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Topic: 1992 Canadian incumbents

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1992 in Canada

Premier of British Columbia

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	1992 Encyclopedia
		April 9 - United Kingdom general election, 1992: the Conservative Party, led by John Major, is unexpectedly re-elected.
		April 15 - The National Assembly of Vietnam adopts the 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
		July 25-August 9 - The 1992 Summer Olympics are held in Barcelona, Spain.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/1992.html (4248 words)

	erickson
		Canadian scholars have also produced over many years a number of policy analytic studies in the field of illicit drug policy.
		This is an organization founded in 1992, largely in opposition to Bill C-85, by a core group of a dozen academics and policy analysts who had written and published widely on social and legal aspects of Canadian drug policy (most of whom are cited in this paper).
		The Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, providing an independent research and policy analysis function for the federal government, was cut to the bone in the 1996-97 budget, in preparation for its final demise.
	www.cjsonline.ca /articles/erickson.html (6595 words)

	Law Office Of Clement Cheng - California Intellectual Property and Business Lawyers
		Canadian political candidates are free to solicit money from foreign and domestic sources, including individuals, trade unions, corporations and other organizations.
		Unlike the United States, the Canadian Supreme Court refused to equate speech with advertising expenditures, and held that limiting advertising expenses did not restrict the speech of political candidates.
		Canadian law fails to recognize expenses outside the official election period, such as money spent on offices, staff and overhead.
	www.clemcheng.com /html/campaign_finance.htm (6817 words)

	Developments in Telecommunications: An Update (1997) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Incumbents are required to unbundle these services and provide them individually so that new entrants can re-package them and provide new packages of services that did not previously exist.
		The Act requires incumbent local carriers to provide interconnection, unbundle their networks and lease the unbundled elements at cost-based rates, and resell their retail services at wholesale rates.
		However, where a player, and especially an incumbent, is found to have market power, there are restrictions on its use of market power, which are very similar to the restrictions you find under any system of regulation of monopolies.
	www.oecd.org /document/11/0,2340,en_2649_34753_2379595_1_1_1_1,00.html (5539 words)

	PRQ98
		Canadian courts have generally been sympathetic to plans that insure representation of geographic "communities of interest", even when this has meant overrepresentation of rural areas and underrepresentation of urban areas.
		In time periods where an incumbent candidate running did have an effect, the effects went from a modest 4-5 percent to a more substantial 15 percent greater probability that a woman was elected if no incumbent was running.
		Canadian provinces and U.S. states where women have done well in the past tend to be where they continue to do well.
	www.uh.edu /~pols1oj/PRQ98.html (7444 words)

	1992 in Canada - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		February 8 - February 23 - 1992 Winter Olympics are held in Albertville, France.
		October - The ban on homosexuals in the Canadian military is lifted, following a legal challenge by Michelle Douglas.
		See 1992 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1992_in_Canada (623 words)

	Canadian Investment Review
		This SRP is redeemable by a majority of continuing directors defined as those unaffiliated with the bidder and in place prior to a particular point in time, (the pill's adoption or making of the bid), or nominated by a majority of other continuing directors.
		In Canada, specifics of SRP and conditions under which it is continued in the presence of a takeover bid have evolved in the direction of less control of the process by incumbent management and a greater likelihood of a successful takeover bid.
		Unfortunately, Canadian evidence is limited and new studies are required to investigate the impact of SRPs announcements on target and bidder shareholder wealth, the impact of regulatory decisions that in effect limit usefulness of SRPs, and the influence of SRPs on takeover activity.
	www.investmentreview.com /archives/1999/spring/fieldnotes7.html (2075 words)

	Canadian Journal of Communication - Vol. 17, No. 4 (1992)
		Meanwhile, a number of joint venture companies, set up with American, Canadian, and Polish capital are appearing on the scene to fill the Ukrainian program schedules.
		The start-up experiences at ATV-1 graphically illustrate what happens in a transition period which is devoid of professional rules and broadcast regulations.
		In the coming year we also believe that professional ethical codes and market-determined salaries and working conditions for journalists will have to be negotiated in order to guarantee the orderly growth of non-state television.
	www.cjc-online.ca /viewarticle.php?id=121&layout=html (5458 words)

	Running Scared - 97.01
		An incumbent is therefore treated as though the seat in question were open and he or she were merely one of the candidates for it.
		Restoration (1992), "is deliberative democracy through representatives who function at a constitutional distance from the people." He reiterates the point about distance in his final paragraphs: "Americans must be less demanding of government.
		One way in which term limits might promote deliberation is by causing some incumbent legislators -- namely those serving out their final term under term limits -- to think, speak, and vote differently from the way they would have thought, spoken, and voted if they had been eligible and running for re-election.
	www.cla.wayne.edu /polisci/kdk/parties/sources/king.htm (8476 words)

	Paper on endogenous institutional change in Mexico
		It is not obvious that in a liberalizing political environment an authoritarian incumbent can craft institutions so as to retain advantage and hold unto power, since the challengers would regard those institutions as illegitimate, and hence refuse to play the democratic game under them.
		Shugart and Carey (1992) show that in presidential systems, the timing of presidential elections with respect to congressional elections is essential for determining the number of parties and ultimately the incentives to coordinate.
		It should be noted, moreover, that unlike the Canadian case, coordination failure at the national level does not stem from local bipartyisms, which once aggregated, produce a three party national race.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/iis/democracy/Seminar/diaz_magaloni_text.htm (12557 words)

	Center for the Study of Democracy, UC Irvine
		Political authorities are the incumbents of political office, or in a broader sense the pool of political elites from which government leaders are drawn.
		When incumbents lose favor, they are replaced by new political figures who restore public confidence at least temporarily--this is the nature of democratic politics.
		In summary, contemporary publics are dissatisfied with the incumbents of office and even with the political institutions of representative democracy, but these feelings of dissatisfaction have apparently not (yet) affected basic support for the political system and the values of the democratic process.
	www.democ.uci.edu /publications/papersseriespre2001/dalton2.htm (8560 words)

	New Perspectives and Evidence on Political Communication and Campaign Effects
		During the 1992 presidential campaign, Bill Clinton was saddled with the "Slick Willie" image in the aftermath of news coverage of his marital difficulties and avoidance of military service.
		The authors (Johnston et al., 1992) show how the free trade agreement between Canada and the U.S., as a result of the candidates' and parties' rhetorical posturing, came to the forefront of the public issue agenda.
		Although the impact of attack messages is thought to depend upon certain qualities of the sponsoring candidates (such as their popularity), practitioners generally acknowledge that it is the response of the attacked candidate that is more important.
	www.stanford.edu /~siyengar/research/papers/effectsreview.html (7314 words)

	RCR - REPORT OF JAMES C. MILLER, III
		Another contrived advantage is the ability of incumbents to pressure donors for campaign contributions when there is little evidence of challenge, and to carry over these resources from election to election, continually growing their reserves in order to ward off any potential challenge.
		In sum, an incumbent knows that additional spending on his or her own campaign will be of marginal value in increasing votes (or vote margin), but that spending by an opponent will have a dramatic, threatening effect.
		Incumbents have a considerable advantage here: they have taxpayer-paid press spokesmen; they make news, and thus have more access to the media; and they have access to "inside information," which they communicate to, and curry favor with, the press.
	www.realcampaignreform.org /miller_rpt.htm (8190 words)

	1994 Stakes High for Congressional Democrats
		Incumbents always are uneasy in off-year elections, in which candidates of the incumbent president's party often take a beating.
		Among incumbents in those contested seats are five Democrats and three Republicans who are not running for re-election.
		In the 1992 election, polls by Jewish organizations indicated that 85 percent of Jewish voters cast their ballots for Bill Clinton.
	www.washington-report.org /backissues/0794/9407041.htm (1031 words)

	Slashing Congressional Spending, Part I: Congressional Pay, Pensions, Perks, and Staff
		This would permit lawmakers to retain an authentic connection to the districts they represent by living and working there, rather than acquiring a Washington mindset that often is antithetical to the desires of their constituents.
		In 1992, three of the four top House frankers lost their reelection bids, which suggests that these Members understood their political troubles and used public funds liberally to try to counteract them.
		Constituent service not only distracts legislators and their staff from the work they were elected to do, but also undermines competitive elections by permitting incumbents to take credit for independent good works that obscure their legislative record.
	www.heritage.org /Research/Budget/BG1034.cfm (6167 words)

	ICPSR Data Files - U of Calgary
		A number of contextual variables also are provided, including summary variables that combine the respondent's recall of his or her senator's and representative's vote on the use of force with that congressperson's actual vote.
		The content for the 1992 Election Study reflects its dual purpose, both as the traditional presidential election year time-series data collection and as the third wave of a panel study.
		In 1992, a grant by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) to the University of Strathclyde enabled the representation of Scottish electors in the sample to be boosted substantially.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~libdata/adc/icpsr.html (13276 words)

	Contestability and Economic Integration in the Western Hemisphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In contrast with the centennial experiences in Canada and in the United States, that started with the 1889 Canadian Combines Investigation Act and the 1890 US Sherman Act, the historical record on the enforcement of such policies in Latin American and Caribbean countries is virtually blank.
		Although some countries, such as Argentina and Mexico, have had antitrust laws since the beginning of this century, it was only after the wave of economic reforms that spread throughout the continent in the 1980s that the implementation of competition rules became a relevant issue in the region.
		Moreover, in the 1990s, the American and Canadian governments have been active in the current discussions on the convergence of competition policies among OECD countries.
	www.sice.oas.org /tunit/staff_article/tav95_contest.asp (4918 words)

	The Baha'i Faith in America as Panopticon, 1963-1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The theocratic ideal is clearly a radical Middle Eastern one, and is paralleled in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
		The prohibition of nominations and campaigning leads administrators to feel a need for strict controls on Baha’i discourse, and often to the avoidance of even mentioning leaders by name in public, which would be construed as “backbiting.” The ban on campaigning can become a ban on visibility or on any sort of critical thinking.
		It is perhaps not incidental that the controls on electioneering and other forms of communication have the side effect of ensuring that criticism of those in power cannot achieve wide circulation, and that the incumbents who exercise that control are reelected every year.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jrcole/bahai/1999/jssr/bhjssr.htm (8296 words)

	LABOR UNIONS AS AN ELEMENT IN ADEMOCRATIC FORCES@ IN CIVIL AFRICAN CIVIL SOCIETY: RECENT POLITICAL TRANSITIONS IN NIGER
		It is one of the ironies of history that colonial France, a regime with heavy participation by the socialist left, banned labor unions in its African colonies until 1947 (Bakary, 1992).
		One response was the formation of clandestine political movements which began to organize in secret to challenge the incumbents and perhaps the entire political economic orientation of the central state.
		See Bjorn Beckman [1992, 324] for the argument that, contrary to the expectations of governance experts at the World Bank, the greatest pressure for regime reform, for liberalization and eventually for democratization came from mass-based interest groups, notably organized labor and students, who were opposed to structural adjustment.
	www.csuohio.edu /polisci/bob/niglabor.htm (9351 words)

	The Need to "Right-Size" and Rebuild the Community
		In 1992, the Congress, with the agreement of the Bush Administration, imposed an across-the-board cut of 17.5 percent in civilian intelligence personnel to be accomplished by the beginning of fiscal year 1997.
		--The incumbent could retain employment with the agency, provided that he or she can obtain agreement to exchange positions with an incumbent of another position which has not been identified for elimination, subject to the determination of the agency head that the employee is qualified for that other position.
		The "exchange" feature of the proposal was borrowed from the Canadian Government, which the Commission found had struggled with the same downsizing problem and had recently enacted a similar proposal for government-wide application.
	www.gpoaccess.gov /int/int013.html (4637 words)

	GAO-03-914, Human Capital: Insights for U.S. Agencies from Other Countries' Succession Planning and Management ...
		For the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, succession planning and management not only figures prominently in the agency's multiyear human capital plan, but it also provides top agency leaders with an agencywide perspective when making decisions.
		Similarly, at Statistics Canada--the Canadian federal government's central statistics agency--the Chief Statistician of Canada has set aside a percentage, in this case over 3 percent, of the total agency budget to training and development, thus making resources available for the operation of the agency's four leadership and management development programs.
		Figure 1: Section of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police's "Succession Room": [See PDF for image] [End of figure] Identify Talent from Multiple Organizational Levels, Early in Careers, or with Critical Skills: Effective succession planning and management initiatives identify high- performing employees from multiple levels in the organization and still early in their careers.
	www.gao.gov /htext/d03914.html (7424 words)

	SternBusiness Fall/Winter 2003
		The current regulatory arrangement also runs the risk of squelching new ideas and innovations in bond ratings and solvency assessments if the handful of incumbents somehow concludes that the innovations are not worthy of their notice.
		With regulatory requirements that the incumbents’ ratings must be heeded, the capital markets have no choice but to heed them.
		The financial markets would then be free to make their own decisions as to which rating companies – incumbents or entrants – offered the best judgments about the relative safety of a company’s bonds.
	www.stern.nyu.edu /Sternbusiness/fall_winter_2003/bondrating.html (1697 words)

	LSS Newsletter Legislative News
		They document how "incumbents win through intimidation of their challengers' supporters, an institutionalized near-monopoly on money, local media and other establishment resources, and outright dirty tricks" (p.xxii).
		In their closing chapter, the authors sum up the lessons to be gleaned from their case studies: money generally determines the outcome of races and incumbents have many institutional advantages.
		Throughout their analysis, the authors focus on distinctions between the South and the non South, between candidates of the two parties, and also the differences that the 1994 election exhibited when compared with the 1982-1992 period and with 1996 and 1998.
	www.apsanet.org /~lss/Newsletter/jan01/booknotes.html (5864 words)

	Canadian Cellular/PCS Communications Market Report
		Section 3 chronicles the ongoing development of the two incumbent carriers in Canada and their responses to the challenge posed by the two newcomers.
		In turn the launch of service and the market development plans of the newcomers are examined and compared to the strategies of the incumbents.
		Particular emphasis is placed on recent developments in the marketplace and the effects of different airtime plans, value-added services, marketing programmes and distribution channels on revenues and subscriber growth.
	www.nbicanada.com /cell99.htm (646 words)

	RedOrbit - Technology - CRTC's Voice Over IP Ruling Has Incumbents Crying Foul (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Incumbents are free to offer such services, but must charge fair prices and not run them at a loss.
		Because Canadians use it as a telephone service, it's being sold as a telephone service and it functions as a telephone service," Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications commission chairman Charles Dalfen said in a statement.
		For incumbents such as Bell and Telus, UBS estimates that the revenue at risk, which includes residential local access, call features and long distance, stands at between 15 to 20 per cent of total revenue.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=178992 (682 words)

	City campaigns on the cusp and the Edmonton mayoralty election of 1992 Journal of Canadian Studies - Find Articles
		In 1992, this boxcar loadings school of measurement gained civic election ammunition with the July announcement that Beaver Lumber was moving its regional executive to Calgary and that the Ford Motor Company was considering relocating nearly 100 sales and distribution staff there as well.
		This early phase of the 1992 campaign was as transparent as it was facile.
		In Edmonton, the year 1992 was not a significant one in the sense of a realigning election, for the change to active (and more partisan) expression of ideology had come in 1983.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3683/is_199704/ai_n8768044 (8009 words)

	Lessons on Reforming Health Care at the State Level: Massachusetts, Minnesota, and Washington State (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		We managed to pass legislation that was signed by the Governor in the fall of 1991 that basically deregulated, on January 1, 1992, the entire hospital financing system.
		Among the naysayers, the sense at the time was that this was going to ruin the tight rules that had done such a good job of controlling spending in Massachusetts.
		When Surgeon General Everett Koop was there in 1992, he looked at Minnesota's health care system, which had been rated as one or two in the country in terms of quality.
	www.heritage.org /research/healthcare/HL548.cfm (7699 words)

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