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Newcastle, Australia

	1989 Newcastle earthquake - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1989 Newcastle earthquake was a magnitude 5.6 earthquake occurring on Thursday 28 December 1989, at 10.27am.
		The Newcastle earthquake was caused by a build up of intra-plate tension in the southern part of the Indo-Australian Plate.
		If the earthquake had struck during the evening when 2000 people were expected at a pop concert at the Workers Club, or if it had happened a month later when thousands of students had returned to school, a great many more deaths and injuries could have resulted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1989_Newcastle_earthquake (507 words)

	Newcastle, New South Wales - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Newcastle is the sixth largest city in Australia and the second largest in the state of New South Wales.
		On December 28, 1989, Newcastle experienced an earthquake measuring 5.6 on the Richter scale which killed 13 people, injured 162 and destroyed or severely damaged a number of prominent buildings which had to be subsequently demolished.
		The estimated population of the City of Newcastle at June 2004 was 145,633 (Australian Bureau of Statistics), but its neighbour, the City of Lake Macquarie, was actually larger, with an estimated 189,196 residents as of June 2004 (ABS).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales (3306 words)

	Emergency Management Australia - Schools - Student Worksheet - Earthquakes
		At 10.27am on the 28th December 1989, Newcastle, Australia's sixth most populous city, was devastated by a moderate earthquake measuring 5.6 on the Richter Scale.
		1989 earthquake effects were felt from: Albury, Cooma and Bermagui, in the south; to Temora and Narromine in the west; and Coonabarabran, Inverell, Armidale, Coffs Harbour, in the north (up to 550km from Newcastle).
		Newcastle revealed that a lethal earthquake can occur in a part of Australia traditionally considered of low seismic risk and that there is a strong correlation between geological conditions and potential for damage.
	www.ema.gov.au /ema/emaSchools.nsf/AllDocs/RWP81DB91DF1A1EFEECCA256C5B00213CDE?OpenDocument (1202 words)

	Earthquake Damage Repair and Strengthening of Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle NSW
		Intraplate earthquakes had previously occurred in Australia in sparsely populated regions and, according to the applicable Australian Standard in 1989, Newcastle was located in a "zero" seismic zone, as was most of the populated eastern seaboard.
		One of the big differences, of course, is that in Newcastle the energy was released at a depth of about 14 km beneath the surface: typical interplate earthquakes occur at depths of the order of 100 km, so there is a lot more between them and the surface to absorb and deflect the energy.
		The impact of the 1989 Newcastle earthquake and its effect on the physical fabric and social history of the Cathedral enhances the historic nature of the Cathedral as a centrepiece of cultural sentiment for the people of Newcastle, the region, the State and the nation.
	www.cintec.com /en/casehist/quakes/quake02a.htm (7315 words)

	Mineral Resources - Minfact 21
		Earthquakes occur throughout the world, but mostly along narrow belts, from a few tens to hundreds of kilometres wide, that mark the boundaries of the lithospheric plates.
		If we are to minimise the damage from future earthquakes, we must be able to estimate the risk of them happening, so that buildings can be designed and constructed not to collapse during their expected life in the event that an earthquake does occur.
		In assessing seismic hazard (or expected intensity), the key factors in forecasting ground movement are the magnitude of the earthquake, the distance from the earthquake hypocentre, and the soil conditions.
	www.minerals.nsw.gov.au /prodServices/minfacts/minfact_21 (3147 words)

	Earthquake hazard assessment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The extrapolated earthquake rates and information on how fast ground shaking decays with distance is used to assess the long term earthquake hazard in engineering terms (typically a horizontal ground acceleration with a 10% probability of exceedance in a 50 year interval).
		This "probabilistic" earthquake hazard assessment method ignores any knowledge of the physics of earthquakes and may fail to predict future areas of high hazard as illustrated by the occurrance of the large Tennant Creek earthquake in an area considered to be seismically quiet.
		Collaborative research between QUAKES and Chinese groups presented at international conferences during 2000 indicates that both the Newcastle 1989 earthquake and the Burra SA 1997 earthquake were forecastable in the intermediate-term (months to a year prior to these events).
	quakes.earth.uq.edu.au /gen_info/aus_hazard/index.html (455 words)

	AusSurvivalist - Australia's Safest Places
		Earthquakes are the sudden fault movements that occur when the stress along a fault has built up sufficiently to overcome the frictional resistance which opposes slip.
		The Queensland earthquake map shows that the State is seismically active and suggests the highest hazard region lies along the populated eastern coast and near offshore regions.
		For example, the occurance of few earthquakes in any given region may be due to the inability of the seismic network to detect earthquakes, low seismicity and hazard, or a period when little stress is being relieved through small earthquakes and a large event is about to occur.
	www.aussurvivalist.com /earthquake.htm (1695 words)

	1989 Newcastle Earthquake
		This earthquake proved that even Australia is not immune from damaging earthquakes causing significant human and economic loss.
		Until recently Newcastle was a steel manufacturing city, (BHP Steel closed late 1999) but at the time of the earthquake the steel mills were not severly damaged and gas and electricity sub stations did not incur major damage.
		The collapse of the Newcastle Workers Club began at the top of the club causing the building to cascade into itself trapping patrons and workers within the building.
	www.allshookup.org /images/ncquake/ncquake.htm (223 words)

	Ruth's Blog about news 1989 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
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	news-on-june-13-1989.xeropht.be (1460 words)

	1989 earthquake information -- 1989 earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		By far the most significant was the 1989 earthquake at Newcastle, NSW (mag 5.6), which caused 13 fatalities, mostly because of the catastrophic structural collapse of the Newcastle Worker's Club.
		Structural Collapse and Failures During the 1989 earthquake in San Francisco, all but one of the deaths was attributed to structural collapse.
		After the 1989 earthquake in the Bay Area, the California Governor's office commissioned that these bridges are to be analysed with state-of-the-art tools and ADINA was selected.
	www.seekearthquakes.info /1989earthquake (1338 words)

	Geoscience Australia: CCIP Project - Newcastle
		It has focused on the economic losses caused by damage to buildings from earthquake ground shaking, and not on the impacts from other, secondary hazards such as soil liquefaction and surface faulting.
		This is due to a number of factors, including similarities between the earthquake hazard in Newcastle and Lake Macquarie and other parts of Australia, and similarities between the urban environments, particularly the composition of the building stock.
		Earthquake History, Regional Seismicity and the 1989 Newcastle Earthquake [PDF_953k]
	www.ga.gov.au /urban/projects/archive/newcastle.jsp (258 words)

	1989ne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The debris which blocked our way in the dark were parts of a Grand Piano which had stood in the lounge before the earthquake, and now stuck firmly halfway into the mouth of the mine shaft.
		We later established that it was 4.5 metres across and 40 metres downwards to the bottom of the coal mine.
		According to my estimation, the earthquake shock waves had first forced the water in the coal mine up the mine shaft and then dropped the column of water all its way back down the mine.
	members.optusnet.com.au /emto/Publishing/1989ne/1989ne.html (740 words)

	Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		At 10.27 am on Thursday 28th December 1989, Newcastle was struck by the first significant earthquake to affect an Australian urban area.
		During the earthquake high set stone crosses and other decorations fell to the ground and flying buttresses were dislodged; cracking occurred in all walls and windows were broken and dislodged.
		The aim of the repair and reinforcement work was to turn the building from a brittle to a ductile structure, able to resist future earthquakes, but using materials and techniques which were compatible with the expected long life of the building and not visually intrusive.
	www.newcastlecathedral.org.au /earthquake.html (544 words)

	Panic sweeps town jolted by more quakes - Asia Tsunami - www.smh.com.au
		"Earthquakes of 6 or more are capable of structural damage to the buildings in the epicentre area," Mr Sinadinovski said.
		He said the 1989 Newcastle earthquake was 5.6, causing building damage and killing 13 people.
		The duty seismologist said the earthquake had the potential to cause localised water disturbances but Australia's nearest tidal gauge at Cocos Islands had not registered any "abnormal water increases".
	www.smh.com.au /news/Asia-Tsunami/Large-earthquake-shakes-Sumatra/2005/04/11/1113071880227.html (516 words)

	Print the story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Earthquakes are caused by sudden and violent movement along faults and most occur at the edges of the huge tectonic plates due to slow movement of these plates relative to one another.
		Scientists had long understood why earthquakes happen where tectonic plates meet (the plates are forced against each other by movements in the mantle beneath the Earth’s surface), but the causes of earthquakes — such as the 1989 Newcastle earthquake — in apparently ‘safe’ areas in the middle of the plate had remained a mystery.
		The research by Dr Schellart and colleagues in Melbourne and the United States showed these earthquakes were caused by transfer of forces generated at the plate boundaries, in particular near Sumatra, where the subducting Indian Ocean transmits up to 10 per cent of its force back to the surface.
	www.physorg.com /printnews.php?newsid=3647 (467 words)

	5d
		Four years after the 1989 Newcastle Earthquake, the city's administrators advocated that many old buildings would need to have seismic upgrading to satisfy the new earthquake code.
		Incidentally, "anticipated" earthquakes in a well known seismic zone may not necessarily be classified as an "unexpected" natural disaster.
		This manuscript of this paper was originally prepared in 1995 during the writer's tenure as Honorary Associate with the Department of Building, Faculty of Architecture, University of Newcastle, Australia, and based on his own experience and research in damaged buildings and infrastructure, their rehabilitation, and the human response to performance of such constructed facilities.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /emto/TheFifthDimension/5d.html (5122 words)

	The September 1999 Earthquake in Taiwan and Posttraumatic Stress // National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Clinical and research information collected from previous earthquakes has helped us to understand that survivors face both the danger of death or physical injury and the loss of their loved ones, homes, possessions, and communities.
		Therefore, knowledge of the earthquake's effects is based largely on smaller studies and anecdotal observations.
		In the immediate wake of the earthquake, assisting survivors with obtaining shelter and getting information on financial assistance for rebuilding their homes and lives does more to reduce stress than providing psychological counseling, which is not effective until one month after the disaster
	www.ncptsd.va.gov /facts/disasters/fs_taiwan.html (1081 words)

	Newcastle Regional Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		At 10.27 am on Thursday, 28 December, 1989, the City of Newcastle in Australia was devastated by a ML 5.6 (Richter magnitude) earthquake.
		This was the most serious natural disaster in Australia's history claiming 13 lives, injuring more then 160 persons and leaving a damage bill estimated to be about A$4 billion, including an insured loss of about A$1 billion.
		The many lessons learnt from this experience must only serve to emphasize the need for awareness and preparedness for the future in understanding the threat of future major earthquakes.
	www.ncc.nsw.gov.au /services/culture/library/research/earthq.cfm (130 words)

	The August 1999 Earthquake in Turkey and Posttraumatic Stress // National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		While the 1999 earthquake in Turkey was severe, recovery efforts can be successful because they are informed by clinical and research information collected from previous earthquakes.
		These previous efforts have helped us to understand that survivors of earthquakes face both the danger of death or physical injury and the loss of their loved ones, homes, possessions, and communities.
		Karanci, N.A. and Rustemli, A. Psychological consequences of the 1992 Erzincan (Turkey) Earthquake.
	www.ncptsd.va.gov /facts/disasters/fs_turkey.html (1119 words)

	DAVID ROGERS - ANAT Science Residency
		The earthquake simulator originally came about as a result of the 1989 Newcastle Earthquake (15 lives lost), which proved that even Australia was not immune from damaging earthquakes causing significant human and economic loss.
		Essentially the simulator was used as an amusement device; the general public would stand upon it experiencing a 5.7, magnitude earthquake of engineered equivalence measured for the Newcastle earthquake.
		It is in their nature as disciplines to abstract the world and this work with an earthquake simulator, I hope in the future be seen in the international public domain, metaphorically speaking as a representation of our current social, economic and geophysical state.
	www.anat.org.au /serendipity/residencies/DAVID-ROGERS.htm (1214 words)

	EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE MITIGATION GUIDELINES
		Earthquakes are caused by the differential movement of the tectonic plates which form the earth's crust.
		These types of earthquakes are limited to about the top 50 kilometres of the earths crust, are random in their location, and are generally smaller in magnitude, whereas intraplate earthquakes that are associated with tectonic plate movements may be reasonably determined in there location and magnitude.
		Specific pockets where earthquakes have occurred have higher hazard ratings while western areas due to the lack of earthquake records are considered as having a low hazard rating.
	home.pacific.net.au /~hcs/eqguide/eqguide.htm (10384 words)

	1989 earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A positive outcome of the 1989 earthquake was the change in building.
		Shortly before the 1989 earthquake, the hotel had been acquired by a local real 1989 earthquake.
		Damaged in the 1989 earthquake, voters decided to take it down (but in true San Francisco fashion, only after a protracted fight) 1989 earthquake..
	www.investingon.com /1989+earthquake.html (303 words)

	Jennifer's Blog about 1947 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
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	1947.plotzed.be (1161 words)

	Eastoe Consulting Projects
		Newcastle Airport is a highly successful commercial joint venture between two Hunter Councils.
		The strategy underpinning Newcastle Airport Limited's own Business Plan required careful introduction of significant new and anticipated non-military growth alongside a long established jet fighter base.
		The Newcastle Convict Lumberyard Project was complicated not just by the public sensitivity of preservation of convict heritage in a central business district, but also by a high contract risk profile for construction on a site with an unknown amount of covered historical "latent conditions".
	www.eastoeconsulting.com.au /projects.html (786 words)

	Australia
		However, damaging earthquakes in Australia are intraplate events that occur infrequently and in a geographically dispersed fashion.
		Approximately 70 earthquakes are known to have caused damage to populated areas since 1788.
		The earthquake that caused the largest historical loss in Australia is the 1989 Newcastle Earthquake, which registered a modest magnitude of (ML) 5.6, but caused 13 deaths and an estimated AU$4 billion in total damage.
	www.rms.com /Catastrophe/Models/Australia.asp (823 words)

	O'DOCHARTAIGH ASSOCIATES
		Information was obtained on initial earthquake experiences and reactions, use of specific services, social support, coping strategies, and psychological morbidity.
		Diaries and narratives produced by 29 college students during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake served as the data for a qualitative analysis grounded in the conventional philosophy, if not the traditional methodology, of the uses and gratifications perspective.
		Audience activity before, during, and after media exposure was studied through the application of the Typology of Audience Activity which demonstrated the operation of the 9 types of media activity proposed by its creators.
	www.angelfire.com /biz/odochartaigh/adultrefs.html (2737 words)

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