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Topic: 1991 Canadian incumbents

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	Law Office Of Clement Cheng - California Intellectual Property and Business Lawyers
		Canadian political candidates are free to solicit money from foreign and domestic sources, including individuals, trade unions, corporations and other organizations.
		Unlike the United States, the Canadian Supreme Court refused to equate speech with advertising expenditures, and held that limiting advertising expenses did not restrict the speech of political candidates.
		Canada has embraced government provided television and radio time by requiring every broadcaster provide 6.5 prime time hours "for transmission of political announcements and programs produced by or on behalf of the registered parties." The 6.5 hours are apportioned according to a party’s representation in the legislature or by their number of candidates.
	www.clemcheng.com /html/campaign_finance.htm (6817 words)

	Canadian_House_of_Commons - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Canadian House of Commons is located in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings on Parliament Hill, in Ottawa, Ontario.
		Canadian law states that all federal elections must be held on a Monday (except on statutory holidays), and the campaign must be at least 36 days long.
		Most successful independent candidates have been incumbents who were expelled from their political party (for example, John Nunziata in 1997) or who failed to win their party's nomination (for example, Chuck Cadman in 2004).
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /information.asp?k=Canadian_House_of_Commons (4501 words)

	Purcell String Quartet
		The viola and cello chairs each had two incumbents: Streatfeild was succeeded in 1969 by Philippe Etter, and Hampton was replaced in 1989 by Heather Hay.
		Peleg (b Debrecen, Hungary, 22 Sep 1946) had played 1966-9 in the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; in 1991 he was a member of the Chamber Players of Toronto and concertmaster of the Oshawa Symphony Orchestra.
		Bryan King (b Norwich, England, 17 Mar 1948) was a pupil of Margaret Major and Gwen Thompson, a member 1973-5 of the Victoria Symphony Orchestra, and assistant concertmaster of the Vancouver Opera orchestra.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002889 (696 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| The Canadian Natural Health Products (NHP) regulations: industry perceptions and ...
		An unintended consequence of the Canadian NHP regulations may be the exit of smaller firms, leading to industry consolidation.
		Health Canada seeks "to ensure that all Canadians have ready access to natural health products that are safe, effective, and of high quality, while respecting freedom of choice and philosophical and cultural diversity"[4].
		This means that Canadian entrepreneurs may encounter greater barriers for entry into the market, particularly for small business owners; however, those already in the industry would appear to have an advantage.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6963/6/63 (5930 words)

	Developments in Telecommunications: An Update (1997) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Incumbents are required to unbundle these services and provide them individually so that new entrants can re-package them and provide new packages of services that did not previously exist.
		The Act requires incumbent local carriers to provide interconnection, unbundle their networks and lease the unbundled elements at cost-based rates, and resell their retail services at wholesale rates.
		However, where a player, and especially an incumbent, is found to have market power, there are restrictions on its use of market power, which are very similar to the restrictions you find under any system of regulation of monopolies.
	www.oecd.org /document/11/0,2340,de_2649_201185_2379595_1_1_1_1,00.html (5539 words)

	Paper on endogenous institutional change in Mexico
		It is not obvious that in a liberalizing political environment an authoritarian incumbent can craft institutions so as to retain advantage and hold unto power, since the challengers would regard those institutions as illegitimate, and hence refuse to play the democratic game under them.
		It should be noted, moreover, that unlike the Canadian case, coordination failure at the national level does not stem from local bipartyisms, which once aggregated, produce a three party national race.
		The second hypothesis is that only if an incumbent seriously calculates that it might become a minority electoral force in the short-run, will it have a preference for more proportional electoral rules so as to minimize the risk of losing it all.
	democracy.stanford.edu /Seminar/diaz_magaloni_text.htm (12557 words)

	TEFL Articles: Accommodation Theory (EnglishClub.com)
		In short, the study of accommodation theory may, on the one hand, reveal the extent to which language impinges on our lives, resulting in the maintenance or breakdown of human relationships, and on the other give useful insights into the tendency for different varieties to evoke or "trigger" different perceptions of their speakers.
		Huspek (1986: 158, cited in Giles and Coupland, 1991: 32) contends that, if someone says, "I went joggin' this morning" instead of "I went jogging this morning," chances are that in the first case he will be perceived as being of lower rank than in the second case.
		The taped voice was that of a Canadian, who either converged or diverged on three dimensions, i.e., pronunciation, speech rate, and speech content.
	www.englishclub.com /tefl-articles/accommodation-theory.htm (2911 words)

	Marine Pilot Regulation: V940018
		The penalties for failing to use a pilot where one is required and available, which were substantially strengthened in 1991, are a fine of $5,000-$15,000 for a first offense and $10,000-$30,000 for repeat offenses.
		This 1991 addition to the law may be in part a response to a ruling in a private antitrust suit that pilot associations were not exempted as labor organizations.
		The 1991 revisions also granted pilots a limitation on their personal liability, of $250,000; this limitation does not apply in cases of gross negligence.
	www.ftc.gov /be/v940018.htm (3011 words)

	RCR - REPORT OF JAMES C. MILLER, III
		Another contrived advantage is the ability of incumbents to pressure donors for campaign contributions when there is little evidence of challenge, and to carry over these resources from election to election, continually growing their reserves in order to ward off any potential challenge.
		In sum, an incumbent knows that additional spending on his or her own campaign will be of marginal value in increasing votes (or vote margin), but that spending by an opponent will have a dramatic, threatening effect.
		Incumbents have a considerable advantage here: they have taxpayer-paid press spokesmen; they make news, and thus have more access to the media; and they have access to "inside information," which they communicate to, and curry favor with, the press.
	www.realcampaignreform.org /miller_rpt.htm (8190 words)

	1994 Stakes High for Congressional Democrats
		Incumbents always are uneasy in off-year elections, in which candidates of the incumbent president's party often take a beating.
		Among incumbents in those contested seats are five Democrats and three Republicans who are not running for re-election.
		However, even a Republican sweep would be unlikely to persuade the Clinton administration to change its Middle East course, which is guided by the wishes of the incumbent (any incumbent) government in Israel, its Washington, DC lobby, and perceptions of the general consensus among American Jewish supporters of Israel.
	www.washington-report.org /backissues/0794/9407041.htm (1031 words)

	Slashing Congressional Spending, Part I: Congressional Pay, Pensions, Perks, and Staff
		This would permit lawmakers to retain an authentic connection to the districts they represent by living and working there, rather than acquiring a Washington mindset that often is antithetical to the desires of their constituents.
		The large number of aides who perform quasi-campaign work for their employers almost certainly is related to the historically unprecedented rates of reelection that incumbent Congressmen have enjoyed over the last two decades.
		Constituent service not only distracts legislators and their staff from the work they were elected to do, but also undermines competitive elections by permitting incumbents to take credit for independent good works that obscure their legislative record.
	www.heritage.org /Research/Budget/BG1034.cfm (6167 words)

	City campaigns on the cusp and the Edmonton mayoralty election of 1992 Journal of Canadian Studies - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Some had grown to accept the way the system worked and tended to observe political challengers in the same light as did the incumbents: a threat to the established way of carrying on city business.(f.35) It is not surprising that Canadian municipal incumbents achieve some of the highest re-election rates found in industrial democracies.
		But there was no "Janslide." Only one incumbent councillor lost, while one other chose to be beaten in the mayoralty contest.(f.54) The marked definition of ideological division between the two major mayoralty candidates produced voter turnout that was the highest for Edmonton in a generation (since Hawrelak's 1966 defeat).
		Here, his corporate-view campaign was articulated in the "pot-hole and policing" approach that appealed to the short-term, concrete, parochial concerns characteristic of lower social class groups in Canadian city politics.(f.57) His second area of strength (another third of his poll victories) came in the upper-class new suburban southwest.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3683/is_199704/ai_n8768044 (8009 words)

	The Canadian Electoral System (BP-437E) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Only those who hold Canadian citizenship may vote in federal elections. Because of the historical relationship with Great Britain, British subjects were allowed to vote in Canadian elections until the mid-1970s.
		Canadians are very mobile, and about 20% of the information on the Register of Electors changes every year. The Register is updated with information from existing federal and provincial data bases. By complying with certain procedures and requirements, eligible voters are able to vote, even if they are not on the voters’ lists.
		Each of the 308 Members of the Canadian House of Commons — including the Prime Minister and cabinet ministers, the Leader of the Opposition, and the Speaker — is elected to represent a particular constituency. As noted above, elections in Canada are organized on a constituency basis and are largely administered at this level.
	www.parl.gc.ca /information/library/PRBpubs/bp437-e.htm (1175 words)

	Centrerion Canadian Politics: January 2006
		Another key factor was that Canadian Quebeckers have realized most political power in Canada rests in government, not the opposition: the Bloc is a relatively inferior vote because it can't be in power.
		It's short the Canadian Policy Wiki, though, which is potentially the most important one, because it engages people, and allows ordinary Canadians to contribute to the development of policy initatives.
		The sponsorship scandal is often touted as the "biggest scandal in Canadian history." The validity of this statement is suspect, as some would point out the legendary corruption of Sir John A. Macdonald's government.
	centrerion.blogspot.com /2006_01_01_centrerion_archive.html (8137 words)

	Contestability and Economic Integration in the Western Hemisphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In contrast with the centennial experiences in Canada and in the United States, that started with the 1889 Canadian Combines Investigation Act and the 1890 US Sherman Act, the historical record on the enforcement of such policies in Latin American and Caribbean countries is virtually blank.
		Although some countries, such as Argentina and Mexico, have had antitrust laws since the beginning of this century, it was only after the wave of economic reforms that spread throughout the continent in the 1980s that the implementation of competition rules became a relevant issue in the region.
		Moreover, in the 1990s, the American and Canadian governments have been active in the current discussions on the convergence of competition policies among OECD countries.
	www.sice.oas.org /tunit/staff_article/tav95_contest.asp (4918 words)

	FRB: Speech, Bernanke—Inflation in Latin America: A New Era?—February 11, 2005
		Greater exchange-rate flexibility was introduced in late 1991 by the adoption of exchange-rate bands.
		The most radical example of an exchange-rate-based stabilization plan, of course, was Argentina's adoption in 1991 of a currency board, a form of "hard peg" under which the government attempted to establish permanent one-to-one convertibility between the Argentine peso and the U.S. dollar.
		The Central Bank of Chile's initial inflation target, for 1991, was the range between 15 and 20 percent; the actual outcome for that year was 18.7 percent.
	www.federalreserve.gov /boarddocs/speeches/2005/20050211/default.htm (4803 words)

	`It's Up To You': Women at UBC in the Early Years. by Jo Lapierre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The slights and limitations the incumbents of this position suffered are almost identical to those inflicted on the warden of Royal Victoria College at McGill several decades earlier.
		The long battle for a women's residence at UBC is similarly reminiscent of the struggles that took place at Toronto and Queen's, where women students spent years seeking accommodation in rule-ridden `approved' boarding houses before they gained their own dormitories or access to women's unions or physical educational facilities on campus.
		The debate at UBC is presented in isolation from what was going on at the other Canadian and American universities that UBC often took as its models, and also from the social and political changes taking place outside British Columbia during the four decades the book covers.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/chr/724/you5.html (617 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : 1991 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		1991 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
		Four Los Angeles, California police officers are indicted for the videotaped March 3, 1991 beating of motorist Rodney King during an arrest.
		Germany formally regains complete independence after the four post-World War II occupying powers (France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union) relinquish all remaining rights.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/1991.html (3352 words)

	Commentary No. 65
		Professor Peter St. John, from the University of Manitoba, approaches the topic from two directions: first, by providing a brief overview of the previous, and current, phases of civil unrest; and then by a closer examination of the efforts to "internationalize" the struggle (and thereby to invite the international community to participate in its resolution).
		Although 35% of the electorate boycotted the elections, this completely unexpected showing by the FIS indicated that people were tired of the old order, desperately sought change and were therefore partial to the Islamist message.
		In March 1991, through a major exercise in gerrymandering, the government expanded Algeria's parliament from 295 seats to 542, potentially favouring the FLN.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/para/docs/com65e.htm (4162 words)

	New Perspectives and Evidence on Political Communication and Campaign Effects
		The final piece of evidence cited by critics of modern campaigns is that even when the candidates and the press do turn their attention to the issues or questions of performance and ideology, the rhetoric takes the form of truncated soundbites rather than well-developed and detailed arguments (Hallin, 1994).
		Franklin's study of U.S. Senate campaigns found that voters were more precise in their perceptions of their incumbent senator's position on a liberal-conservative scale when exposed to a senatorial campaign featuring the incumbent (Franklin, 1993).
		The core implication of agenda-setting for the study of campaign effects is that issues deemed significant by the electorate become the principal yardsticks for evaluating the candidates.
	www.stanford.edu /~siyengar/research/papers/effectsreview.html (7314 words)

	SHP 530 - CN DRUG POLICY AWARD
		However, incumbents may be required to pass a drug test as a prior condition of return to duty after a leave of six months or more.
		Thereafter, incumbents in safety-sensitive or specified executive positions are subject to unannounced random testing for alcohol and specified drugs.
		As may be gleaned from the foregoing, the right that an employer may have to demand that its employees be subjected to a drug test is a singular and limited exception to the right of freedom from physical intrusion to which employees are generally entitled by law.
	arbitrations.netfirms.com /shp/SHP0530.htm (17441 words)

	The Baha'i Faith in America as Panopticon, 1963-1997
		At the very least, there is a widespread perception among some portions of the community that such subtle signals from incumbents do form a sort of nomination procedure.
		The prohibition of nominations and campaigning leads administrators to feel a need for strict controls on Baha’i discourse, and often to the avoidance of even mentioning leaders by name in public, which would be construed as “backbiting.” The ban on campaigning can become a ban on visibility or on any sort of critical thinking.
		It is perhaps not incidental that the controls on electioneering and other forms of communication have the side effect of ensuring that criticism of those in power cannot achieve wide circulation, and that the incumbents who exercise that control are reelected every year.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jrcole/bahai/1999/jssr/bhjssr.htm (8296 words)

	NCSL Desk Studies: Public Participation and Confidence in the Legislature
		And elsewhere, in the context of an established democracy, I have suggested that in a society ruled by consent of the governed, public support is vital.
		On a scale of one to 11 for knowledge of their national legislature, Canadians scored nearly 10.
		The comparative analysis of British, Canadian and U.S. public opinion about parliament notes that reporting in Canada pays more attention to policy and governing and is less character-driven than U.S. reporting.
	www.ncsl.org /public/internat/kurtz2.htm (8162 words)

	The International Air Cargo Association
		In the mid 1970s, aviation policy began to change in the direction of less government control, because it was recognised that government control had led to inefficient operations by the airlines and to higher-than-necessary fares for the public and shippers.
		A pooling agreement, in case of a weak and strong airline, is a way of guaranteeing a certain share of capacity and revenue for the small airline.
		Both airlines agree that only one of them is operating this particular service on behalf of all the airlines in the pool and that the costs and revenues are equally shared on a pre-arranged basis.
	www.tiaca.org /content/hamoen2.asp (5760 words)

	Document View
		For example, a Canadian study of the effects of agricultural exposures was forced to eliminate women since only the husband of a farm family was identified as a farmer in most provincial records (Semenciew et al., 1993).
		Women working on shifts (Kwachi et al., 1995), women with clerical or sales jobs (Haynes, 1991), and women reporting that their work is both hectic and monotonous have a higher incidence of coronary heart disease (Theorell, 1991).
		A 1991 survey of 800 Ontario nurses found that 59% reported physical assault, 17% sexual assault at some time during their professional lives.
	www.unc.edu /courses/2005spring/epid/278/001/Messing.htm (10298 words)

	Aviation
		• The incorporation of each of the Canadian airline families into a mega-carrier structure through a variety of acquisitions and marketing-related agreements, with Air Canada joining the United/Lufthansa-led Star Alliance and CAI becoming part of the American/British Airways-led one-world structure.
		These mega-carrier alliances (which include smaller airlines in other regions, as well) began to compete with each other on a global basis, as well as with other international conglomerations such as KLM/Northwest/Continental and Skyteam (Delta/Air France/Alitalia/others).
		Some of these airlines, such as Canada 3000, began an expanded program of scheduled services previously operated as charters.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC816444 (622 words)

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