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Topic: 1970 War of Attrition

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	War of Attrition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The War of Attrition (Hebrew: מלחמת ההתשה)(Arabic: حرب الاستنزاف‎) was a limited war fought between Egypt and Israel from 1968 to 1970.
		The war ended with a ceasefire signed between the countries in 1970 with frontiers at the same place as when the war started.
		The war began in June 1968 with sparse Egyptian artillery bombardment of the Israeli front line on the east bank of the canal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1970_War_of_Attrition (1497 words)

	Lebanon War
		The history of Lebanon contained many periods of prosperity separated by chaos and wars between the different minorities.
		In the years following the 1948 war, Israel's border with Lebanon was quiet compared to its borders with other neighbors.
		Within six months after the war began, Israel withdrew from most of the Lebanese territory it occupied but continued to occupy a ten mile wide area of Lebanese territory along the Israeli-Lebanese border; it referred to this area as its "security zone".
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/le/Lebanon_War.html (701 words)

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		The period up to the 1967 war, the two deterrence failures which occurred in 1967 and 1968, as well as the periods of stability that existed between the different deterrence failures, are not mentioned or discussed in her analysis.
		Stein's argument that in the War of Attrition the Egyptian leadership miscalculated the Israeli response and that this miscalculation was the result of motivated biases is not supported by the evidence when the longer term perspective is used.
		If this war was more of a test about the relative capability of each side to endure a long and costly war of attrition then Israel signaled relatively early in the struggle that it had a difficulty fighting such wars when they do not involve vital interests or survival.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/McNair/mcnair45/m45c1.html (13174 words)

	War of Attrition
		The terrorist war against Israel was an integral element in this Arab offensive, extending the fighting to the Lebanese border, to areas inside Israel, and even against Israeli targets overseas.
		Coordinated by Egypt, the War of Attrition (as it was soon named) was aimed at engaging Israel in a drawn-out and bloody conflict which would make optimal use of the Arab world's massive resources.
		Between 1967 and 1970, 5,840 incidents were recorded along the eastern front, mostly artillery and gun- fire from Jordanian territory.
	www.israeli-weapons.com /history/war_of_attrition/WarofAttrition.html (1437 words)

	Myths & Facts - The War of Attrition, 1967-1970
		“Israel was responsible for the War of Attrition.”
		This bloody War of Attrition, as it became known, lasted three years.
		In the summer of 1970, the United States persuaded Israel and Egypt to accept a cease-fire.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/myths/mf8.html (883 words)

	Arab-Israeli Conflict - 1970 War of Attrition - Jewish Reference: People, Places, and All Things Jewish
		The War of Attrition was a limited war fought between Egypt and Israel from 1968 to 1970.
		The war ended with a cease-fire signed between the countries in 1970 with frontiers at the same place as when the war started.
		The war of attrition began in June 1968 with sparse Egyptian artillery bombardment of the Israeli front line on the east bank of the canal.
	www.jewishreference.com /arabconflict-1970warofattrition.html (1321 words)

	The War Room - Books, Men at Arms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The US Army during the Civil War was the largest the country had raised in its brief history; and it would remain the largest ever raised until World War I. In all, 2,772,408 men served in some branch or other of the US Army.
		The modern wars of the Middle East began in 1947, when the Syrians, Egyptians, Jordanians and Lebanese were unofficially at war with the Jewish settlers of Palestine.
		Between then and 1973 five wars occurred: those of 1948; the Sinai War; the Six-Day War; the 1968—1970 War of Attrition and the 1973 October War.
	www.thewarroom.com /products.asp?cat=10 (1028 words)

	War of Attrition, 1969-1970
		Interestingly, despite their ferocity, the air combats during the War of Attrition have not influenced the development of new weapons in the way this was the case with the air warfare during the subsequent war in 1973.
		Therefore, the War of Attrition was continued, and on 6 October 1969, the IDF/AF was again in action, deploying 200 fighters to attack Egyptian SAM-sites along the Suez.
		The War of Attrition“ was the first armed conflict in the Middle East in which truly modern technology was used and of decisive importance for success.
	www.acig.org /artman/publish/printer_263.shtml (10132 words)

	Wikinfo \| Yom Kippur War
		The Yom Kippur War (also known as the October War and Ramadan War), was fought from October 6 (the day of Yom Kippur) to October 22/24, 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Egypt and Syria.
		After the overwhelming victory against the massed Arab armies in 1967, and having emerged undefeated from the three-year long War of Attrition with Egypt in the south and several border incidents with Syria in the north, the Israeli leadership had grown somewhat complacent.
		Blinded by the success of the Six-Day War, the Israeli civilian leadership and military intelligence were unable to treat the possibility of an Arab attack seriously.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Yom_Kippur_War (1754 words)

	1948 Arab-Israeli War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The 1948 Arab-Israeli War is referred to as the "War of Independence" (Hebrew: מלחמת העצמאות) or as the "War of Liberation" (Hebrew: מלחמת השחרור) by Israelis.
		World War II On 6 August 1940 Anthony Eden, the Secretary of State for War, informed Parliament that the Cabinet had decided to recruit Arab and Jewish units as battalions of the Royal East Kent Regiment (the "Buffs").
		Abdullah regarded the attempt to revive the mufti's Holy War Army as a challenge to his authority and on 3 October his minister of defence ordered all armed bodies operating in the areas controlled by the Arab Legion to be disbanded.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-1948_Arab-Israeli_War (8171 words)

	HyperWar: A Brief History of the U.S. Army in World War II
		While World War II continues to absorb the interest of military scholars and historians, as well as its veterans, a generation of Americans has grown to maturity largely unaware of the political, social, and military implications of a war that, more than any other, united us as a people with a common purpose.
		By the outbreak of war the Signal Corps was a leader in improving radio communications, and American artillery practiced the most sophisticated fire-direction and -control techniques in the world.
		Waging war with the implacable ruthlessness of totalitarian regimes, both sides committed wholesale atrocities--mistreatment of prisoners of war, enslavement of civilian populations, and, in the case of the Jews, outright genocide.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/USA/USA-C-USA-WWII.html (13735 words)

	HistoryCentral.com - Your Source for Everything History -> World History > Middle East > 1969-1970: War of ...
		Thus began the "War of Attrition," which lasted until August 1970.
		This war was characterized by escalating artillery duels, air raids, and commando missions.
		The war only came to end after there had been a direct confrontation between Israeli and Soviet forces, in which Israel downed six Soviet aircraft.
	www.multied.com /mideast/Attrition.html (121 words)

	War of Attrition
		The War of Attrition was a very complicated type of conflict.
		It was more of a guerrilla war than a full scale confrontation, however it was fought between regular armies, navies, and aircraft squadrons.
		If the arab-Israeli war is expanded, then America becomes the enemy of the arabs, and thus America loses its authority in the middle east.
	www.amichai.com /war/process/attritionwar.html (1268 words)

	War of Attrition during 1969-1970
		In addition to hostilities with Egypt, the War of Attrition included attacks along all three fronts (Egypt, Syria/Lebanon and Jordan) ever since the June 1967 cease-fire.
		Nasser responded by maintaining a constant state of military activity along the canal--the so-called War of Attrition, Various dates are given for the start of this war, but it really began immediately after the cease fire of the Six Day war, in July of 1967.
		On August 7, 1970 the Soviets and Egyptians deployed sophisticated ground-to-air SAM-2 and SAM-3 missiles in the restricted 32-mile-deep zone along the west bank of the Suez Canal, in a 78-mile band between the cities of Ismailia and Suez.
	www.palestinefacts.org /pf_1967to1991_warofattrition.php (711 words)

	Israel Egypt War 1969-1970 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Israeli troops were situated on the east bank of the Suez Canal, the canal was closed to shipping, and Israel was occupying a large piece of Egyptian territory.
		Nasser responded by maintaining a constant state of military activity along the canal--the so-called War of Attrition-- between February 1969 and August 1970.
		In effect, the Rogers Plan was an interpretation of UN Security Council Resolution 242; it called for the international frontier between Egypt and Israel to be the secure and recognized border between the two countries.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/india/israelegypt1969.htm (434 words)

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		An attrition strategy, however, was ruled out as a viable option because of the experience gained in the War of Attrition.142 Israel demonstrated that it had the capability to inflict greater pain on Egypt than Egypt was capable of inflicting on Israel even in a static defensive war.
		Stein's argument that the War of Attrition and the 1973 war illustrate the failure of deterrence because challengers always find ways to design around the superior capability of the defender needs to be reexamined and reinterpreted in a different light.
		Second, of the three military options available to Egypt--blitzkrieg, a war of attrition, and a limited-aim war, only the last option was perceived to be viable as a result of reputations developed by Israel in the 1967-1970 period.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/mcnair/mcnair45/m45c2.html (8284 words)

	Human Rights Brief - Volume 7 Issue 3
		Contrary to government claims, however, Mexican forces are engaged in a low-intensity conflict, or war of attrition, in which serious human rights and humanitarian law violations take place.
		The Mexican government pursues a war of attrition designed to erode slowly the EZLN's economic and political bases of support with less gunfire and overt violence than in a traditional war.
		It is the violation of rights such as freedom of association, freedom of movement, and enjoyment of property that the government uses as one of its primary weapons in the war of attrition.
	www.wcl.american.edu /hrbrief/v7i3/thewar.htm (2903 words)

	The History Guy: Arab-Israeli Wars
		Although Israel and most Arab nations are technically in a continuous state of war, unless otherwise noted, specific outbreaks of fighting are considered to be separate wars.
		Israeli War of Independence/ "al-Nakba" (The Disaster) (1948-1949)--Upon independence, Israel was invaded by the armies of six Arab nations: Egypt, Syria, Transjordan (later Jordan), Lebanon, Iraq and Saudi Arabia.
		The War of Attrition (1968-1970)--The War of Attrition was a limited border war fought between Egypt and Israel in the aftermath of the Six-Day War.
	www.historyguy.com /arab_israeli_wars.html (1660 words)

	\|Nixon's Handling of the Yom Kippur War\| (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The U.S. approach to the Middle East Conflict went from near disinterest to enormous engagement from 1970 to 1973.
		In 1970 a war of attrition used up the parties on the Israeli-Egyptian front.
		In the Shuttle Diplomacy, which Kissinger started after the war, he managed to be accepted as a broker by the Arabs as well as the Israelis and to draw back Soviet influence.
	www.lars-klein.com /start/usa/nixon/nixonyomkippur.html (726 words)

	Jewish Post - News - Is Sharon a New Fabius Maximus? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The myopic approach to the army, the lack of professional conclusion became the background to the tragedy of 1973.
		Furthermore, he remarked, even the 'Yom Kippur War' was not an object for research and the right conclusions.
		This victimization contributed to the 1968-1970 'War of Attrition' with Egypt, the building of the 'Barlev Line' and the 'Yom Kippur War'.
	www.jewishpost.com /jp0710/jpn0710o.htm (464 words)

	"The Third Worst Middle East War" by Steven Plaut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The War of Attrition ended in a US-sponsored ceasefire between Israel and Egypt that was violated by Egypt within hours of its being signed.
		Now putting aside the way the War of Attrition ended--that is, through US pressure on Israel to appease Egypt and ignore its gross violations of the agreement, a paradigm that would later repeat itself in the Oslo Age--there are other leftover issues from the War of Attrition.
		And that is that the 1968-1970 War of Attrition is NO LONGER Israel's third worst war.
	www.chronwatch.com /content/contentDisplay.asp?aid=961. (622 words)

	Conflict Info
		The War of Attrition was aimed at engaging Israel in a drawn-out and bloody conflict, which would make optimal use of the Arab world's massive resources.
		Israel refrained from participation in the war, for the U.S. was concerned that it might be deserted by its Arab coalition partners.
		For Israel, this war was characterized as the War of the Civilian Rearm, the Gadna, and the Youth Battalions, which once again played a useful and important role in the war efforts.
	home.snu.edu /~dwilliam/f97projects/arabisraeli/moreinfo.htm (1940 words)

	IsraelFaxx.com newsletter: 4fax0824.txt
		The author also studies errors made during the 1970 "War of Attrition" between Israel and Egypt and the 1983 peace agreement between Lebanon and Israel.
		(Editor's note: in 1970, Dr. Bloch, professor of philosophy at Ben Gurion University in Beersheva, authored this essay in response to the decision of the Israeli government to accept a ceasefire at the Suez Canal.
		They'll tell us that they are not willing to get involved in a world war, that we must not bring war upon the world.
	www.israelfaxx.com /webarchive/1994/08/4fax0824.html (1313 words)

	Amazon.com: Yom Kippur War 1973: The Sinai (Campaign 126): Books: Simon Dunstan,Kevin Lyles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Palestine War 1948 by Efraim Karsh
		Osprey's The Yom Kippur War: The Sinai is the first in a two-volume study of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and a departure from the Campaign series normal aversion to modern topics (in the last 13 years and 126 volumes, the series has had only one other title on a post-1945 campaign).
		The Yom Kippur War: The Sinai begins with a short introduction that covers the results of the 1967 Six Day War, the construction of the Bar Lev line and the 1969-1970 War of Attrition.
	www.amazon.com /Yom-Kippur-War-1973-Campaign/dp/1841762210 (2128 words)

	War of Attrition Diplomacy
		In the 1967 war Israel stood alone, confronting vast forces desiring its destruction.
		In the spring and summer of 1970, the United States realized that the War of Attrition was fraught with the risk of great power confrontation.
		As the jarring mission was still deadlocked, the United States government decided to undertake a new initiative with the object of bringing about a cease-fire on the Israel-egypt front and resumption of the jarring talks.
	amichai.com /war/process/attritiontalks.html (1183 words)

	Jordan Expels the PLO in 1970
		Following the June 1967 Six Day War, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) established its major base of operations for the war against Israel in Jordan.
		By 1970, it was widely believed that PLO leader Yasser Arafat and other factional heads were attempting to overthrow King Hussein, who viewed their operations against Israel as a threat to Jordan.
		By 1970, Palestinians, both Jordanian citizens and refugees, were almost as numerous in Jordan as King Hussein's own Bedouins.
	www.palestinefacts.org /pf_1967to1991_jordan_expel_plo.php (462 words)

	The New York Review of Books: Short Reviews
		Dupuy, author of numerous military histories, draws on the conventional printed sources, embellishing and correcting inconsistencies through personal interviews with Arabs, Israelis, and UN officers to provide a descriptive account of the Arab-Israeli wars of 1947-1949, 1956 (Suez), 1967, 1967-1970 (the War of Attrition), and 1973.
		Although adding little to the 1947-1949 period, in emphasizing the wars from 1967 on—a third of the volume is devoted to the October War—and comparing 1967 and 1973, Dupuy provides an informed comparison of tactics, objectives, victories, and failures in the two conflicts.
		In the last analysis, it was not the Arab soldier but—until the October War—political military appointees, bad judgment, internecine quarreling, and poor military training pitted against an increasing Israeli combat effectiveness which created a situation of thirty years' armed truce in the area.
	www.nybooks.com /nyrev/WWWarchdisplay.cgi?19781109059R (714 words)

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