.
		No doubt the PAP government is concerned that an election, even one as contrived as the selection of president, may become a focus for opposition.
	www.wsws.org /articles/1999/sep1999/sing-s01_prn.shtml (806 words)

	Timeline Singapore
		1963 Sep 16, The Federation of Malaysia was formally established.
		Singapore became independent from Britain and was booted from the Malayan federation.
		In Singapore SARS has killed 26 of the 203 people infected, a fatality rate of 12.8 percent, more than double the global average.
	timelines.ws /countries/SINGAPORE.HTML (1482 words)

	Facts About Singapore
		Singapore was founded as a British trading colony in 1819.
		It subsequently became one of the world's most prosperous countries with strong international trading links (its port is the world's busiest in terms of tonnage handled) and with per capita GDP equal to that of the leading nations of Western Europe.
		elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 28 August 1999 (next to be held by August 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
	worldfacts.us /Singapore.htm (753 words)

	Phrasebase™ - Singapore Facts and Information, Singapore Statistics, Singapore Facts, Singapore Information, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Singapore Executive, Legislative and Judicial Branches : Executive branch: chief of state: President Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN (since 1 September 1999) head of government: Prime Minister Chok Tong GOH (since 28 November 1990) and Deputy Prime Ministers Brig.
		Natural Hazards in Singapore : NA Overview of the Singapore Economy : Singapore is blessed with a highly developed and successful free-market economy, a remarkably open and corruption-free business environment, stable prices, and the fifth highest per capita GDP in the world.
		As Singapore looks to a future increasingly marked by globalization, the country is positioning itself as the region's financial and high-tech hub.
	www.phrasebase.com /countries/Singapore.html (1100 words)

	Singapore - Atlapedia Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The country is separated physically from Malaysia by the Johore Strait and from Indonesia by the Strait of Malacca as well as the Strait of Singapore.
		In 1963 Singapore joined the Federation of Malaysia as a constituted state, however, in July and Sept. 1965 serious ethnic riots broke out and in Aug. 1965 Malaysia forced Singapore to withdraw from the federation fearing that the ethnic problems would spread.
		Opposition parties claimed the government was attempting to persuade voters in by-elections that were to be held shortly.
	www.atlapedia.com /online/countries/singapor.htm (1081 words)

	Political Parties (Singapore)
		The goal of PAP was then independence by the way of merging with the Malay Federation, realized on 16 September 1963.
		Difficulties increased during 1964: racial troubles and bloody fights in summer in Singapore, Indonesian aggressions and acts of sabotage all the year long against Singapore and Malaysia.
		The results of these troubles was the proclamation of independence in Singapore on 9 August 1965.
	areciboweb.50megs.com /fotw/flags/sg}.html (311 words)

	Singapore
		The Republic of Singapore consists of the main island of Singapore, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula between the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, and 58 nearby islands.
		Singapore attained full internal self-government in 1959, and Lee Kwan Yew, an economic visionary with an authoritarian streak, took the helm as prime minister.
		However, Singapore's strict rules of civil obedience also drew criticism from those who said the nation's prosperity was achieved at the expense of individual freedoms.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107963.html (637 words)

	Singapore Information and Online Map - Map Town Ltd.
		elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 28 August 1999 (next to be held NA August 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
		election results: percent of vote by party - PAP 65% (in contested constituencies), other 35%; seats by party - PAP 81, WP 1, SPP 1; note - subsequent to the election, there was a change in the distribution of seats, the new distribution is as follows: PAP 80, WP 1, SPP 1, vacant 1
		Economy - overview: Singapore is blessed with a highly developed and successful free-market economy, a remarkably open and corruption-free business environment, stable prices, and the fifth highest per capita GDP in the world.
	www.maptown.com /geos/singapore.html (1270 words)

	The Cabinet - Mr Lee Kuan Yew (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Contested General Election for the Tanjong Pagar Constituency, a working-class dock area, and became one of three PAP Assemblymen.
		One of 15 MPs from Singapore to the Parliament of Malaysia, from 16 September 1963 until 9 August 1965, when Singapore separated from the Federation.
		Won General Elections 8 times (1959, 1963, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984 and 1988) under his premiership.
	www.cabinet.gov.sg /mmlee.htm (235 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Singapore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Singapore, a highly developed and successful free market economy, enjoys a remarkably open and corruption-free environment, stable prices, and a per capita GDP equal to that of the Big 4 West European countries.
		It was hard hit in 2001-03 by the global recession, by the slump in the technology sector, and by an outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in 2003, which curbed tourism and consumer spending.
		The government hopes to establish a new growth path that will be less vulnerable to the external business cycle and will continue efforts to establish Singapore as Southeast Asia's financial and high-tech hub.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/sn.html (1137 words)

	Singapore - Facts
		More information about Singapore including positions in various world rankings
		Countries to have won the most Beauty Pageants
		disputes with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's land reclamation works, bridge construction, maritime boundaries, and Pedra Branca Island/Pulau Batu Putih persist - parties agree to ICJ arbitration on island dispute within three years
	www.aneki.com /facts/Singapore.html (775 words)

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