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	1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The eruption was preceded by a two-month-long series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the mountain which created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens' north slope.
		The May 18, 1980, event was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States.
		The eruption was preceded by a sudden increase in earthquake activity and occurred during a rain storm.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1980_Mount_St._Helens_eruption (4410 words)

	MSH Comparisons With Other Eruptions [USGS]
		Eruptions designated a VEI of 5 or higher are considered "very large" explosive events, which occur worldwide only on an average of about once every 2 decades.
		The May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens rated a VEI of 5, but just barely; its lateral blast was powerful, but its output of magma was rather small.
		The May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens has a higher VEI (5) than five of the deadliest eruptions in the history of mankind, but it resulted in the loss of far fewer lives (57).
	pubs.usgs.gov /publications/msh/comparisons.html (793 words)

	Vic Camp - the Mt. St. Helens eruption
		The eruption generated a massive lateral blast that devastated the northern flank of the volcano, flattening millions of mature Douglas fir trees over a fan-shaped area of 600 square kilometers.
		The summit eruption on March 27 was typical of several small eruptions that would occur through April and early May. None of these eruptions were magmatic in character, but instead they were steam eruptions generated by the heating of groundwater above a rising plug of magma that had invaded the central conduit of the volcano.
		An indication of this is in the nature of the pyroclastic flows associated with the June 12 eruption.
	www.geology.sdsu.edu /how_volcanoes_work/Sthelens.html (1787 words)

	Geologic Hazards Slides, Volume 3 - Landslides, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes
		The May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount Saint Helens was the most destructive in the history of the United States.
		On March 20, 1980, seismographs in Washington and Oregon began recording earthquakes and a rhythmic ground shaking known as harmonic tremor (an indicator of the subsurface motion of gases or magma).
		Eruption Cloud from Yakima, Washington The eruption cloud as it approaches the Yakima, Washington, airport on May 18, 1980.
	www.smate.wwu.edu /teched/geology/vo-St-Helens.html (2324 words)

	Agricultural Research Center: Mt. St. Helens Ash Research Records, 1980-1981 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Their study goals were to ascertain the short- and long-term impact of the ash on agriculture, forestry, water and land resources in the state of Washington.
		The purpose was to generate information to aid people immediately affected by the eruption and also generate a body of knowledge and a response capability to guide activities in event of future occurences of this type.
		The 1980 eruption was the first time in recorded history that an eruption of this type could be systematically and scientifically studied.
	www.wsulibs.wsu.edu /holland/masc/finders/ua183.htm (169 words)

	Investigating the water content of magmas from Mount St. Helens volcano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens underwent a catastrophic, explosive eruption that sent material from a blast cloud up to 17 miles from the volcano on the north side and sent ash 15 miles into the air.
		The diffusion rate of hydrogen at magmatic temperatures determines the amount of OH preserved in a feldspar phenocryst during a typical eruptive event, and the extent to which zoning of OH in feldspar phenocrysts with complex magmatic histories should be preserved.
		Results from these two studies show that in the absence of large changes in oxygen fugacity or eruption temperature, the water contents of silicic melts immediately prior to eruption are recorded in the OH concentrations of volcanic plagioclase.
	www.gps.caltech.edu /users/liz/mshresearch.htm (605 words)

	1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		An earthquake on May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam-rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure.
		As in many previous St. Helens eruptions, this created huge lahars (volcanic mudslides) and muddy floods that affected 3 of the 4 stream drainage systems on the mountain and which started to move as early as 8:50 AM.
		An eruption occurred on May 25 at 2:30 AM that sent an ash column 9 miles (14 km) into the atmosphere.
	www.juiceenewsdaily.com /0505/news/eight_errup.html (4267 words)

	Attractions, Thornewood Castle Inn and Gardens, Lakewood Washington
		Twenty-five years after the volcano’s catastrophic 1980 eruption, the boundary of the 230-square-mile blast zone is so lush with life that newcomers probably wouldn’t notice it without a hint.
		The eruption lifted it up more than 200 feet, dramatically expanded its area and left it much shallower than it was before the eruption.
		Elk died in the 1980 eruption, but it didn’t take long for others from outside the blast zone to repopulate the area.
	www.thornewoodcastle.com /mtsainthelens.htm (2068 words)

	USGS Learning Web :: Lesson Plans :: Volcanoes :: Lessons
		The May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens destroyed a significant portion of the mountain that had been created by previous eruptions.
		Within a few minutes of the start of the eruption, the mountain lost 400 meters (1,312 feet) of its height and a gaping crater 625 meters (2,050 feet) deep, 1.7 miles (2.7 kilometers) long, and 1.3 miles (2 kilometers) wide opened on its once nearly symmetrical cone.
		At the time of the May 18, 1980 eruption it was 2,780 meters (9,677 feet) high.
	interactive2.usgs.gov /learningweb/teachers/volcanoes_lesson2_2.htm (861 words)

	Volcanoes - Lesson 2
		The eruption of Mount St. Helens was not a surprise.
		Increased earthquake activity, eruptions of steam and ash, and changes in the shape of the surface of the volcano all signal that magma is on the move toward the surface.
		In turn, the sudden removal of masses of rock and ice by the avalanches triggered an explosive eruption of steam trapped in cracks and voids in the volcano and of gases dissolved in the magma.
	mac.usgs.gov /isb/pubs/teachers-packets/volcanoes/lesson2/lesson2.html (2240 words)

	3. Science of prediction
		After the cataclysmic eruption, however, it was easy to find research funding on St. Helens, and the ensuing scientific activity paid off during a series of minor eruptions.
		From December, 1980, to October, 1986, we successfully predicted each dome-building eruption, at least 18 of them, as far as three weeks in advance, although sometimes it was just hours in advance." Domes are mounds of lava that form, usually inside the existing crater.
		Since 1980, the biggest advances in forecasting have come from seismology, says Dzurisin, who was at the Hawaii Volcano Observatory before St. Helens.
	whyfiles.org /031volcano/3.html (1199 words)

	USATODAY.com - Is St. Helens ready for eruption? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Such an eruption, while small compared with 1980, could spew ash and melon-sized rocks up to 3 miles from the crater, well short of any people or the closest buildings.
		It was part of a trail of events that began with a huge eruption in the 14th century.
		With images of 1980 still fresh — mudflows choking the Columbia River channel and ash paralyzing towns for 250 miles — no one was taking the volcano lightly.
	www.usatoday.com /news/nation/2004-10-01-st-helens_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA (871 words)

	Mount St. Helens images 1980-1986 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		After the May 18, 1980 eruption, Mount St. Helens' elevation was only 8364 feet (2,550 m) and the volcano had a one-mile-wide (1.5 km) horseshoe-shaped crater, seen here from the northwest.
		This eruption sent pumice and ash 6 to 11 miles (10-18 km) into the air, and was visible in Seattle, Washington, 100 miles (160 km) to the north.
		An explosive eruption on March 19, 1982, sent pumice and ash 9 miles (14 km) into the air, and resulted in a lahar (the dark deposit on the snow) flowing from the crater into the North Fork Toutle River valley.
	www.riverdale.k12.or.us /helens/slides/slide.old (2852 words)

	Unpredictable Mount St. Helens - GreatOutdoors.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In the decades prior to the spring of 1980, Mount St. Helens was perhaps the most obscure of the Cascade volcanoes.
		In the mammoth crater that was blasted open by the eruption, a lava dome began to slowly grow shortly after the 1980 event.
		This gradual rebuilding the peak was merely another chapter in the eons-old geologic process that has given birth to all the Cascade volcanoes: a violent cycle of eruption and devastation, followed by a gradual rebuilding through the venting of magma--liquid rock that reforms the peak time and again.
	www.greatoutdoors.com /published/climb/news/unpredictablemountsthelens?rssfeed (1348 words)

	Mt. St. Helens Anniversary
		The 1980 eruption marked an awakening for many residents of the Pacific Northwest to the risks associated with living in the shadow of a volcano, but it was not the first or the last time that they will see nearby geologic events.
		On March 20, 1980, the seismometers measured a magnitude 4.2 earthquake beneath the volcano, followed by hundreds of smaller tremors.
		Eruptions in South America, like the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of people who were living and farming on its slopes.
	web.visionlearning.com /events/MtStHelens_May18_2005.htm (800 words)

	Hekla Volcano
		After the 1980 eruption it was possible, by measurements of surface deformation, to determine the depth to the magma reservoir which is at about 8 km.
		In the large silicic eruptions, however, the known endproducts are not as basic as the lavas produced in historical time.
		In addition to 17 summit eruptions in Hekla itself, 5 eruptions are known to have occurred in the its immediate vicinity in historical time.
	www.norvol.hi.is /html/geol/heklavolc/hekla.html (1160 words)

	Mount St. Helens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		May 18, 1980, the missing mountaintop was transformed in a few hours into the extensive volcanic ash that blanketed much of the Northwestern United states and into various other deposits closer to the mountain.
		Following the most recent major eruption, on May 18, 1980, there were 5 smaller explosive eruptions over a period of 5 months.
		Thereafter, a series of 16 domebuilding druptions through October 1986 constructed the new, 270 meter(880 feet) high, lava dome in the crater formed by the May 18, 1980 eruption.
	spot.pcc.edu /~mhutson/cas112_final_project/mtsthelens.htm (270 words)

	EO Newsroom: New Images - Mount St. Helens, Washington
		Because the eruption occurred in an easily accessible region of the U.S., Mount St. Helens has provided unprecedented opportunities for U.S. researchers to collect scientific observations of the geology of an active volcano and document the regional ecological impact and recovery from an eruption.
		The upper slopes of the 1980 blast zone begin at the gray colored region that extends north (upper left) from the summit of the volcano.
		The volcanic mud and debris from the eruption choked all of the drainages in the region.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16546 (455 words)

	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 19 \| 1980: Nine dead after Mount St Helens eruption
		He stayed with his 16 cats and 18 racoons while about 2,000 people were evacuated from the area in the last few weeks as the mountain threatened to blow.
		The lake has been wiped out by the massive force of the eruption along with boiling mud flows triggered by mountain snow that melted in the intense heat.
		The final death toll from the Mount St Helens eruption was put at 57 - some of them scientists monitoring the volcano's activity - while an estimated 24,000 animals perished.
	news.bbc.co.uk /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/19/newsid_2511000/2511133.stm (485 words)

	Volcano Cowboys (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		On March 20, 1980, a magnitude 4.2 earthquake was detected near Mount St. Helens.
		Thompson covers the details of the difficulties of coordinating a response to an eruption in a populated area with multiple agencies holding jurisdiction.
		The section of the book is short, but important, since part three, which covers the response to the 1991 eruption of Pinatubo, is largly presented in contrast to the 1980 St. Helens response and thus relies on both preceding sections.
	knowltonian.net /words/volcano-cowboys.htm (781 words)

	CNN.com - Volcano still shaking 2 days after 'hiccup' - Oct 3, 2004
		Scientists on the volcano's flanks are measuring the likelihood of an eruption through thermal imaging, precise measurements of rock movement and gas analysis.
		Friday's eruption was comparable to the minor eruptions seen during that period.
		Geologists don't expect any eruption in the near future to be as strong as the 1980 blast.
	www.cnn.com /2004/TECH/science/10/03/mt.st.helens (746 words)

	The Bellingham Herald (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Mount St. Helens is shown on May 17, 1980, the day before a massive eruption that killed 57 people, as viewed from what came to be known as Johnston Ridge, about six miles from the volcano.
		Blackburn was a photographer for The Columbian newspaper in Vancouver, Wash., as well as National Geographic, and was on assignment when he died in the May 18, 1980 eruption.
		In this photo, taken Aug. 22, 1980, thousands of trees in the North Fork Tougle River drainage area are shown blown down by the force of the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens, with trees that were singed, but not blown down, shown at upper left.
	news.bellinghamherald.com /special-pub/mtsthelens/1980gallery.shtml (651 words)

	News - StatesmanJournal.com
		Friday’s relatively small eruption was the first since 1986 at the volcano, which exploded with devastating force on May 18, 1980, and killed 57 people.
		In the 24 hours before the eruption, a section of a glacier inside the crater had fractured and risen as much as 11 yards as pressure built inside the mountain, scientists said.
		Friday’s eruption destroyed the seismic and deformation stations on the dome.
	news.statesmanjournal.com /article.cfm?i=87725 (785 words)

	Hazard Slides
		Buried cascade ashes between peat layers as they appeared in 1975 were a silent testimony of previous volcanism in the Cascades before the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens.
		The Ash Cloud Formed by the May 18th Eruption at Mount Saint Helens, WA The May 18 eruption, viewed from the east in late morning.
		The eruption cloud as it approaches the Yakima, Washington, airport on May 18, 1980.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /seg/hazard/slideset/31/31_slides.shtml (1825 words)

	Effects of Pyroclastic Surge at Mount St. Helens, Washington
		The May 18 eruption was preceded by 8 weeks of intense earthquake activity, hundreds of steam- driven explosions from a new summit crater, and an ominous bulge that grew on the volcano's north flank.
		Spirit Lake formed during earlier eruptions of Mount St. Helens as volcanic debris from landslides, lahars, and pyroclastic flows was deposited at the base of the volcano.
		The gray, ash-covered area surrounding Spirit Lake is the former forest that was destroyed by the eruption's enormous pyroclastic surge, commonly known as the directed blast or lateral blast.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Hazards/Effects/MSHsurge_effects.html (945 words)

	The Seattle Times: Local News: 1980 eruption spectacular, humbling
		In the spring of 1980, Jimmy Carter was in the White House and the top national story was an effort by U.N. leaders to end the hostage crisis in Iran, where some 70 Americans had been taken captive by Iranian militants.
		The eruption sent up more than 1.42 billion cubic yards of ash, destroyed 200 homes, turned daylight into gritty darkness across Eastern Washington and produced an ash plume that circled the globe.
		But my memories of the eruption are vivid, and have been rekindled by the mountain's reawakening.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/localnews/2002052790_olderupt02.html (867 words)

	Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 2000, Fact Sheet 036-00
		Its most recent series of eruptions began in 1980 when a large landslide and powerful explosive eruption created a large crater, and ended 6 years later after more than a dozen extrusions of lava built a dome in the crater.
		Larger, longer lasting eruptions have occurred in the volcano's past and are likely to occur in the future.
		During the first few minutes of this eruption, parts of the blast cloud surged over the newly formed crater rim and down the west, south, and east sides of the volcano.
	pubs.usgs.gov /fs/2000/fs036-00 (1348 words)

	Mt. St. Helens
		Nature may be covering the scars of the 1980 eruption, but many people will never forget what happened that spring day.
		Eruption was triggered by a 5.1 earthquake centered beneath the mountain.
		The snow on MSH that was not instantly flashed to steam by the heat, melted and formed large mudflows that destroyed 27 bridges, 200 homes, 185 miles of roadway, and 15 miles of railway.
	www.olywa.net /radu/valerie/StHelens.html (974 words)

	Study provides fresh insight on volcanic eruptions
		The study on geochemical precursors to volcanic activity leading to the cataclysmic eruption of the southwestern Washington mountain in 1980 yields new insight about volcano behavior.
		"We've learned that the magma that erupted on May 18, 1980, had probably begun degassing for a minimum of five years before the eruption," she explains.
		Cashman's in-depth knowledge of Mount St. Helens began when she served as the U.S. Geological Survey spokesperson before, during and after the 1980 eruption.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-10/uoo-spf101404.php (393 words)

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