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Topic: 1981 Irish Hunger Strike

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		Their hunger strike was a protest against the withdrawl of "special category status" for prisoners convicted of political violence related offences and the subsequent introduction of the "criminalization" policy.
		For instance, a story might contain details of a hunger striker's health, a mention of the demand for political status, an account of a march or demonstration in support of the hunger strike, and an account of violence or law enforcement which was related to the hunger strike.
		In this work I have suggested that the hunger strike was an effort on the part of Republican prisoners to establish the legit- imacy of their use of violence for the achievement of political goals.
	www.soci.niu.edu /theses/aogan (19752 words)

	1981 Irish hunger strike - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A mural in Derry's Bogside, commemorating Irish hunger strikers.
		The deaths of Frank Stagg and Michael Gaughan on hunger strike in the 1970's are often remembered alongside those of 1981.
		The Hunger Strike heralded an upsurge of violence after the comparatively quiet years of the late 1970s, with widespread civil disorder in Northern Ireland and serious unrest in the Republic of Ireland, including rioting outside the British Embassy in Dublin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1981_Irish_Hunger_Strike (2012 words)

	CAIN: Events: Hunger Strike 1981 - Summary
		The strike was to last until 3 October 1981 and was to see 10 Republican prisoners starve themselves to death in support of their demands.
		The main reason for the ending of the strike was the realisation that each of the families of the strikers would ask for medical intervention whenever the strikers lapsed into unconsciousness.
		The hunger strike of 1981 had very important and far-reaching consequences for Northern Ireland and proved to be one of the key turning points of 'the Troubles'.
	cain.ulst.ac.uk /events/hstrike/summary.htm (617 words)

	INA/Irish Hunger Strikes Chapter 1
		Irish Republican strategy is, as often as not, a matter of endurance and exploiting the cards dealt by a superior, imperious, and morally bankrupt force.
		The course of the current stage of Irish history has also been profoundly affected by the sacrifice of the ten men who freely gave their young lives that the promise of a just and independent Irish Republic would prevail over the monstrous tyranny that had perverted their country's history for 800 years.
		Around 1981, it became awfully hard to look away from the hell-hole of Long Kesh and pretend to be Irish at all.
	www.inac.org /irishhistory/hungerstrikes/chapters/1 (631 words)

	HUNGER STRIKE COMMEMORATIVE WEB PROJECT
		In 1981, Irish republican volunteers in a British jail on Irish soil undertook a fast to the death to retain their status as political prisoners.
		Biting at the Grave: The Irish Hunger Strikes and the Politics of Despair
		Memories of 1981 by Celebration of Resistence Committee (Paperback) -- This original work was originally published by the Celebration of Resistence committee in Derry to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the 1981 hungerstrike Paperback.
	larkspirit.com /hungerstrikes (813 words)

	1981 Hunger Strikes
		The 1981 Hunger Strikes: America Reacts traces the evolution of public opinion in the United States from before the strikes - when few outside the Irish American community knew what the issues were in Northern Ireland - to their conclusion when public awareness was at its height.
		In the retrospective attention paid to the 1981 Hunger Strikes, the American dimension is noticeably absent.
		During the 1981 Hunger Strikes much of the grassroots response came from this segment of the City's population.
	www.nyu.edu /library/bobst/research/aia/exhibits/0501_hunger/intro.htm (1071 words)

	1981 LONG KESH HUNGER STRIKE
		In 1981, ten men sacrificed their lives for the freedoms of many; in a hunger strike at the H-Blocks of Long Kesh Prison, Occupied North of Ireland.
		Irish Republican prisoners refused to be criminalized by wearing a prison uniform, beginning with prisoner Kieran Nugent declaring in 1976 that prison guards would have to "Nail it to my back".
		CAIN - The Hunger Strike of 1981 - A Chronology
	www.irishfreedomcommittee.net /HISTORY/1981_long_kesh_hunger_strike.htm (1105 words)

	On the 25th Anniversary of the Irish Hunger Strikes of 1981
		The hunger strike continued to grow, and on May 5, Sands became the first of the prisoners to die, after 66 days on hunger strike.
		Sickened by the growing number of deaths and with no sign of concessions the families of those remaining on hunger strike began to intervene to take their sons off the hunger strike once they neared the point of death.
		Clearly the hunger strike is a weapon that should rarely, if ever, be used for, when carried to its ultimate conclusion, valued and valuable comrades are lost to the struggle.
	www.socialist.net /content/view/2437/28 (2474 words)

	INA/Irish Hunger Strikes Chapter 30
		As Raymond McCreesh was approaching the end after being on hunger strike for over 50 days, Dr. Emerson of the prison hospital called the family to Long Kesh.
		They asked him if he knew he was on hunger strike and he didn't seem to understand.
		He was asked why he was on hunger strike and after a long pause said it was for the 5 demands, but at first he didn't know.
	www.inac.org /irishhistory/hungerstrikes/chapters/30 (1548 words)

	Hunger strike - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frank Stagg, an IRA member being held in a British jail, died after a 62-day hunger strike in 1976 which he began as a campaign to be repatriated to Ireland.
		In 1980, Republican prisoners in the Maze Prison launched a mass hunger strike as a protest against the revocation by the British government of a prisoner-of-war-like Special Category Status for paramilitary prisoners in Northern Ireland.
		John Mutari is maintaining a hunger strike through his jail sentence in Syracuse, New York.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hunger_strike (2978 words)

	Hunger Strike Forces Turkish Concessions - IRSP
		Saturday another hunger striker died, bringing the death toll from the hunger strike alone to 29.
		We hope that the hunger strike of the revolutionary political prisoners in Turkey ends in complete triumph, but we recognise that the cost of this victory was high--the death fast having claimed 29 lives and the assault by the army on the prisons in December taking another 30 lives.
		We understand that in addition to having launched this massive hunger strike, in the Cochabamba prison several women prisoners have gone to the roof of the prison and crucified themselves and another 300 women prisoners threaten to sew their lips together.
	irsm.org /turkey/010716.html (578 words)

	irishking: Irish Hunger Strike of 1981
		His understanding of Irish history led him to a fervently nationalist outlook, and he was regarded as a 'hothead' in his history classes, and as being generally "very conscious of his Irishness".
		In undertaking the hunger strike, Raymond gave the matter the same careful consideration he would have expended on a military operation, he undertook nothing either a rush, or for bluff.
		Like Francis Hughes, Raymond volunteered for the earlier hunger strike, and, when he was not chosen among the first seven, took part in the four-day hunger strike by thirty republicans until the hunger strike ended on December 18th, last year.
	irishking.livejournal.com /103590.html (4307 words)

	Bobby Sands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He was the leader of the hunger strike and had been elected as an abstentionist Member of Parliament during his fast.
		The significance of the hunger strike was wider, however, and was aimed at embarrassing the government and forcing it into concessions.
		Many Irish Republicans and IRA sympathisers regard Bobby Sands and the other nine men as being martyrs who stood firm against the intransigence of the British Government, and many Irish nationalists who abhorred the IRA were outraged at the British government's stance.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Bobby_Sands (2081 words)

	1981 blogs
		So he went on hunger strike on Friday, May 22nd, having put his name forward for it long ago, as undaunted and full of fighting spirit as when he roamed free on the streets of Andersonstown.
		But the obvious popular support which the hunger strikers and their cause enjoyed nationally was not sufficient to elicit support from the Free State government who share the common, futile hope of the British government - the criminalisation of captured freedom fighters.
		Not among those who volunteered for the earlier hunger strike last year, it was the intense disappointment brought about by the Brits' duplicity following the end of that hunger strike, and the bitterness and anger that duplicity produced among all the blanket men, that prompted Joe to put forward his name the next time round.
	www.mindsay.com /tags/1981 (8215 words)

	Irish prisoners chose death over surrender
		In late summer, the hunger strike began to break as Catholic clergy succeeded in convincing families of prisoners who had lost consciousness to give consent to the prison authorities to feed them intravenously.
		The hunger strike inspired an upsurge of resistance against British occupation and a revitalization of IRA activity, which gained many new recruits.
		In June of 1981, a group of Palestinian prisoners in Nafha prison sent a letter to the families of the hunger strikers that read, in part, “We, revolutionaries of the Palestinian people who are under the terrorist rule of Zionism, write you this letter from the desert prison of Nafha.
	www.workers.org /2006/world/bobby-sands-0518 (1146 words)

	Hunger Strike 1981
		For 10 years, he chaired the Irish National Congress, a non-party organisation working for peace in Northern Ireland, and he is currently president of the Ireland Institute, a centre for historical and cultural studies.
		H-Block, the legacy of 1981 Hunger Strike CD This album was first produced in 1980 in suport of political prisoners' rights in Long Kesh and Armagh Women's Jail.
		It has been relaunched in order to commemorate the 10 men who died on hunger strike in the H-Blocks of Long Kesh in 1981 and the Legacy that flows from that struggle.
	www.sinnfeinbookshop.com /en-us/dept_24.html (865 words)

	Ireland's OWN: Women Freedom Fighters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Renowned Irish civil rights leader, and one of the founding members of the Irish Republican Socialist Party, Bernadette Devlin McAliskey, has been a leader of the North of Ireland freedom struggle since 1968, when she was a student at Queen's University in Belfast.
		And those who were supposed to be 'my people', the Irish Americans who know about English misrule and the Famine and supported the civil-rights movement at home, and knew that Partition and England were the cause of the problem, looked and sounded to me like Orangemen.
		During the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike, she was a member of the National Executive Committee of the National H-Block Committee.
	irelandsown.net /bernadette.html (378 words)

	Francis Hughes Biography
		Notwithstanding such a bitter personal experience of British thuggery, and the mental and physical scars it left, Francis' subsequent involvement in the Irish Republican Army was not based on a motive of revenge but on a clear and abiding belief in his country's right to national freedom.
		Using their 'night sights' in the darkness, the SAS men observed the military behaviour of the two on-comers and having challenged them, heard the men mumble a few words to each other in Irish accents and assumed that the pair were UDR soldiers.
		He was not one of the first seven hunger strikers selected but was among the thirty men who joined the hunger strike in its closing stages as Sean McKenna's condition became critical.
	www.irishhungerstrike.com /francishughes.html (2220 words)

	Irish Writers David Beresford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Four months before, about 10,000 had taken part in the march which had marked the beginning of the first hunger strike; Bernadette McAliskey, watching it, had had tears running down her face, of pride and excitement, believing she was watching the birth of another mass movement like the civil rights demonstrations eleven years before.
		But in the polarized circumstances of the north in 1981 you were either a believer or not and the word of the believers - of the security forces, the Government - had come to be accepted far beyond its disputed borders.
		The Irish Cardinal was not particularly enthusiastic, feeling that it was too late and that to have an emissary come over from Rome in a blaze of publicity and then fail to settle the dispute would be worse than nothing.
	burnsmoley.com /text/10dead_men.php (17632 words)

	nationalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The same is true of Irish history, a sprawling mess of tangled loyalties and shifting allegiances.
		Mackay is also good, for the most part, in recounting and analyzing the complex negotiations with England that led to the founding of the Irish Free State after a costly, vicious civil war in which Collins fell victim to a sniper's bullet.
		Contrary to the Irish republican movement's vigorous and assertive public face, this study uncovers an organisation characterised more by a sense of chronic insecurity than by certainty and continuity.
	members.tripod.com /~ireland17/nationalism.htm (1170 words)

	1981 Irish Hungerstrikers
		TWENTY-seven-year-old Micky Devine, from the Creggan in Derry city, was the third INLA Volunteer to join the H-Block hunger strike to the death.
		He was in H5-Block until March of this year when the hunger strike began and when the 'no-wash, no slop-out' protest ended, whereupon he was moved with others in his wing to H6-Block.
		He became the seventh man in a weekly build-up from a four-strong hunger strike team to eight-strong.
	larkspirit.com /hungerstrikes/bios/devine.html (2035 words)

	Irish Democrat : Reviews : Insider insight into 1981 hunger strike
		The Irish Council of Churches and its response to 'The Troubles'
		Having survived the rigours of a protest by virtue of lapsing into a coma, McKeown was one of the IRA prisoners who debated the early stages of a strategy which transformed the campaign of armed struggle into a peace process.
		McKeown is surprisingly frank about dissension within successive IRA prison leaderships and provides a platform for those who controversially regarded the hunger strike of 1981 as a failure whilst viewing the trend towards purely political modes of republican engagement with scepticism.
	www.irishdemocrat.co.uk /reviews/hunger-strike (735 words)

	Remembering our comrade Patsy O'Hara
		On March 1, 1981, Irish Republican prisoner Bobby Sands refused all food in his denial of the criminal status forced upon him by the British government.
		The aim of this page is to mark the anniversary of a momentous and tragic period of Irish resistance to British rule in which ten men gave their lives and the courage of many more brave men and women was ignored by an intransigent British government.
		We will accept all contributions made in the spirit of the hunger strikes, be they original essays of remembrance or articles/letters/comms from personal collections.
	www.irsm.org /firsca/irscna/hungerstrike/hspress.htm (583 words)

	Amazon.com: Ten Men Dead: The Story of the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike: Books: David Beresford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The choice of the hunger strike, the goals, the recruitment of volunteers, the agony of the ten deaths, and the capitulation of the IRA, in the end, to the families who would not allow their sons to die, is recounted with compelling intensity.
		The thing that I disliked most about this book is that while it purports to be a history of the Irish hunger strike, the author is not a historian, but a journalist.
		But Beresford also engages the reader, revealing the hunger strikers as people who were seriously committed to a cause they were willing to give their lives for.
	www.amazon.com /Ten-Men-Dead-Hunger-Strike/dp/087113702X (2325 words)

	Biting at the grave : the Irish hunger s… by Padraig O'Malley \| LibraryThing
		Biting at the grave : the Irish hunger s… by Padraig O'Malley
		Biting at the grave : the Irish hunger strikes and the politics of despair
		20th-century(1) 3-shelf 4(1) brbc1s3(1) first edition(1) history(6) hunger strikes(2) hunger-strike(1) i.r.a.
	www.librarything.com /work.php?book=955551 (328 words)

	CAIN: Events: Hunger Strike 1981 - A Selected Reading List
		The reader should also consult the CAIN bibliography for other references to this event and for the full citations to the following items.
		Beresford (1987) Ten Men Dead: the story of the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike.
		O'Malley (1990) Biting at the Grave: the Irish Hunger Strikes and the Politics of Despair.
	cain.ulst.ac.uk /events/hstrike/read.htm (224 words)

	Irish Hunger strike 1981 Website & Discussion Forum
		elcome to our Irish Hungerstrike site dedicated to giving an unbiased history of the hunger strike and the men who sacrificed their lives in the H-Blocks of Long Kesh in Ireland rather than allow the British government to class them as criminals.
		Read on to find out why the Irish Hungerstrikes of 1981 became an epic battle of wills between the Irish Republican prisoners and the British Government.
		Ten men, ten Irish Republican volunteers paid the ultimate sacrifice during those summer months of 1981.Bobby Sands, Francis Hughes, Raymond McCreesh, Patsy O'Hara, Joe McDonnell, Martin Hurson, Kevin Lynch, Tom McElwee, Kieran Doherty and Mickey Devine.Their names are written on the hearts and minds of every Irish Republican in Ireland and abroad.
	www.irishhungerstrike.com (213 words)

	History Titles from the Irish Aire Bookstore -- in connection with Amazon.Com
		Irish Rebel : John Devoy and America's Fight for Ireland's Freedom - Terry Golway
		How the Irish Saved Civilization : The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe - Thomas Cahill
		This is the story behind Bobby Sands and the nine others striking for peace in Ireland in 1981.
	home.comcast.net /~amybatt/history.html (344 words)

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