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Topic: 1982 Invasion of Lebanon

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	Lebanon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lebanon's history from independence has been marked by alternating periods of political stability and turmoil (including a civil conflict in 1958) interspersed with prosperity built on Beirut's position as a regional center for finance and trade.
		Lebanon's independence from the French was gradualy eroded as many of its leaders sought foreign support from regional and international powers to sustain their roles in Lebanon's politics.
		The population of Lebanon is comprised of three predominant ethnic groups and religions: Muslims (Shi'ites, Sunnis, Alawites), Druze, and Christians Maronite Catholics, Melkite Greek Catholics, Armenian, Syrian and Assyrian and Latin Rite Catholics, Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, Syrian Orthodox, Assyrians, Copts and Protestants.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-Lebanon (4419 words)

	MiamiHerald.com \| 08/02/2006 \| Lessons from Lebanon since 1982 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Back in 1982, the Israelis sought to drive out the Palestine Liberation Organization from southern Lebanon, from which it used to launch bloody terrorist attacks.
		Lebanon's democratically elected but weak government failed to rein in Hezbollah's militia because it feared a new civil war.
		Lebanon is recovering from nearly two decades of sectarian warfare in the 1970s and '80s; its people don't want to live through those horrors again.
	www.miami.com /mld/miamiherald/news/opinion/15176689.htm (783 words)

	The war in Lebanon
		Israeli intentions and designs for Lebanon and the whole area were clearly specified in their meeting with the French at the Sévres Conference in 1956.
		1982 invasion of Lebanon represented a complete failure for a policy based on the use of force to produce political gains.
		It led to a gradual end of the civil war in Lebanon and to a realization that their interests were on the Arab side of which Lebanon is an integral part.
	www.voicesofpalestine.org /warinlebanon.asp (1124 words)

	Tthornton :
		Lebanon's Christians had grown steadily uneasy with challenges to their political supremacy (based on the 1943 National Pact) coming from Lebanon's Sunni, Shia, and Druze populations.
		1982 On April 21, 1982, in south Lebanon, an Israeli soldier was killed by a land mine in the buffer zone.
		Based on their experience in Lebanon, Israelis began to face the painful fact that Arab terrorism and guerilla warfare could be waged successfully against them, a fact that was not lost on Palestinians resisting Israeli occupation on the West Bank and in Gaza.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/civil_war_in_lebanon.htm (3469 words)

	The Lebanon War
		The PLO responded with a massive artillery and mortar attack on the Israeli population of the Galilee.
		The initial success of the Israeli operation led officials to broaden the objective to expel the PLO from Lebanon and induce the country's leaders to sign a peace treaty.
		For Arab residents of south Lebanon, PLO rule was a nightmare.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/Lebanon_War.html (1678 words)

	Israel Israel in Lebanon
		Lebanon's Christian Maronites, who under French tutelage occupied the most important political and economic posts in the country, were, like Israeli Jews, a minority among the region's Muslim majority.
		In June 1981, Israel held Knesset elections that focused on the Likud's failure to stop the PLO buildup in southern Lebanon or to remove Syrian missile batteries from the Biqa (Bekaa) Valley in eastern Lebanon.
		The June 1982 invasion of Lebanon was the first war fought by the IDF without a domestic consensus.
	www.country-studies.com /israel/israel-in-lebanon.html (1242 words)

	Lebanon - ECONOMIC HISTORY - Invasion and Trauma, 1982-87 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Lebanon, torn by its sectarian and political disputes, was further cursed by invasion and a seemingly endless intermingling of internally and externally inspired conflict from 1982 onward.
		It became clear that Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf countries were not prepared to provide Lebanon with major reconstruction funds until the World Bank and other Western financial institutions had taken the lead in the reconstruction effort.
		Economic progress was insufficient to override the recurrence of sectarian strife, and the government seemed ineffective in reconstruction and reconciliation.
	countrystudies.us /lebanon/70.htm (558 words)

	Data 1982
		Consequently, the US-Israel alliance was strengthened, recovering from the blows it had suffered during Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, and Syria was again identified as the prime obstacle to regional stability.
		While Israel's military successes in Lebanon have demonstrated that its armed forces are second to none in the region, they alone cannot bring just and lasting peace to Israel and her neighbors.
		Lebanon had emerged as a focal point for American concerns and involvement after a serious attempt to reestablish Lebanese sovereignty under a pro-American government.
	meria.idc.ac.il /us-policy/data1982.html (4855 words)

	1982 Lebanon War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Government of Israel gave a green light for the invasion as a response to the assassination attempt against Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom, Shlomo Argov by the Abu Nidal Organization.
		Lebanon and Hezbollah continue to claim a small area called Shebaa Farms as Lebanese territory, but Israel insists that it is captured Syrian territory with the same status as the Golan Heights.
		The invasion is popularly held to be the major catalyst for the creation of the Iranian and Syrian supported Hezbollah organization, which by 1991 was the sole armed militia in Lebanon not supported by Israel and by 2000 had completely replaced the vanquished PLO in Southern Lebanon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1982_Lebanon_War (2361 words)

	Israel Set to Invade Lebanon Despite Lessons of 1982 War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		But the gravity of yesterday's decision invoking unwelcome memories of the 1982 Lebanon invasion was underlined by the abstentions of both Mr Peres and the Labour minister Ophir Pines-Paz.
		Lebanon's acting foreign minister, Tareq Mitri, asked for additional forces to bolster U.N. peacekeepers already in the country and pleaded for swift action to stop the bloodshed.
		Witnesses told Lebanon's New TV that a series of missiles slammed into five houses within half an hour as an estimated 1,500 mourners were passing through the streets.
	www.truthout.org /docs_2006/081006K.shtml (3130 words)

	History of Lebanon, War of Lebanon
		Thousands of PLO militiamen were deported from Lebanon while the Syrian and Israeli army were withdrawing from Beirut.
		In September 1982, the Lebanese president-elect Bashir Gemayel was assassinated which disrupted the agreement.
		The multinational forces were forced to leave Lebanon while the Syrian troops advanced in Beirut and launched several attempts to occupy the Lebanese ministry of defense and presidential palace.
	www.lgic.org /en/history_lebanon1982.php (466 words)

	Israel - 1982 Invasion of Lebanon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A complicating element was the presence of the Syrian army in Lebanon, tolerated by Israel on the understanding that Israel's security interests in southern Lebanon would not be threatened.
		Although the Phalangists abandoned Zahlah, the net effect was that Syrian air defense missiles were deployed in Lebanon, a situation that Israel regarded as an unacceptable shift in the balance of power in the area.
		When, in early June 1982, terrorists of the Abu Nidal organization, a PLO splinter group, badly wounded the Israeli ambassador in London during an assassination attempt, Israel seized the pretext for launching its long-planned offensive.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-6823.html (837 words)

	Book Review
		The significance of Secretary Haig's involvement is that the deeper the extent of U.S. acquiescence in the invasion, the greater the potential for individual responsibility in crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes under the Nuremberg Charter.
		In those chapters, the Mallisons investigate both the legality of Israel's invasion of Lebanon and the way in which it was conducted, measured against the humanitarian rules of armed conflict set forth primarily in the Hague (1907) and Geneva (1949) Conventions.
		The Mallisons also examine alleged violations of international law by the United States during the invasion that are not directly related to the invasion itself, including responsibility for the Sabra and Shatila massacres.
	www.washington-report.org /backissues/071585/850715012.html (715 words)

	Opinion/Editorial: From Beirut to Baghdad: Lessons from a disastrous invasion and occupation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The purpose of Sharon's invasion was threefold: 1) to destroy the PLO and its infrastructure in South Lebanon; 2) to undermine and force Syrian troops out of Lebanon; and 3) to install a pliable right-wing Christian Lebanese leader willing to sign a "peace treaty" with the Jewish state.
		For twenty years, Israeli occupation troops and their Lebanese proxy in the South Lebanon Army (SLA) suffered heavy losses and public condemnations at home, eventually leading to the collapse of the SLA and the IDF's hasty retreat from most of Lebanon, with the exception of the Shebaa Farms.
		In both Lebanon and Iraq the invading armies stated that their aim was not to harm the population but to facilitate its salvation.
	electroniciraq.net /cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi/10/447 (1390 words)

	Israeli Invasion of Lebanon 1982
		It was the PLO shelling, and not directly the Argov shooting as is sometimes assumed, that triggered the Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
		On June 6, 1982, under the direction of Defense Minister Ariel Sharon, Israel invaded Lebanon with a massive force, called Operation Peace for the Galilee, driving all the way to Beirut and putting the PLO and residents, as well as the Lebanese civilian population of that city, under siege.
		Israel justified its breech of the Habib cease-fire by citing the attempted assassination of the Israeli ambassador in London and a build-up of PLO armaments in South Lebanon.
	www.palestinefacts.org /pf_1967to1991_lebanon_198x_backgd.php (621 words)

	The Israeli invasion of Lebanon 1982 by John Rose 1986
		The first target of the invasion was the Palestinian camp of Rashidiyeh, south of Tyre, much of which was in rubble by the second day of the invasion.
		A mid- August poll showed that 80 per cent of Israelis supported the invasion of Lebanon (it was supported by the Labour opposition in the Israeli parliament) and 64 per cent approved the decision to go beyond the 25-mile zone – at which the early propaganda had said the Israelis would stop.
		An American peacekeeping force was sent in with the dual responsibility of overseeing the departure of the PLO and safeguarding the remaining civilian Palestinian population.
	www.doublestandards.org /rose1.html (2582 words)

	Israel-Lebanon Draft Peace Agreement, 1983
		Lebanon may deploy naval elements and establish and maintain naval bases or other shore installations required to accomplish the naval mission.
		Police and security functions shall remain the sole responsibility of the Government of Lebanon which shall ensure that the provisions of the present Agreement shall be fully implemented in these areas.
		This is consistent with the objective of Lebanon that all external forces withdraw from Lebanon.
	www.mideastweb.org /lebanonpeace.htm (3151 words)

	1982 Invasion of Lebanon (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Tyre and Sidon (major cities in the south of Lebanon, still within the 40 kilometer limit) were heavily damaged, and the Lebanese capital Beirut was shelled for ten weeks, killing both PLO members and civilians.
		The Invasion is popularly held to be the major catalyst for the creation of the Iranian and Syrian supported Hizbullah organization, which replaced the vanquished PLO in Southern Lebanon.
		The formation of the South Lebanon Army, an allied Lebanese milita supported by Israel, that maintained a presence in South Lebanon until Israeli withdrawal in 2000.
	1982-invasion-of-lebanon.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (1044 words)

	Iviews.com
		In June 1982, Israeli forces attacked southern Lebanon apparently in retaliation for an assassination attempt against the Israeli ambassador to the UK, Shlomo Argov and artillery attacks launched by the Palestine Liberation Organization.
		Today we are seeing another Israeli invasion of Lebanon, which many are observing is even more devastating than 1982.
		Weeks after the 1982 invasion began, a teach-in on the Middle East was held at a town hall in New York City.
	www.iviews.com /Articles/articles.asp?ref=UP0608-3065 (630 words)

	The 1982 Reagan Plan
		The Iranian revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan gave the ideas some credibility, but Arab leaders were not motivated to respond to the American initiatives.
		The series of clashes along the Israel-Lebanon border, followed by Israels invasion of Lebanon in June of 1982, turned the attention of the Reagan Administration toward the Israel-Arab conflict.
		By aggressive war, by invasion, King Abdullah conquered parts of Judea and Samaria in 1948; and in a war of most legitimate self-defense in 1967, after being attacked by King Hussein, we liberated, with God's help, that portion of our homeland.
	www.palestinefacts.org /pf_1967to1991_reagan_1982.php (917 words)

	Lebanonwire.com \| Coalition could make same mistakes as Israelis in 1982
		BEIRUT: The parallels between the US-led invasion of Iraq and Israel’s 1982 invasion of Lebanon are striking and also ominous.
		Despite some evident similarities between Shiite resistance in southern Lebanon and the possibility of Shiite resistance emerging in southern Iraq, analysts believe it is a mistake to deduce that Shiites are more prone to the concept of resistance than other Arab communities.
		After all, much of the “resistance” in the Arab world during the 20th century against foreign occupation the Ottomans, the European mandate authorities was conducted by Arabs of all religions, sects and political persuasions.
	www.lebanonwire.com /0303/03032719DS.asp (1072 words)

	CNN.com - Iran says diplomats held in Israel - July 3, 2001
		BEIRUT, Lebanon (Reuters) -- Iran said Tuesday it had proof that Israel was holding four Iranian diplomats abducted during its 1982 invasion of Lebanon.
		The diplomats are believed to have been seized by pro-Israeli Christian militiamen in Beirut in 1982 when Israeli forces surrounded the capital.
		Iran said earlier this year it was seeking the help of Hezbollah, whose guerrillas were the main force in driving Israel from south Lebanon last year after a 22-year occupation, to learn about the fate of the four.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/meast/07/03/lebanon.iran.missing.reut (219 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Middle East \| Who are Hezbollah?
		Hezbollah was conceived in 1982 by a group of clerics after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
		In its early days, Hezbollah was close to a contingent of some 2000 Iranian Revolutionary guards, based in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley, which had been sent to Lebanon in 1982 to aid the resistance against Israel.
		But it is not popular with all of Lebanon's different communities - the Christians, for example, have accuse it of trying to destabilise the country.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/1908671.stm (675 words)

	ABC News: 2 Key Americans See 1982 in Lebanon '06
		His counterpart in Lebanon during those trying days, Robert S. Dillon, sees a clear historical parallel in Israel's intent, then and now "the idea that you can, with force, establish a favorable situation for yourself in Lebanon.
		Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon did succeed in scattering the Palestine Liberation Organization its leaders, its rank-and-file, its guns to distant corners of the Arab world.
		Dillon said Lebanon's foreign minister at the time, Elie Salem, seemed to foretell 2006 a generation ago as the Shiites of the Lebanese south, rid of the PLO, asserted their own power.
	abcnews.go.com /International/wireStory?id=2226087 (407 words)

	Lebanon, 1952-1990
		Maronite Coup in Lebanon 1952, by Ralph Zuljan (OnWar.Com)
		Israeli Invasion of Lebanon 1982, by Ralph Zuljan (OnWar.Com)
		The 1982 Invasion of Lebanon, by US Library of Congress Country Study.
	www.regiments.org /wars/20thcent/82liban.htm (153 words)

	Israel's offensive in Lebanon echoes 1982 drive \| www.tucsoncitizen.com ®
		Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon did succeed in scattering the Palestine Liberation Organization - its leaders, its rank-and-file, its guns - to distant corners of the Arab world.
		In 1982 it was a long-planned "war of choice," begun by Israel without immediate provocation, while the current offensive was prompted by Hezbollah's cross-border killing and seizure of Israeli troops.
		By this point in 1982, Lebanese police estimated 10,000 people had been killed in Israel's air and ground assaults, compared with official tolls today of at least 380 Lebanese and 36 Israelis.
	www.tucsoncitizen.com /ss/sports/20076 (509 words)

	TomPaine.com - Pro-Israel And Pro-Lebanon
		As Israel loses more soldiers in actions that increasingly resemble the catastrophic 1982 invasion of Lebanon, the question for Jews in Israel, America and the rest of the world becomes not just whether Israeli actions are morally justified, but whether or not they are strategically sound.
		This was attempted before, when in 1982 Israel attempted to install by force a government favorable to it in South Lebanon.
		Despite the departure of Syrian forces from Lebanon, the Lebanese government had not yet been able to find a way to integrate Hezbollah’s armed wing under one command of the Lebanese military.
	www.tompaine.com /articles/2006/07/31/proisrael_and_prolebanon.php (925 words)

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