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Topic: 1991 Atlantic hurricane season

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: 1997 Atlantic hurricane season (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A strong El Niño is credited with reducing the number of storms in the Atlantic, while increasing the number of storms in the 1997 Pacific hurricane season and 1997 Pacific typhoon season with 19 and 29 storms.
		Hurricane Danny killed four people, and caused an estimated $100 million in damage when it made landfall near the mouth of the Mississippi River.
		Hurricane Erika, the strongest storm of the season, passed within 85 miles of the Lesser Antilles, far enough away to prevent hurricane conditions from reaching land.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/1997-Atlantic-hurricane-season (4766 words)

	1991 Atlantic hurricane season - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1991 Halloween Nor'easter, which caused nearly $1 billion (1991 USD) in damages and killed 12 people, was closely tied to tropical activity, as it was fueled by the remnants of Hurricane Grace and lead to the genesis of Hurricane Eight.
		It weakened as it crossed Massachusetts, Maine, and New Brunswick, and the non-tropical remnant crossed the Atlantic and dissipated near Portugal on August 29.
		Tropical cyclones of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season (1243 words)

	NHC Archive of Hurricane Seasons
		Monthly Weather Summaries of the hurricane seasons for the years 1872 - 2002 are available from the NHC Library.
		Learn about the progress of a typical hurricane season in terms of the total number of tropical systems and hurricanes produced throughout the year in the Atlantic and East Pacific basins.
		The Atlantic Tracks File is an ASCII (text) file containing the 6-hourly (0000, 0600, 1200, 1800 UTC) center locations (latitude and longitude in tenths of degrees) and intensities (maximum 1-minute surface wind speeds in knots and minimum central pressures in millibars) for all Tropical Storms and Hurricanes from 1851 through 2006.
	www.nhc.noaa.gov /pastall.shtml (1051 words)

	South Atlantic tropical cyclone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		If a "hurricane season" were to be demarcated in the South Atlantic, it would most likely be the opposite of the North Atlantic season, from December to May with mid-March being the peak when the oceans are warmest in the Southern Hemisphere.
		Cyclone (or Hurricane) Catarina was an extraordinarily rare tropical cyclone, forming in the southern Atlantic Ocean in March 2004.
		On April 10, 1991, what was either a strong tropical depression or a weak tropical storm formed in the eastern South Atlantic, recorded by weather satellites off the coast of Angola.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/South_Atlantic_tropical_cyclone (629 words)

	2005 Atlantic Basin Hurricane Season Forecast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation, or ATC, is a density-driven circulation in the Atlantic Basin that undergoes cycles on decadal timescales.
		The North Atlantic Oscillation, or NAO, is the fluctuation in 500 millibar heights in the northern Atlantic, primarily between western Europe, Iceland, and Greenland.
		All four landfalls occurred from hurricanes that originated in the southwest Caribbean Sea in October, a region that is expected to be highly favorable this season due to the lack of an El Nino and a strong ATC.
	www.independentwx.com /Printable.html (10038 words)

	1997 Hurricane Season
		Interestingly, hurricane Erica was the only tropical cyclone to form over the North Atlantic basin during August-September, a record low number for the period since the beginning of the aircraft reconnaissance era in 1944.
		Climatologically, strong vertical wind shear during the hurricane season is observed throughout the Caribbean, large portions of the subtropical North Atlantic and the northern Gulf of Mexico.
		Over the North Atlantic, another notable distinction between the inactive 1997 hurricane season and the active 1995 season was a marked difference in the percentage of tropical storms and intense hurricanes that developed from African easterly waves.
	www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov /products/assessments/assess_97/hurricane.html (1553 words)

	EXTENDED RANGE FORECAST OF ATLANTIC SEASONAL HURRICANE ACTIVITY FOR 2005
		Thus, based on this analysis, we expect 2005 to be an active hurricane season and in line with the average of eight of the last ten years (1995, 1996; 1998-2001; 2003, 2004).
		Atlantic basin NTC can be skillfully hindcast, and the strength of the Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation can be inferred as SSTA* from North Atlantic SST anomalies in the current and prior years.
		Although many active Atlantic hurricane seasons feature no landfalling hurricanes, and some inactive years experience one or more landfalling hurricanes, it is found that, on average, the more active the overall Atlantic basin hurricane season is, the greater the probability of U.S. hurricane landfall.
	hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu /forecasts/2005/june2005 (4257 words)

	Hurricane Detection, Tracking, and Forecasting
		As these hurricanes approached our coastline, the importance and need for accurate forecasting of hurricane movement and intensity and for improved emergency preparedness planning and response was made clear to the nation.
		The climatology of Atlantic tropical cyclogenesis suggests that formation is favored when a strong convective disturbance occurs in a region where the air is already "spinning" in a cyclonic (counterclockwise) direction.
		National Hurricane Center (NHC) forecast errors, the distance between a forecast and the subsequent observed position of the storm center, for the decade 1982–1991 averaged 54 (100), 104 (193), 206 (383), and 309 (573) n mi (km) for the 12-, 24-, 48-, and the 72-h forecasts, respectively.
	www.ametsoc.org /policy/hurr2.html (2876 words)

	2004 Hurricane Season In Florida
		Hurricane Charley began as a tropical disturbance that emerged from the west coast of Africa during the first couple of days of August.
		During the next 24 hours hurricane Charley made a gradual turn from WNW to NNW as the storm was approaching a more like an October type mid-latitude trough digging into the central Gulf of Mexico as the storm steadily intensified.
		As Frances moved into the central Bahamas the upper level anticyclone which was well established over the hurricane during the previous few days began to de-couple from the hurricane and was re-positioned just to the east of the storm and caused a southerly shear over the hurricane as it approached the western Bahamas and Florida.
	www.cyclonejim.com /2004_Hurricane_Season.htm (1991 words)

	DeadlyStorms.com - Atlantic & Caribbean Hurricane Timeline & Season Summaries
		Hurricane Diane hit the North Carolina coast in mid-August a short distance south of where her older sister, Connie, crossed the coastline a week earlier.
		Hurricanes caused $4.1 billion in damage in the United States and killed 147 people in the United States, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean islands, according to estimates from the National Hurricane Center.
		Hurricane Lenny was memorable because it formed at the tail end of the season and because it moved easterly across the Caribbean, finally hitting the Dutch, French and British islands of the Northeast Caribbean last week.
	www.deadlystorms.com /xtra/hurricane_timeline.htm (9005 words)

	Hurricane Andrew Summary
		Hurricane Andrew was the most destructive hurricane in U.S. history when it struck the United States as the first named storm of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season.
		Andrew was only the third Category 5 hurricane to hit the United States, the previous ones being Hurricane Camille (which hit Mississippi and Louisiana in August 1969) and the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 (which struck the Florida Keys in September 1935).
		Hurricane Grace was a huge system that was already beginning to affect areas near the coast of North Carolina to Florida's coastline.
	www.bookrags.com /Hurricane_Andrew (2262 words)

	USGCRP Seminar: Hurricanes
		Minimal vertical wind shear was observed during the season, from western Africa across to the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.
		As a consequence of increased ocean temperatures, the normal patterns of tropical cloudiness and precipitation are disrupted, and the resulting changes in wind and pressure patterns often act to inhibit Atlantic hurricane activity.
		Model simulations of hurricanes in a greenhouse-warmed world suggest that hurricane conditions may be generally weaker, but once formed, have the potential to be more severe.
	www.usgcrp.gov /usgcrp/seminars/951211SM.html (1189 words)

	Hurricane season 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Hurricanes or tropical storms are highly unlikely in the Cancun area during late May and we see none in the near future at this point in time.
		Hurricane team: We have various types of satellite imagery that we use to analyze a tropical cyclone while it is still well out to sea and outside the range of US Air Force Reserve hurricane hunter aircraft.
		Hurricane team: The greatest chances (based on statistics over the past 112 years) for a hurricane striking any given location is along the southeast Florida coast where a hurricane strikes once every 4 years (on average).
	www.usatoday.com /community/chat/0523hurric.htm (3980 words)

	'97 Atlantic hurricane season was calm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		El Nino influenced hurricane activity in the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific oceans, placing the region's 1997 hurricane season somewhat out of character, according to scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
		Hurricane Danny, which occurred between July 16-26, was the Atlantic season's only land-falling hurricane.
		Hurricane Linda was the most intense hurricane ever measured in the eastern Pacific, with sustained winds of 185 mph.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/huricane/wh97finl.htm (905 words)

	[No title]
		The mild 2006 season provided welcome relief for millions of people in the Caribbean and along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts who endured two blockbuster years in 2004 and 2005.
		Of the nine Atlantic storms this year, five reached hurricane strength and only two, Gordon and Helene, were "major" hurricanes with winds of 111 mph (178 kph) or more.
		Ernesto battered Cuba and Haiti as a hurricane.
	www.alertnet.org /thenews/newsdesk/N30457944.htm (650 words)

	The Caribbean Hurricane Page - The 1997 Season (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		For your files: A summary of the 1997 Atlantic Hurricane Season can be found on the Ohio-State website (also locally available in case they remove it from their website).
		I have noticed in the last 2 tropical season a ton of cases where rather unipressive cloud masses were tropical storms and a host of hurricanes that showed no visible eye.
		Hurricane Bertha which was category 2 when it hit N Carolina had more of a subtropical look to it as it had no convection south of the center.
	stormcarib.com /hurr97a.htm (5776 words)

	Above-Average Atlantic Hurricane Season Predicted by TSR Consortium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Strikes on the Caribbean Lesser Antilles are anticipated to be 10 to 20 percent above the 10-year average, and Atlantic basin hurricane activity is expected to be 10 percent above the 1991-2000 average.
		For the Atlantic basin as a whole, TSR expects twelve tropical storms, with seven of these being hurricanes and three intense hurricanes.
		The two main climate factors influencing the TSR seasonal Atlantic hurricane forecasts are the expected August and September values for (a) the temperature of sea waters between west Africa and the Caribbean, and (b) the speed of the trade winds which blow westward across the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean Sea.
	www.insurancejournal.com /news/national/2001/08/09/14194.htm?print=1 (339 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Accumulated Cyclone Energy
		Accumulated Cyclone Energy or ACE is a measure used by NOAA to express the activity of Atlantic hurricane seasons.
		The ACE is calculated by summing the squares of the estimated sustained velocity of every active tropical storm (wind speed 35 knots or higher), at six hourly intervals.
		Above-normal season: An ACE value above 103 (117% of the median), provided at least two of the following three parameters exceed the long-term average: number of tropical storms (10), hurricanes (6), and major hurricanes (2).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Accumulated_Cyclone_Energy (178 words)

	The 1991 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season
		FEFA was still an intense hurricane with sustained winds estimated at 90 knots when it crossed 140W into the Central Pacific at 050600Z.
		U.S. Air Force Hurricane Hunters were tasked to fly aerial reconnaissance on FEFA, because of its threat to the Hawaiian Islands.
		This proved to be the case, as a weakening KEVIN continued on a northwest path with its center staying almost 900 miles off the windward coasts of the Hawaiian Islands.
	www.prh.noaa.gov /cphc/summaries/1991.php (876 words)

	RIGZONE - Unusual 2002 Atlantic Hurricane Season
		Lili was a Category 4 Hurricane on the Saffir/Simpson Scale as it moved over the Eugene Island Gulf of Mexico oil lease.
		The tropics continued to be active with Tropical Depression Thirteen close to being a storm and a vigorous tropical wave in the far Atlantic.
		Meteorologists at the Center can make their hurricane outlook for the next ten years when the year of the sunspot minimum is determined.
	www.rigzone.com /news/article.asp?a_id=4923 (1479 words)

	This Year's Hurricane Season Ties a Record
		She is expected to become a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico, and forecast to move into the middle of the Gulf by Saturday, October 22.
		According to the National Hurricane Center, in the event that more than 21 named tropical cyclones occur in the Atlantic basin in a season, additional storms will take names from the Greek alphabet: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and so on.
		Of the 21 named storms that have formed since the start of the 2005 hurricane season on June 1, eleven have become hurricanes, including five major hurricanes.
	www.terradaily.com /news/hurricane-05zzzzw.html (659 words)

	MILD HURRICANE SEASON FOR THE ATLANTIC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		According to hurricane expert, Dr. William Grey, the 1994 storm seasons stands out as the calmest since 1871.
		Grey believes, however, that 1995 may be an above average year in the Atlantic, if the EL Nino event, which suppresses hurricanes in the Atlantic, starts to diminish as expected.
		Note: This continues a downward trend in hurricane activity in the Atlantic region, the possible reason behind this being the more frequent El Nino events that have occurred over the last two decades.
	archive.greenpeace.org /climate/database/records/zgpz0009.html (180 words)

	North Atlantic Hurricanes: References
		Landsea, C.W., G.D. Bell, W.M. Gray, and S.B. Goldenberg, The Extremely Active 1995 Atlantic Hurricane Season: Environmental Conditions and Verification of Seasonal Forecasts, Mon.
		Saunders, M.A, R.E. Chandler, C.J. Merchant, et al., Atlantic hurricanes and NW Pacific typhoons: ENSO spatial impacts on occurrence and landfall, Geophys.
		Goldenberg, S.B., C.W. Landsea, A. Mestas-Nunez and W.M. Gray, The Recent Increase in Atlantic Hurricane Activity: Causes and Implications, Science 293, 474-479 (2001).
	iri.columbia.edu /climate/ENSO/globalimpact/TC/Atlantic/reference.html (754 words)

	Bill Snyder's Hurricane Frequencies
		Hurricane reconnaissance aircraft (Hurricane Hunters) now use milsat to relay recon data to the National Hurricane Center.
		Whenever a hurricane is within 300 miles of land in the northern western hemisphere, the Hurricane Watch Net is operational on 14325 kHz.
		The Hurricane Watch Net provides communication between amateur radio station WX4NHC located at the National Hurricane Center, and the affected areas.
	www.hurricanefrequencies.com (923 words)

	Hurricane Predictions, Outlooks and Forecasts - Weather Research Center, May 13, 1999
		More than 12 named tropical storms or hurricanes in the Atlantic is a rare event.
		WRC's 2007 OCSI Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Prediction Verifies with the landfall of Tropical Storm Barry
		2004 Atlantic Hurricane Outlook Verifies with the landfall of Bonnie
	www.wxresearch.com /outlook (204 words)

	Tropical Weather : Weather Underground
		Summary of the four major Atlantic hurricane season forecasts issued for 2007 (Dr. Jeff Masters, wunderground.com)
		UK Met Office Atlantic seasonal forecast (GloSea model).
		Summary of the four major Atlantic hurricane season forecasts issued for 2007
	www.wunderground.com /tropical (453 words)

	NCAR - Institute for the Study of Society and Environment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Cullen, H., A. Kaplan, P.A. Arkin, and P.B. deMonocal, 2002: Impact of the North Atlantic* Oscillation on Middle Eastern climate and streamflow.
		Pielke, Jr., R.A., and C.W. Landsea, 1999: La Niña, El Niño, and Atlantic* Hurricane Damages in the United States.
		Pielke Jr., R. and R. Pielke Sr., 1997: Societal vulnerability to hurricanes*: Considerations on the use of long-range forecasts.
	www.isse.ucar.edu /publications.jsp (10324 words)

	Hurricane Chasing - Storm Chasing - Extreme Stuff - Chris Collura "Sky-Chaser"
		Hurricane season 2007 is a grave disappointment for any weather enthusiasts, including myself, who follow (or chase) tropical weather.
		Besides two powerful Caribbean storms, little in the way of "chaseable" tropical storms or hurricanes has affected the mainland United States.
		The "silver lining" to such grim hurricane chasing prospects is that life / property should be spared.
	www.sky-chaser.com (1148 words)

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