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Topic: 198 BCE

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	BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE NEW TESTAMENT
		Between 215-206 BCE, Rome, allied with the Aetolian League, Sparta, and Pergamum, defeated Philip V, king of the Macedonian kingdom, and his ally, the Achaian League, forcing Philip to agree to peace on terms favorable to the Romans and its allies (First Macedonian War).
		In 40 BCE Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus II, allied with the Parthians, gained control of Jerusalem; a Hasmonean was once again king.
		Augustus (27 BCE - 14); Tiberius (14-37); Gaius (Caligula) (37-41); Claudius (41-54); Nero (54-68); Galba (69); Vitellius (69); Vespasian (69-79); Titus (79-81); Domitian (81-96).
	www.abu.nb.ca /courses/NTIntro/History1.htm (4425 words)

	Ptolemy V Epiphanes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ptolemy V Epiphanes (Greek: Πτολεμαίος Επιφανής, reigned 204-181 BCE), son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and Arsinoe III of Egypt, was the 5th ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
		In 202 BCE however Tlepolemus, the general in charge of Pelusium put himself at the head of a revolt which ended with Agathocles and several of his supporters being killed by the Alexandrian mob.
		In 197 BCE Lycopolis was held by the forces of Ankmachis, (also known as Chaonnophris) the secessionist pharaoh of Upper Egypt, but was forced to withdraw to Thebes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes (442 words)

	Hanukkah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Around 200 BCE Jews lived as an autonomous people in the land of Israel, which at this time was controlled by the Seleucid King of Syria.
		By 180 BCE Antiochus IV Epiphanes ascended to the Seleucid throne.
		63 BCE: The Hasmonean Jewish Kingdom comes to an end due to rivalry between the brothers Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II, both of whom appeal to the Roman Republic to intervene and settle the power struggle on their behalf.
	hanukkah.iqnaut.net (1674 words)

	History of ancient Israel and Judah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1600 BCE, Egypt was conquered by Canaanite tribes known as the Hyksos by the Egyptians.
		However, on Solomon's death in 926 BCE the kingdom began to fragment, bisecting into the kingdom of Israel in the north (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) and the kingdom of Judah in the south (containing Jerusalem).
		The Maccabee Rebellion, Hanukkah and the Hasmonean Kingdom 180-142 BCE.
	history-of-ancient-israel-and-judah.iqnaut.net (2041 words)

	Tell el-Far'ah - Archaeology Timeline
		The attempted revolt of Josiah's son Jehoiakim in 600 BCE against the Babylonians resulted in the destruction of Judah and began the forced exile of its elite to Babylon; thus beginning the period of the Babylonian Exile.
		In 539 BCE Cyrus II entered Babylon, thus ending the period of the Babylonian exile and ushering in a new period of prosperity and reconstruction within the region of the Eastern Mediterranean under the Persians.
		This alliance was renewed again in 139 BCE and because of intermittent Roman activity in the orient, the stage was set for the entrance of Roman general Pompée between 66-62 BCE.
	farahsouth.cgu.edu /timeline/main.htm (3466 words)

	Hist2
		Under Antiochus IV in 174 BCE Onias III, the High Priest, was deposed by Antiochus IV in favor of his brother Joshua, who also went by the name of Jason.
		In 168 BCE, after being forced to withdraw from Egypt by the Romans, Antiochus IV sent Apollonius to Jerusalem with troops and instructions to compel Jews to abandon their ancestral religion, obedience to the Law; those Jews who would not cooperate would be killed and their wives and children sold into slavery.
		On the assumption of a second-century BCE date for Pseudo-Ezekiel, the man known as "a son of Belial" is probably Antiochus IV.
	www.abu.nb.ca /Courses/NTIntro/InTest/Hist2.htm (8481 words)

	Hebrews, History Of Judaism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		When in 198 BCE Palestine was conquered by King Antiochus III (247-187 BCE), of the Syrian Seleucid dynasty, the Jews were treated even more liberally, being granted a charter to govern themselves by their own constitution, namely, the Torah.
		Already in 139 BCE the Jews of Rome were charged by the praetor (civil administrator) with attempting to contaminate Roman morals with their religion, presumably an allusion to proselytism.
		In a work on the analogical interpretation of the Law of Moses, Aristobulus in the 2nd century BCE anticipated Philo in attempting to harmonize Greek philosophy and the Torah, in using the method of allegory to explain anthropomorphisms in the Bible, and in asserting that the Greek philosophers were indebted to Moses.
	history-world.org /history_of_judaism.htm (16182 words)

	Israel - Crystalinks
		In 1600 BCE, Egypt was conquered by tribes, apparently Semitic, known as the Hyksos by the Egyptians.
		The Hebrews migrated into Canaan circa 1200 BCE, a time when the great powers of the region were neutralized by troubles of various kinds.
		In 922 BCE, the Kingdom of Israel was divided.
	www.crystalinks.com /israel.html (3004 words)

	Homer News Online - Holiday Village
		The Jewish people paid taxes to Syria and accepted its legal authority, and by and large were free to follow their own faith, maintain their own jobs, and engage in trade.
		* 168 BCE: Under the reign of Antiochus IV, the Temple is looted, Jews are massacred, and Judaism is outlawed.
		* 63 BCE: The Hasmonean Jewish Kingdom comes to an end due to rivalry between the brothers Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II, both of whom appeal to the Roman Republic to intervene and settle the power struggle on their behalf.
	www.homernews.com /holidayvillage/hanukkah.shtml (1595 words)

	What is Chanukah Jewish Holidays 800-830-8660 - Menorahs Jewelry Dreidels Decorations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Chanukah was instituted by Judah Maccabee and his brothers in the year 165 BCE, to be celebrated annually with joy as a memorial of the dedication of the altar in the Temple in Jerusalem.
		After having recovered Jerusalem and the Temple, Judah ordered the latter to be cleansed, a new altar to be built in place of the polluted one, and new holy vessels to be made.
		63 BCE: The Hasmonean Jewish Kingdom comes to an end due to rivalry between the brothers Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II, both of whom appeal to Rome to step in and settle the power struggle on their behalf.
	www.milechai.com /judaism/chanukah.html (1040 words)

	Biblical Ancestors and Heroes
		However, in 198 BCE Antiochus III of the Seleucid dynasty defeated the Ptolemies and took control of Judah.
		In 167 BCE Antiochus erected a statue of Zeus Olympius, his god of whom he is a manifestation, in the Temple in Jeruasalem and sacrificed a swine on the altar.
		BCE) The period from the "abomination that desolates" until God's judgment is poured out on the "desolator." In other words, at the end of the Antiochus' reign of "one week," he will be destroyed.
	moses.creighton.edu /simkins/203/lectures/lecture25.html (6629 words)

	Mongolian Suomen kunniakonsulaatti
		According to the chronicles, there was a nomadic tribe Khu in the 5th century BCE.
		In 198 BCE Modun Khaan concluded a treaty with the Hun State of China.
		However, the Hun dynasty of China had been consistently pursuing on the "divide and rule" policy, which in the end brought to the break up of the Hunnu State in 48 BCE, and further collapse.
	www.mongolia.fi /historia_2.html (350 words)

	Daniel 11:1-45 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		And the king of the south shall be strong, — Ptolemy I Soter, son of Lagus, declared himself king of Egypt in 306 BCE and thus founded the Ptolemaic line of rulers in the south.
		With the death of Antigonus at the battle for Ipsus in 301 BCE Seleucus had secured for himself what was previously all of Antigonus' empire.
		The second event is the desolation of the city of Jerusalem in 70 CE and is described in Daniel 7:21; 9:27; 12:7, which was preceded by the events of 66 CE when the Roman armies surrounded the city.
	members.aol.com /gparrishjr/dn11ss.html (8045 words)

	ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE BIBLE
		The revolt, which began in 168 BCE, was successful enough and Mattathias's son Judah was able to capture the Temple precincts in 165 BCE and to rededicate the Temple in 164 BCE.
		In 159 BCE the Greek-appointed high priest whom the Maccabeans had opposed was killed and a man who claimed to be the son of Antiochus IV was attempting to take control of the Seleucid government.
		In 140 BCE, Simon celebrated the reestablished autonomy of the Jews and his family was formally recognized as the secular and religious heads of a Jewish state that was independent for the first time in four centuries.
	cc.usu.edu /~fath6/hellenic-Judaism.htm (7600 words)

	FREEMASONRY: THE SQUARE AND COMPASSES A book online by W.M.Bro.D.FALCONER
		Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BCE and the Beqa'a valley became part of the Ptolemaic Empire.
		The Canaanites were pantheists who considered God to be omnipresent, the driving force of the universe and identical with the universe and all of nature, although apparently they were not animists who visualised objects as having spirits, nor did they deify humans.
		In about 1200 BCE the need for greater public participation apparently was felt, because a raised stone court about 230 metres square was built with a surrounding stone wall to create a sanctuary, which had a sacrificial altar in the centre, connected to the natural crevice by a vertical shaft.
	www.freemasons-freemasonry.com /don38.html (4728 words)

	Israel and Judah
		Around 1200 BCE, Israel was led by a series of judges, before establishing a true kingdom.
		In 1185 BCE the Sea Peoples invaded Egypt, but were repelled.
		In 722 BCE, the Assyrians, under Shalmaneser, and then under Sargon, conquered Israel (the northern Kingdom), destroyed its capital Samaria, and sent the Israelites into exile and captivity.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Places/Place/339183 (1729 words)

	Names given to the Holy Land
		In 732 BCE the Assyrians conquered and annexed large portions of northern Israel.
		The Northern Kingdom ceased to exist in 721 BCE, when its capital was destroyed by the Assyrian army.
		The final defeat of the weakened Southern Kingdom of Judah was as a result of the invasions by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar in 597 and 586 BCE.
	www.religioustolerance.org /name_mide.htm (1605 words)

	Syria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 743 BCE the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III led an expedition to Syria to fight the growing power of Urartu.
		I have not seen any names of rulers or satraps of this place, but the roll-call of cultures and empires to have occupied the site over the last 3600 years or so is compelling enough to record it here.
		To rid the Mediterranean of pirates he introduced legislation in the Senate [67 BCE] that made Pompey supreme commander of the sea and all territory within a 50 mile radius.
	www.hostkingdom.net /Syria.html (2491 words)

	Classical Periods
		Throughout much of the third century BCE, the Ptolemies and Seleucids warred over control of Jordan, with the Seleucids emerging victorious in 198 BCE.
		The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE augured a period of relative anarchy for the Romans in Jordan, and the Parthian kings of Persia and Mesopotamia took advantage of the chaotic situation to attack.
		King Aretas IV, who ruled from 9 BCE to 40 CE, built a chain of settlements along the caravan routes to develop the prosperous incense trade.
	members.tripod.com /jor_guide/id6.html (1715 words)

	What is the Gospel?
		In 587 BCE, Judah was conquered by the Babylonians.
		At first, the Jews were ruled by the Ptolemaic rulers from Egypt but in 198 BCE the Seleucid rulers from Syria took over control of the Jews.
		The Jews hoped that someday a messiah (an anointed one) would be sent by God to re-establish the Kingdom of Israel in fulfillment of their expectation that the descendants of Abraham would become a great nation by which "all the families of the earth would be blessed."
	www.onr.com /user/bejo/whatisgospel.htm (1843 words)

	Coinage of Ancient Athens - The Coins
		Some coins are enlarged and enhanced where noted to present a better image for detail and study.
		22.89-92 AA77 Agora states this is a rare issue, connected by the amphora to another issue of this time which were probably struck in conjunction with a celebration f the Greater Panathenaia, held for the first time in 198 BCE after the alliance with Rome.
		Athens, Attica mid 90's to early 80's BCE
	www.medievalcrusades.com /athens/thecoins.htm (511 words)

	A History of Computing
		4000 BCE Pre-Abacus - It is likely that at this time the Babylonians as well as the Chinese and others used a tray filled with fine sand to make computations.
		The abacus is an ancient counting device, composed of a rigid frame with beads strung on wires, each bead representing a numerical value.
		2300 BCE - Pepi I Pharaoh Egypt writes "Instructions to a son" one of the oldest surviving documents.
	www.danbarker.com /works/pubs/HISTORYtable2.htm (12622 words)

	JEWISH RELIGIOUS LAW
		100s BCE beginning of the recording of the teaching of the scribes/Pharisees that eventually are preserved in the Mishna
		37 BCE onward Political ruler is separate from high priest; political ruler has power to appoint the high priests from the priestly families
		----63 BCE struggle for succession of Hasmonean kingship leads to Roman conquest of Judea, and the Romans appoint successor king-high priest.
	www.csun.edu /~vcoao00r/375Timelines.htm (601 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2002.11.04
		After a concise survey of the political history of Palestine between 332 BCE and 167 BCE, B. discusses two royal decrees that stand symbolically for the changed situation.
		In 198 BCE Antiochus III allowed the Jews to live according to their ancestral laws.
		This is true for the capital itself; proselytizing Jews were expelled from Rome in 139 BCE because they threatened the religious homogeneity of Roman society.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2002/2002-11-04.html (1974 words)

	lec2b
		From that time until the 7th century CE, the state of Judah (originally the southern territory of the biblical kingdom of Israel, referred to by scholars as Judea, and later dubbed Palestine’; by the Romans) came under the rule of empires whose chief sources of cultural inspiration were Greek (Hellenistic) and, later, Roman.
		Judah Maccabee reentered the Temple, cleansed it of its desecrations, and rededicated it, in 164 BCE.
		The year 63 BCE had effectively marked the end of Jewish political independence; this would not be restored for another 2000 years -until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~shaked/Holocaust/lectures/lec2b.html (11886 words)

	Hanukkah - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Around 200 BCE Jews lived as an autonomous people in the land of Israel, also referred to as Judea, which at that time was controlled by the Seleucid king of Syria.
		By 175 BCE Antiochus IV Epiphanes ascended to the Seleucid throne.
		198 BCE: Armies of the Selucid King Antiochus III (Antiochus the Great) oust Ptolemy V from Judea and Samaria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chanukah (5105 words)

	333-168 BCE - Hellenistic Influence and Conquest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		After several attempts, Antiochus III, king of Syria, ousts the Ptolemies from Judea in 198 BCE Some Jewish supporters in Jerusalem help him take the fortress from the Egyptian garrison.
		That charter remains in force until the time of his son and successor, Antiochus IV (176 BCE) who does not agree with his father and demands that Jews be like other minorities and worship statues of Greek gods and of himself.
		168 BCE Although defeated by the Romans, Antiochus IV is very much alive, and his rage is directed at Jerusalem.
	www.jerusalem-archives.org /period1/1-12.html (728 words)

	l12nf01 No Frames Link Page
		By 168 BCE the forced assimilation imposed on the Jewish people by the Greeks had reached such proportions that there was a real danger that Judaism would die out completely.
		In an effort to gain credibility with the masses, he married the last female descendant of the Maccabees--only to eventually kill her in a fit of rage.
		However, in 198 BCE, Ptolemy lost control of Israel to the Selucids, who were centered in Syria and whose attitude toward the Jewish people would soon turn most threatening indeed.
	www.aish.com /seminars/tunneltour/nf/l12nf01.htm (951 words)

	Hanukkah
		The new holiday started amongst mixed Christian and Jewish families as a way to celebrate both holidays simultaniously.
		198 BCE: Armies of the Seleucid King Antiochus III (Antiochus the Great) oust Ptolemy V from Judea and Samaria.
		142 BCE: Establishment of the Second Jewish Commonwealth.
	www.bigdates.com /holidays/hanukkah.asp (1659 words)

	An Overlooked Key to Polybios' Views on Rome
		I begin from the assumption that Greek representations of the Romans in the second century BCE were for the most part politically-instrumental.
		As I have suggested, the most forceful language available in Polybios' politico-cultural heritage for subverting this image of the Romans as 'honorary Greeks' was to refer to them as barbarians.
		The charge of Roman barbarism appears indirectly in the speech of Agelaos at Naupaktos in 217 BCE (5.104.1-2), and the Akarnanian ambassador Lykiskos explicitly refers to Romans as barbarians in an address to the Spartans in 210 BCE (9.37.5-6).
	www.dur.ac.uk /Classics/histos/2000/champion.html (1880 words)

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