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Topic: 1963 March on Washington

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Civil rights movement

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Andrew Young

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

American Civil Rights Movement

Freedom Summer

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Freedom rides

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Voting Rights Act

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	Martin Luther King \| March on Washington
		Kennedy initially opposed the march outright, because he was concerned it would negatively impact the drive for passage of civil rights legislation, but the organizers were firm that the march would proceed.
		The march originally was conceived as an event to dramatize the desperate condition of fls in the South and a very public opportunity to place organizers' concerns and grievances squarely before the seat of power in the nation's capital.
		The march did, however, make specific demands: an end to racial segregation in public school; meaningful civil rights legislation, including a law prohibiting racial discrimination in employment; protection of civil rights workers from police brutality; a $2 minimum wage for all workers; and self-government for the District of Columbia, then governed by congressional committee.
	www.kingian.net /march-on-washington.html (459 words)

	Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project: Encyclopedia
		The march was successful in pressuring the Kennedy administration to commit to passing federal legislation.
		Philip Randolph, founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, called for a march on Washington because the economic opportunities of the War years did not afford economic progress for the fl community.
		Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam condemned the march as well, with Malcolm continually referring to it as the "farce on Washington." Any member of the Nation who attended the march was subject to a ninety day suspension from the organization.
	www.stanford.edu /group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/march_washington.html (596 words)

	Civil Rights March on Washington, 1963: The Times Report - Sidebar - MSN Encarta
		The 1963 March on Washington was a defining moment of the civil rights movement, not least because it was the occasion of Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech.
		Organized by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), it was a remarkable display of the unity of spirit between the various civil rights organizations that had sprung up in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s to overcome racial segregation and discrimination—organizations such as SCLC, SNCC, and CORE.
		Following the brutal confrontations with police, dogs, and fire hoses in Birmingham, Alabama, and elsewhere in the South, the march, which has been the inspiration for many similar gatherings since, passed by peacefully.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /sidebar_1461500136/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington_1963_The_Times_Report.html (205 words)

	Activists announce 40th anniversary of historic March on Washington (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		WASHINGTON (FinalCall.com)--A broad coalition of activists—now including Muslims and Arabs and other activists who were not a part of the original march—will commemorate the 40th anniversary of the great 1963 March on Washington with another march on Aug. 23, the namesake of the 1963 keynote speaker announced June 18.
		This year’s march, he said, is part of a re-energized campaign to mobilize action and to register millions of voters, in order to have an impact in the 2004 congressional and presidential elections.
		The 1963 March on Washington for jobs, peace and justice was the turning point in a bloody year in the Civil Rights Movement, when 250,000 people arrived into a tense nation’s capital, which had been officially closed down because of the fear of violence among the marchers.
	www.finalcall.com /artman/publish/printer_877.shtml (718 words)

	March on Washington, 1963
		But the March on Washington in 1963 was more complex than the iconic images most Americans remember it for.
		The march was initiated by A. Philip Randolph, international president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, president of the Negro American Labor Council, and vice president of the AFL-CIO; and sponsored by five of the largest civil rights organizations in the United States.
		Although the official march goals included an endorsement of Kennedy's civil rights bill — in part because the administration had officially cooperated with the march — some of the most passionate speeches criticized the bill as incomplete.
	archive.blackvoices.com /research/encarta/tt_817.asp (1181 words)

	March on Washington
		The March on Washington represented a coalition of several civil rights organizations, all of which generally had different approaches and different agendas.
		On the other hand, the march was also condemned by some civil rights activists who felt it presented an inaccurate, sanitized pageant of racial harmony; Malcolm X called it the "Farce on Washington," and members of the Nation of Islam who attended the march faced a temporary suspension.
		But on August 28, 1963, an estimated quarter of a million people—about a quarter of whom were white—marched from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial, in what turned out to be both a protest and a communal celebration.
	www.infoplease.com /spot/marchonwashington.html (752 words)

	Civil Rights Movement Essays
		March on Washington, 1963, massive public demonstration that articulated the goals of the Civil Rights Movement.
		The 1963 March on Washington attracted an estimated 250,000 people for a peaceful demonstration to promote Civil Rights and economic equality for African Americans.
		As Rustin later said, credit for mobilizing the March on Washington could go to "Bull Connor, his police dogs, and his fire hoses." By June, King had agreed to cooperate with Randolph on the march.
	www.africanaonline.com /civil_rights_washington.htm (601 words)

	African Americans - History, Official Program for the March on Washington (1963) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The idea for the 1963 March on Washington was envisioned by A.
		Success of the March on Washington would depend on the involvement of the so-called Big SixRandolph and the heads of the five major civil rights organizations: Roy Wilkins of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); Whitney Young, Jr.
		The details and organization of the march were handled by Bayard Taylor Rustin, Randolphs trusted associate.
	www.africanamericans.com /MarchonWashington.htm (618 words)

	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		SNCC played a leading role in the Freedom Rides, the 1963 March on Washington, Mississippi Freedom Summer and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party over the next few years.
		”We march today for jobs and freedom, but we have nothing to be proud of, for hundreds and thousands of our brothers are not here--for they have no money for their transportation, for they are receiving starvation wages…or no wages at all.
		Later in 1963 SNCC conducted the Freedom Ballot, a mock election in which fl Mississippians came out to show their willingness to vote.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/SNCC (1701 words)

	NPR : The March on Washington
		The Aug. 28, 1963, March on Washington is remembered for the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.'s legendary 'I Have a Dream Speech' and the unexpectedly large crowd that was on hand to listen.
		The March on Washington, with the sheer size of its crowd and the powerful words of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., was considered the historical tipping point in the struggle for civil rights.
		The March on Washington was the biggest political demonstration ever staged in the United States, and a day that would quickly become part of the national narrative.
	www.npr.org /news/specials/march40th (1158 words)

	Civil Rights: How Far Have We Come?
		The 1963 march has been called "the most magnificent demonstration of interracial unity that this nation had ever seen." Millions of TV viewers bore witness as the world heard King's electrifying "I Have a Dream" speech for the first time.
		The theme of the 1963 March on Washington was "jobs, justice, and peace." The 1993 anniversary march had the same theme — proof that, although African-Americans have made great strides forward, there is still much to be done.
		In 1963, when John Lewis was 23 and the youngest speaker at the March on Washington, all 535 members of the U.S. Congress were white.
	teacher.scholastic.com /researchtools/articlearchives/honormlk/howfar.htm (1028 words)

	NPR : Behind the Scenes of the March on Washington
		Hear remarks at the event by March on Washington organizer A. Philip Randolph.
		He caught a bus down to the march from his parents' house in New Haven, Conn., and describes the ride and anxiety surrounding the march.
		March organizer and labor leader A. Philip Randolph, photographed at the Lincoln Memorial, convinced John Lewis to tone down his remarks.
	www.npr.org /news/specials/march40th/part1.html (1324 words)

	WGBH \| 1963 March on Washington
		We look back at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which celebrated its 40th anniversary Aug. 28, 2003.
		In 1963, WGBH 89.7 broadcast the entire event as part of the Educational Radio Network (precursor to NPR).
		For some who were there, memories of the March on Washington remain vivid.
	www.wgbh.org /article?item_id=1069413 (258 words)

	Congressman John Lewis - Proudly Serving Georgia's 5th Congressional District
		Washington, DC - On Saturday, August 23, 2003, U.S. Congressman John Lewis (D-GA) delivered the following remarks at a national rally commemorating the historic 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
		At the 1963 March on Washington, Congressman Lewis was 23 years old, chairman of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the youngest speaker at the March.
		Today, Congressman Lewis is the last survivor of the ten civil rights, religious, and labor leaders that led and spoke at the March on Washington.
	www.house.gov /johnlewis/pr030823.html (673 words)

	How the dream was put on hold
		Excitement among protesters was so great that they began marching on their own, and the official march leaders had to run to the front, linking arms, to get their photo taken leading the demonstration.
		In the eyes of the more militant activists in CORE and SNCC, the march was to be an expression of the growing frustration of Blacks at the federal government’s failure to take a side in the fight against the Jim Crow South.
		So while the march was inspirational on many levels, some front-line activists drew the same conclusions as Malcolm X, who called it "the farce on Washington." After Kennedy’s assassination later that year, it was left to his successor, Lyndon Johnson, to push the civil rights bill through Congress in 1964.
	www.socialistworker.org /2003-2/465/465_12_March.shtml (1273 words)

	The GULLY \| Gay Mundo \| Black Gay Leadership Group Vanishes
		Americans mark the 1963 March on Washington as the National Black Lesbian and Gay Leadership Forum dies.
		While thousands of Americans journey to the nation's capital this weekend to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington, the country's only national fl gay and lesbian organization will be quietly turning out the lights.
		Although the 1963 march was organized by Bayard Rustin, an openly gay man who was one of Martin Luther King Jr.'s close advisers, and activists have fought for the inclusion of fl gay speakers in each of the anniversary marches, there may not be a fl gay man or lesbian speaking at this march.
	www.thegully.com /essays/gaymundo/030821_gay_black_1963march.html (838 words)

	SNCC-Events: March on Washington
		While others seemed to be celebrating at the march, Lewis was angry and the speech he had prepared reflected it.
		While the members of the administration celebrated and cheered at the march, SNCC members felt the federal government was much quieter Deep South, where racism was barely tempered.
		Lewis was angry at the administration's policy of minimum interference and allowing the nation to focus attention away from the violence and crimes against human rights going on in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and the rest of the South.
	www.ibiblio.org /sncc/march.html (499 words)

	Johnson (TX30) :: Floor Statement :: Remembering And Honoring The March On Washington Of August 18, 1963
		Known as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the event was originally planned to focus on economic concerns at a time when more than 1 1/2 million fl Americans were searching for work.
		The march on Washington of 1963 was originally initiated by A. Philip Randolph, who was an activist and founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
		The march on Washington is like that for millions of Americans, where were you, and people like to say I was there, and of course, people are very proud of having been there because it was the first civil rights march for equality in the history of the United States here in Washington.
	www.house.gov /apps/list/speech/tx30_johnson/morenews/RememberingandHonoringMarchonWashingtonofAugust18th1963.html (6458 words)

	March on Washington - 1963
		Find out all about the great mass march on the Washington Capital that saw the world mesmerized by the power of Martin Luther King's oratory.
		In 1942 respected Black leader A. Philip Randolph envisioned a great March on the Capital in Washington to force the powers that be to face up to the problems confronting it’s millions of Black citizens.
		News of the March went around the world with many papers breaking their policy of not featuring Blacks on the front page.
	scsc.essortment.com /marchwashington_rbsu.htm (605 words)

	SacObserver.com [SOUL] 'Mighty Dream' Dramatizes 1963 March
		The March on Washington, for example, made an inestimable impression on America's political leaders, leading to the 1964 passage of the federal Civil Rights Act, a pivotal measure that prohibited discrimination in the use of public accommodations and discrimination in employment.
		A commemoration of the 1963 March - with events planned to re-dramatize the demand of jobs and justice for all - was spearheaded by Martin Luther King III.
		The architect of that planned 1941 march, Black labor leader A. Philip Randolph, was the architect of the 1963 March.
	www.sacobserver.com /soul/poetry_literature/082803/ed_bradley_jr.shtml (879 words)

	USATODAY.com - March on Washington looks at 40 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		WASHINGTON — When U.S. Rep. John Lewis faces the crowd Saturday to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington, he will be the sole surviving member of the "Big Six" — the major civil rights leaders of the day.
		The 1963 march itself did not speed passage of the Civil Rights Act, which finally overcame resistance from Southern lawmakers and was approved in 1964.
		Lewis, the youngest speaker at the march, agrees.
	www.usatoday.com /news/nation/2003-08-21-mlk-march_x.htm (1145 words)

	Neda Dispatch
		One of the main objectives of the march was to pressure Congress into passing pending civil rights legislation.
		The speakers at the event were an all-star cast-from Roy Wilkins, the head of the NAACP to the leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), John Lewis.
		There was the Million Man March, the Million Family March, and the Millennium March on Washington for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender civil rights.
	www.ustrek.org /odyssey/semester2/031401/031401nedamarch.html (1150 words)

	WGBH Forum Network - 1963 March on Washington: 'Medgar Evers Ballad' Ten Leaders and a Tribute to Women
		Randolph had organized the original March on Washington Movement, designed to pressure President Roosevelt to guarantee jobs for fl men and women in the wartime armament industries.
		The 1941 march was canceled when Roosevelt capitulated to the demands and issued the first executive order protecting African-American rights since the Emancipation Proclamation.
		When a draft of the speech was circulated in advance, march leaders and Attorney General Kennedy raised strenuous objections to Lewis' calling the Kennedy civil rights bill "too little, too late." A compromise speech was agreed to only after Randolph made a personal appeal to Lewis.
	forum.wgbh.org /wgbh/forum.php?lecture_id=1264 (643 words)

	AFT: Publications: American Teacher: September 2003: March on Washington
		The March on Washington, he says, "galvanized the country," brought King to the leadership of the civil rights movement and was a springboard to the passage of two historic bills in Congress--the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
		Although rallies and marches in the nation's capital are commonplace today, the 1963 march was a "very vocal and very visible" event, says LaCour, who believes the key to that visibility was television.
		The march was successful in part because its organizer, Bayard Rustin, was an "obsessive planner" who left nothing to chance--from chartering buses to securing food, water and toilets, Chenoweth wrote.
	www.aft.org /pubs-reports/american_teacher/sept03/March.html (694 words)

	Washington Blade Online
		Foreman and Carter noted that the decision by march leaders to embrace the cause of gay civil rights this year was in marked contrast to the 20th anniversary March on Washington held in 1983.
		Hutchins said that, similar to the 1963 march and a 20th anniversary march in 1983, the 2003 march would focus on the theme of “Jobs, Peace, and Freedom” for Americans who have suffered from discrimination and injustice.
		The march leaders declined to officially endorse a gay rights bill on behalf of the march but agreed to support the bill as individuals at a press conference prior to the march.
	www.washblade.com /2003/7-11/news/localnews/washmarch.cfm (1065 words)

	Neda Dispatch for KIDS!
		He was the lead organizer of what became one of the largest peaceful actions of the civil rights movement: the 1963 March on Washington.
		The March was a day of coming together for peace and equality.
		I was not part of the March on Washington.
	www.ustrek.org /odyssey/semester2/031401kids/031401nedamarchkids.html (488 words)

	The History of CORE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The 1963 March on Washington attracted an estimated
		Despite the fears that had prompted extraordinary precautions (including pre-signed executive orders authorizing military intervention in the case of rioting), those assembled marched peacefully.
		Farmer said the fight for legal and economic equality would not stop "until the dogs stop biting us in the South and the rats stop biting us in the North." King, the last speaker of the day, stirred the audience and built to his reportedly extemporaneous "I have a dream" finale.
	www.core-online.org /history/washington_march.htm (612 words)

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