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Topic: 1994 Northridge earthquake

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	A Comparison of Nisqually and Northridge
		This event, named the Nisqually earthquake for a river delta near its epicenter at the southern end of Puget Sound, was actually slightly larger than the Northridge earthquake.
		Given that the Nisqually earthquake occurred 52 kilometers beneath the suface, someone at its epicenter would be at the same distance from the event as someone 45 kilometers away from the Northridge epicenter.
		In the Northridge earthquake, residents in the epicentral region (and some areas farther afield) reported severe, even violent, shaking (Intensities VIII or IX), while communities farther away experienced more moderate intensities.
	www.scec.org /instanet/01news/feature010313.html (1235 words)

	Savage Earth: Learning From Quakes
		The 1994 Northridge earthquake in Southern California continues to drive research more than four years after the magnitude-6.7 earthquake, which killed 61 people and caused more than $40 billion in damage.
		The direct cause was a previously unknown fault nine miles beneath Northridge, a town in the San Fernando Valley.
		Though Northridge would normally be considered "moderate" on the earthquake magnitude scale, it did tremendous physical damage.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/savageearth/earthquakes/html/sidebar1.html (451 words)

	Northridge Earthquake
		The Northridge earthquake was the worst earthquake in the Los Angeles basin since the San Fernando earthquake in 1971, which had a 6.7 magnitude.
		The number of fatalities in the Northridge earthquake was 57.
		Furthermore, the Northridge earthquake triggered landslides in the Santa Susana Mountains, Santa Monica Mountains, and western San Gabriel Mountains.
	www.vibrationdata.com /earthquakes/northridge.htm (336 words)

	EARTHQUAKE LESSONS
		One surprise result of the Northridge quake was the destruction of supposedly earthquake-resistant structures including steel-framed buildings and steel reinforced freeway overpasses.
		Earthquake specialists from the U.S., Italy and other countries are already en route to Kobe to study the damage to structures there.
		As bad as it was, the Northridge quake could have been worse, the scientists say, since the greatest amount of shaking in that quake was actually ten miles north of the epicenter in a less populated mountain area.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA04/earthquake_lessons.html (695 words)

	Northridge earthquake - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1994 Northridge earthquake occurred on January 17, 1994 at 4:30:55 AM Pacific Standard Time in the city of Los Angeles, California, falling on Martin Luther King Day in 1994.
		The first was the Mw 6.6 San Fernando (Sylmar) Earthquake, affecting the same area in 1971; the second was the Mw 6.9 (Richter magnitude 7.1), 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake south of San Francisco; the third was the R6.5 Coalinga Earthquake on May 2, 1983.
		The 1994 event is the most damaging earthquake to strike the United States since the San Francisco earthquake of 1906.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1994_Northridge_Earthquake (775 words)

	Earthquake Museum-1994 Northridge Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The 6.7 Magnitude Northridge Earthquake struck early in the early morning of January 17, 1994 at 4:31 AM.
		The Epicenter was in Northridge, California, a suburb of Los Angeles in the San Fernando Valley.
		Earthquake awareness in California was high following the 1971 San Fernando quake in this same area and the 1989 Loma Prieta quake in northern California.
	www.olympus.net /personal/gofamily/quake/famous/northridge.html (214 words)

	The January 17, 1994 Northridge, CA Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The earthquake occurred on a thrust fault along the northern fringes of the valley.
		The near-record strong ground motion generated by the earthquake was an indication of the significant risk presented by thrust-fault events of moderate magnitude.
		While this is a major earthquake in terms of its damage, there is no indication that its occurrence has reduced the probability for a stronger earthquake in the next 30 years on a major fault in the Los Angeles region.
	www.lafire.com /famous_fires/940117_NorthridgeEarthquake/quake/01_EQE_exsummary.htm (2152 words)

	Inventory of landslides triggered by the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake
		We mapped landslides triggered by the earthquake in the field and from 1:60,000-scale aerial photography provided by the U.S. Air Force and taken the morning of the earthquake; these were subsequently digitized and plotted in a GIS-based format, as shown on the accompanying maps (which also are accessible via Internet).
		The Northridge earthquake provided an unprecedented amount of data for studying the distribution and effects of landslides triggered by an earthquake in an urban area.
		In the first several days following the earthquake, we drove outward from the epicentral area in all directions to locate areas of concentrated landsliding and to find the farthest extent of landsliding, which is defined by small rock and soil falls from very susceptible slopes such as steep road and stream cuts.
	geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov /metadata/open-file/95-213/metadata.faq.html (1418 words)

	[No title]
		For these projects, allowable earthquake hazard mitigation costs shall include the cost of repair, renovation, replacement, retrofit, or relocation for the purposes of reducing the risk of future damage, hardship, or loss arising from future seismic activity.
		The unexpended portions of the previously reserved retrofit funds are further set forth in Exhibit B entitled 1994 SHOPP Fund Reservation Summary it the proposed 1994 State Highway Operation and Protection Program forwarded by the Department of Transportation to the California Transportation Commission on January 31, 1994.
		For the purposes of this chapter, the Earthquake Relief and Seismic Retrofit Finance Committee is "the committee" as that term is used in the State General Obligation Bond Law.
	info.sen.ca.gov /pub/93-94/statute/ch_0001-0050/ch_15_st_1994_sb_131 (3123 words)

	USC SGMRG - Northridge Research
		Earthquake Engineering-Strong Motion Research Group at USC was established in 1976 when Prof.
		The recordings are invaluable for studies of the fault mechanism, spatial distribution of ground shaking, nonlinear soil response and ground failure, and interpretation of damage to structures and lifelines.
		The USC group recently completed processing of selected Northridge aftershock data at strong motion stations to study whether some of the site effects observed in the ground motion of the main event were repeated during the stronger aftershocks.
	www.usc.edu /dept/civil_eng/Earthquake_eng/North_res (2671 words)

	FEMA: Earthquakes in the United States
		Earthquakes are among the most frightening and devastating of natural events—they strike without warning, allowing no time for preparation or evacuation.
		The Northridge earthquake resulted in over 60 deaths, more than 5,000 injuries, and over 25,000 people left homeless, and it occurred in the early morning of a holiday.
		The magnitude 6.5 San Simeon earthquake occurred on December 22, 2003, with an epicenter near the Pacific coast in central California.
	www.fema.gov /hazard/earthquake/usquakes.shtm (467 words)

	Strand Earthquake :: Performance of Seismic Gas Shutoff Valves..
		Following the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the author surveyed the performance of 479 seismic gas shutoff valves (SGSVs) at 255 sites, and the responses of 15 fire departments to gas-related incidents.
		If the earthquake had been stronger, occurred during regular business hours, or been accompanied by strong winds, many neighborhoods might have burned and lives could have been jeopardized from fire or smoke--a potential catastrophe for any seismically prone urban area.
		The Student Union’s maintenance supervisor observed early on the morning of January 18, 1994, that the SGSV was open; and he is certain that no one else would have turned it back on if it had closed (Strand, 1995).
	www.strandearthquake.com /psgsv.html (3267 words)

	1997 Northridge Earthquake Research Conf., Los Angeles, CA, - Chavez-Perez & Louie (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Earthquake hazard assessment in the San Fernando Valley, California, requires knowledge of the existence and geometry of blind thrust faults.
		The broad destruction caused by the 17 January 1994 Northridge earthquake on a thrust fault buried in the heavily-urbanized San Fernando Valley, California, emphasizes the need for better understanding of the structure and potential hazard of blind thrust fault systems.
		4a with Northridge main shock, A-quality aftershocks (magnitude 3 and greater) at all depths, and the thrust faults and mid-crustal detachment, proposed by Davis and Namson (1994), superimposed.
	www.seismo.unr.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /htdocs/students/CHAVEZ/curee97/curee97.html (1636 words)

	State of stress before and after the 1994 Northridge earthquake
		The state of tectonic stress in the epicentral area of the 17 January 1994, Northridge earthquake (Mw 6.7) is investigated by applying a stress inversion method to P-wave polarity data from earthquakes in Northridge from July 1981 to January 1994 and from the Northridge aftershocks during January 1994 to December 1995.
		The principal pressure (P) axis is oriented N32 °E from 1981 to June 1992, and N30 °E from 28 June 1992 to 16 January 1994, suggesting that the stress field in Northridge was not affected by the 1992 Landers earthquake.
		Between February 1994 and August 1995 the P-axis orientation changes from N18 °E to N26 °E, and finally ends up at N34 °E by the end of 1995, which is close to that before the Northridge earthquake.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/1997/97GL00258.shtml (363 words)

	SCEDC \| Northridge Earthquake (1994)
		At 4:30 am, on January 17, 1994, residents of the greater Los Angeles area were rudely awakened by the strong shaking of the Northridge earthquake.
		This was the first earthquake to strike directly under an urban area of the United States since the 1933 Long Beach earthquake.
		The earthquake occurred on a blind thrust fault, and produced the strongest ground motions ever instrumentally recorded in an urban setting in North America.
	www.data.scec.org /chrono_index/northreq.html (185 words)

	1
		This database will be useful for studies of wave propagation in complex geologic environment, and of the effects of the local geology and near surface soils on the amplitudes, spectral content and duration of strong ground motion.
		Todorovska, M.I. `Strong motion recordings of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake at stations of the Los Angeles Strong Motion Array', Proc.
		`The Rinaldi strong motion accelerogram of the Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January, 1994', Earthquake Spectra, 14(1), 225-239.
	www.usc.edu /dept/civil_eng/Earthquake_eng/North_M5/Data_sumary.html (3390 words)

	PUBLIC ROADS On-Line (Summer 1994): The Northridge Earthquake: Progress Made, Lessons learned in Seismic-Resistant ...
		PST on Monday, Jan. 17, 1994, the ground shook for approximately 20 seconds in the Northridge section of the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles, Calif. The earthquake had a Richter magnitude of 6.7.
		A major element in mitigating the effects of this earthquake was the efficiency and alacrity with which California's personnel and contractors responded to the emergency.
		The Northridge earthquake showed us that we are indeed on the right track with regard to the development of effective seismic-resistant highway bridge design and retrofit procedures and technology.
	www.tfhrc.gov /pubrds/summer94/p94su26.htm (3909 words)

	1994 Building Publications - 1994 Northridge Earthquake: Performance of Structures, Lifelines and Fire Protection ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A magnitude 6.8 (Ms) earthquake centered under the community of Northridge in the San Fernando Valley shook the entire Los Angeles metropolitan area at 4:31 a.m.
		A total of 58 deaths were attributed to the earthquake by the Los Angeles Coroner.
		Recommendations are made for further studies of the Northridge earthquake that can lead to improved mitigation of earthquake effects.
	fire.nist.gov /bfrlpubs/build94/art060.html (331 words)

	1994 Northridge Earthquake and SCEC Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		1994 Seismological Society of America Annual Meeting in Pasadena, CA A channel 11 Fox News clip of an interview of K. McLaughlin and H. Magistrale during the 1994 SSA poster session.
		We have completed 3 simulations of the Northridge mainshock to investigate the sensitivity of ground motion predictions to the rupture model.
		We have also completed simulations of 6 Northridge aftershocks, with the objective of investigating sensitivity of ground motion predictions to source location and mechanism.
	www.seismo.unr.edu /ftp/pub/ichinose/NORTHRIDGE/northridge.html (510 words)

	Northridge Earthquake Deployment 1994 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		On Monday, January 17, 1994 at 4:31 A.M., Pacific Standard Time, a moderate, but very damaging earthquake with a moment magnitude of 6.7, struck the densely populated San Fernando Valley, in the northern part of Los Angeles, California.
		A few days after the earthquake, 9,000 homes and businesses were still without electricity; 20,000 were without gas; and more than 48,500 people had little or no water.
		When the disastrous earthquake struck Southern California, California Task Force 3 was once again called to respond, and although not utilized, the team benefited greatly from the deployment.
	dart2.arc.nasa.gov /Deployments/NorthridgeEarthquake1994/Northridge.html (271 words)

	Earthquakes: The Quake Project
		These first images and animations show their simulation of a 1994 Northridge earthquake aftershock.
		Earthquake source originates near the far edge of the computational domain and travels along the fault toward the near edge.
		Next is animation of surface response from a simulation of the 1994 Northridge earthquake in an 80x80x30 km
	www.psc.edu /research/graphics/gallery/earthquake.html (432 words)

	Chapter 17 - Case Studies: Disaster Plan
		The City is located 12 miles from the epicenter of the Northridge quake, which struck on January 17, 1994.
		Due to the overall success of Santa Clarita plan, other jurisdictions should consider evaluating some of the actions taken by this city and implementing them, in part or as a whole, into their own debris management plans to minimize the amount of waste that is ultimately disposed of in local landfills.
		This agreement was necessary because the Kern County Ordinance requires written authorization from the Board of Supervisors to dispose of out-of-county waste in county landfills.
	www.ciwmb.ca.gov /Disaster/DisasterPlan/chp17.htm (6458 words)

	Northridge Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		At 4:31 A.M. local time, Monday, January 17, 1994 the Northridge earthquake struck the San Fernando Valley region of Southern California with a moment magnitude measured at 6.7 and focal depth of 19 km.
		The earthquake was centered 32 km west-northwest of Los Angeles along a south-dipping, blind thrust fault.
		The earthquake resulted in 57 deaths, more than 5,000 injuries, and structural damage including instances of partial or complete structural collapse.
	nisee.berkeley.edu /northridge (139 words)

	Earthquake Source Processes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The animated gif is a movie of the rupture process of the January 17, 1994 Northridge, CA earthquake.
		The 1994 Northridge earthquake is interesting in many ways.
		Asya Kaverina and I have recently demonstrated that it is possible to estimate the spatio-temporal distribution of fault slip for large earthquakes recorded at regional distances using a relatively sparse network of broadband stations.
	seismo.berkeley.edu /~dreger/source.html (247 words)

	Northridge quake animations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The animations show different views of the first 19 seconds of an aftershock of the 1994 Northridge quake.
		The data for the animations was produced by the Quake group at Carnegie Mellon using an unstructured finite element simulation generated with the Archimedes tool chain.
		The simulation models 40 seconds of an aftershock from the Jan 17, 1994 Northridge quake in the San Fernando Valley of Southern California.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~quake/sfsim.html (400 words)

	Stress drops and radiated energies of aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake
		Combining our results for the Northridge aftershocks with data from other southern California earthquakes appears to show an increase in the ratio of radiated energy to moment, with increasing moment.
		This systematic change in earthquake scaling from smaller to larger (M3 to M7) earthquakes suggests differences in rupture properties that may be attributed to differences of dynamic friction or stress levels on the faults.
		Citation: Mori, J. Abercrombie, and H. Kanamori (2003), Stress drops and radiated energies of aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake, J.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2001JB000474.shtml (313 words)

	1994 Building Publications - January 17, 1994, Northridge Earthquake, California. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		May 17-20, 1994, Gaithersburg, MD, Raufaste, N. J., Jr., Editor(s), 375-426 pp, 1994.
		The magnitude 6.8 earthquake occurred during the pre-dawn hours of January 17, 1994 provided a crucial test for assessing our progress in earthquake resistant design and construction over the past two decades, following a similar magnitude event, the San Fernando earthquake in 1971.
		A reconnaissance team was organized by NIST through the auspices of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program and the Interagency Committee on Seismic Safety in Construction, to observe the damage, assess the performance of various types of engineering structures, and document the effects of the earthquake on the built environment: buildings, bridges, and lifeline systems.
	fire.nist.gov /bfrlpubs/build94/art021.html (188 words)

	Performance of Two Reservoirs during 1994 Northridge Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The 1994 Northridge Earthquake affected two geotechnical structures of the Van Norman Complex, the Los Angeles Reservoir (LAR) and the Power Plant Tailrace, in different ways.
		Both the Los Angeles Dam and North Dike of the LAR slightly moved and settled, and sustained small superficial cracks.
		The Northridge Earthquake uplifted and shifted the foundation of the LAR by 30 cm, and provided us with a unique example of tectonic effects on embankments.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?9604346 (182 words)

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