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Topic: 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake

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	ScienceDaily: 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		MIT Researchers Monitoring Earthquakes In Turkey Say Istanbul Could Be Next Target (August 19, 1999) -- This week's earthquake, which killed hundreds in northwestern Turkey, increased the likelihood of a future earthquake near the metropolis of Istanbul by increasing the forces on the fault just south...
		Earthquake Damages Neighboring Fault, UCLA And USC Scientists Report (February 3, 2003) -- The 1999 magnitude 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake, in the Mojave Desert near Los Angeles, damaged the fault that broke in the 7.3 magnitude Landers earthquake seven years earlier, report John Vidale,...
		Turkey is set on a minor tectonic plate which is being squeezed westwards as the Arabian and the Eurasian plates...
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/1999_Izmit,_Turkey_Earthquake (1450 words)

	1999 İzmit earthquake - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This westward propagation of earthquakes then slowed and ruptured an additional adjacent 100 km of fault in events in 1957 and 1967, with separated activity further west during 1963 and 1964.
		The earthquake had a rupture length of 150 kilometers (93 miles) from the city of Düzce to all the way into the Sea of Marmara along the Gulf of İzmit.
		The Anatolian Plate which consists primarily of Turkey is being pushed west about 2-2.5 cm/yr (0.8-1.0 in), as it is squeezed between the Eurasian Plate on the north, and both the African Plate and the Arabian Plate on the south.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1999_Izmit,_Turkey_Earthquake (843 words)

	The Earthquake of November 12, 1999 in Turkey.
		The epicenter of the November 12, 1999 earthquake was at 40.8 N, 31.6 E (Strasburg Geodynamic Institute) in the Duze region, near the city of Bolu, which is about 170 Km southeast of Istanbul and approximately 45 miles east of the region hit by the August earthquake.
		The earthquake of November 12, 1999 occurred on the northern branch of NAFZ and broke a 60-80 km segment between Duze and Bolu.
		The November 12, 199 earthquake was a different major earthquake and not an aftershock of the August 17, 1999 earthquake to the east.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/4870/Earthquake1999Turkey2.html (1911 words)

	ScienceDaily: 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		MIT Researchers Monitoring Earthquakes In Turkey Say Istanbul Could Be Next Target (August 19, 1999) -- This week's earthquake, which killed hundreds in northwestern Turkey, increased the likelihood of a future earthquake near the metropolis of Istanbul by increasing the forces on the fault just south...
		Earthquake Damages Neighboring Fault, UCLA And USC Scientists Report (February 3, 2003) -- The 1999 magnitude 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake, in the Mojave Desert near Los Angeles, damaged the fault that broke in the 7.3 magnitude Landers earthquake seven years earlier, report John Vidale,...
		Turkey is set on a minor tectonic plate which is being squeezed westwards as the Arabian and the Eurasian plates...
	sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/1999_Izmit,_Turkey_Earthquake (1450 words)

	The Earthquake and Tsunami of August 17, 1999 in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey - by Dr. George Pararas-Carayannis
		Its epicenter was in the Gulf of Izmit.
		The August 17, 1999 Izmit earthquake was the eleventh of such a series that have broken segments of the NAF, in both eastward and westward direction.
		Although the earthquake involved primarily horizontal ground displacements, slumping and landslides triggered tsunami waves which were particularly damaging in the Gulf of Izmit, perhaps because of convergence and a funneling effect.
	www.drgeorgepc.com /Tsunami1999Turkey.html (2497 words)

	Izmit Earthquake
		The earthquake occurred at 3:02 am local time, when most people were in their homes and prone to the effects of the earthquake.
		Turkey had experienced earthquakes with comparable magnitudes before, all of which occurred in rural areas where the population density was very low.
		A significant property of the Izmit earthquake is the notion of seismic gap, regions on the fault line where no significant earthquakes have occurred in the recent past.
	www.ce.jhu.edu /eozkan/EQ.htm (784 words)

	Earthquakes in Turkey - All About Turkey
		The Izmit earthquake occurred at 03:02 local time, and was centered at 40.702° N., 29.987° E., which places the epicenter about 11 kilometers, or seven miles, southeast of the city of Izmit.
		Earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault are caused by the northwards motion of the Arabian plate against the Eurasian plate, squeezing the small Turkish micro plate westwards.
		The small Turkish micro plate is bounded on the east by the East Anatolian fault zone (EAFZ), on the north by the North Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ), on the west by a diffuse zone of deformation surrounding the greater Aegean region, and on the south by the Hellenic and Cyprus arcs.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /deprem.htm (1976 words)

	Turkey, Izmit Earthquake
		The August 17, 1999 earthquake is the latest in a sequence of large events that have occurred this century, and which have ruptured a nearly 1000-km-long section of the NAFZ.
		This sequence began with the 1939 Erzincan earthquake, followed by a generally westward progression of earthquakes in 1942, 1943, 1944, 1951, 1957, 1967, and finally the 1999 Izmit earthquake.
		The overall mapped length of the 1999 rupture, along with the measured amounts of strike slip, are consistent with initial estimates of moment.
	www.scec.org /earthquakes/turkey.html (1130 words)

	Turkey - Tsunami Generation of the Kocaeli Earthquake of August 17, 1999 in Izmit Bay; coastal observations, bathymetry ...
		The tectonic basins in the Izmit Bay were created by the EW compressional and NS tensional forces resulted as a response to the kinematical block displacements at active zones (Barka and Kadinsky-Cade 1988; Kurtuluþ, 1990; Barka, 1992).
		The Kocaeli earthquake (00:01:39.80 UTC, August 17 th 1999) of magnitude Mw=7.4 occurred on the northern strand of the North Anatolian Fault Zone with a macroseismic epicenter near the town of Gölcük (40.702 N, 29.987 E).
		The field observations indicate that the earthquake produced at least 125 km of surface rupture and right-lateral offsets as large as 4.2 m with an average of 2.7 m.
	www.drgeorgepc.com /TsunamiTurkey.html (3189 words)

	Major Earthquake in Turkey--Aug 17 at 3:02 AM local time in Turkey
		Although this is the largest earthquake in the epicentral region in this century, the region of the earthquake has a long history of destructive earthquakes.
		Earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault are caused by the northwards motion of the Arabian plate against the
		The small Turkish microplate is bounded on the east by the East Anatolian fault zone (EAFZ), on the north by the North Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ), on the west by a diffuse zone of deformation surrounding the greater Aegean region, and on the south by the Hellenic and Cyprus arcs.
	equake.geol.vt.edu /acourses/4154/turkey.html (1120 words)

	Geological Society of America - GSA Today - v. 10, no. 1, January 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Izmit earthquake represents the latest in a series of major (M >6.7) earthquakes this century that collectively resulted in surface breaks along a 1000 km section of the North Anatolian fault (Ambraseys, 1970; Toksoz et al., 1979; Barka, 1996; Fig.
		The tectonic framework of the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region is dominated by the collision of the Arabian and African plates with Eurasia (e.g., McKenzie, 1970; Jackson and McKenzie, 1988).
		The 1999 Izmit earthquake, on a fault segment specifically identified as a seismic gap (Toksoz et al., 1979; Stein et al., 1997), appears to be a continuation of the westward migrating historic earthquake sequence.
	www.geosociety.org /pubs/gsatoday/gsat0001.htm (2970 words)

	The 17 August 1999 Izmit Earthquake
		The nearest major city affected by the earthquake was Izmit at the eastern end of the Marmara Sea, but the earthquake also caused considerable damage in Istanbul, about 70 km away from the earthquake's epicenter [HN5].
		The 17 August 1999 earthquake was the seventh in a sequence of earthquakes migrating westward along the North Anatolian fault [HN11] and caused a 1000-km rupture.
		The 17 August 1999 earthquake increased the earthquake risk on the Yalova segment, that is, the western continuation of the northern strand toward the Marmara Sea, and the Düzce-Bolu segment at the eastern part of the Düzce-Hendek fault.
	www.med.ege.edu.tr /~norolbil/1999/barka.html (2455 words)

	Abstract article A joint analysis of GPS motions ..... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A joint analysis of GPS motions and InSAR to infer the coseismic surface deformation of the Izmit, Turkey Earthquake.
		From a joint analysis of GPS and InSAR data we have determined the kinematic coseismic surface deformation of the August 17 1999, Izmit (Turkey) earthquake in terms of strain, rotation and fault slip.
		Finally, we deduce that the Izmit earthquake has released most of the strain which has accumulated since the last main event on this stretch of the North Anatolian fault in 1719.
	www.geo.uu.nl /~bos/abstracts/izmit.html (227 words)

	Izmit, Turkey: Introduction and Damage Survey
		Turkey has had a long history of large earthquakes that often occur in progressive adjacent earthquakes.
		This westward propagation of earthquakes then slowed and ruptured an additional adjacent 100 km of fault in events in 1957 and 1967, with separated activity further west during 1963 and 1964.
		The August 17, 1999 event fills in a 100 to 150 km long gap between the 1967 event and the 1963 and 1964 events.
	earthquake.usgs.gov /research/geology/turkey/index.php (569 words)

	Turkey Izmit
		Turkey, Izmit Earthquake: SCEC Geologic Investigations of the August 17, 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake.
		Izmit is a sizeable city (population about 200,000) in northwestern Turkey that was once the ancient Nicomedia.
		The north-western region of Turkey was shaken at 3:02 a.m.
	www.asiaminor.com /turkey_izmit.html (530 words)

	Abstract EGS 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Coseismic surface deformation and earthquake complexity: The August 17 1999 Izmit, Turkey earthquake.
		In a joint analysis of GPS and InSAR data the surface deformation field of the August 17 1999 Izmit (Turkey) earthquake has been determined in terms of strain, rotation and fault motion.
		The transition between the quadrants is not centered on the epicenter, but shifted eastward north of the fault, to the longitude of Sapanca Lake, and westward south of the fault, to the longitude of the Yalova step-over.
	www.geo.uu.nl /~bos/pres_abstr/VMSG03.html (505 words)

	1999 turkey earthquake information -- 1999 turkey earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Psychological consequences of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey".
		The Earthquake and Tsunami of August 17, 1999 in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey...
		Earthquake and landslides kill 850 in El Salvador 1999 Earthquake kills 700 in Duzce, Turkey 1999 Earthquake kills 2,295 in central Taiwan 1999 Earthquake kills 17,000 in northwest Turkey 1999...
	www.senaearthquake.info /1999turkeyearthquake (1003 words)

	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 17 \| 1999: Turkey hit by huge earthquake
		The earthquake measuring six-point-seven on the Richter scale struck the industrialised town of Izmit in western Turkey at just after 0300 on Tuesday local time.
		Turkey's prime minister, Bulent Ecevit, has visited the devastated area and said the earthquake was the worst he had experienced.
		Turkey is plagued by earthquakes - generally minor - because of its location on the North Anatolian fault line.
	news.bbc.co.uk /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/17/newsid_2534000/2534245.stm (262 words)

	Source Rupture of the Aug. 17, 1999 Izmit/Turkey Earthquake
		For the Izmit earthquake, we obtained the seismic moment rate using theoretical Green's functions computed using the reflectivity method, and the focal parameters obtained by the Harvard group.
		The inversion suggests a bilateral rupture extending 50 km to the west and 60 km to the east of the hypocenter with its major slip occurring to the west (Figure 14.1, 14.2).
		In general, the determination of earthquake source parameters (moment tensor, hypocenter, and source-time function) by waveform inversion is a non-linear and multi-dimensional problem in which trade-offs between the parameters can be significant and complicated.
	seismo.berkeley.edu /annual_report/ar99_00/node18.html (1182 words)

	UNICEF - Earthquake in Turkey
		The provision of shelter to approximately 176,000 earthquake victims during the winter is one of the greatest challenges facing an ongoing relief effort by the Turkish government and humanitarian agencies.
		In consultation with the Government of Turkey, UNICEF is currently implementing a Recovery Plan for Turkish Children to respond in an integrated manner to the needs of children and women affected by the earthquake.
		This concept is based on the provision of an integrated set of services to meet the basic needs of children and their mothers in the areas of health, nutrition, education, water, sanitation, and psycho-social assistance.
	www.unicef.org /turkeyquake (1790 words)

	Catalog Page for PIA00557
		The images were collected by the European Space Agency's Remote Sensing satellite (ERS-2) on 13 August 1999 and 17 September 1999 and were combined to produce these image maps of the apparent surface deformation, or changes, during and after the 17 August 1999 Izmit, Turkey earthquake.
		This magnitude 7.6 earthquake was the largest in 60 years in Turkey and caused extensive damage and loss of life.
		Scientists are using the SAR interferometry along with other data collected on the ground to estimate the pattern of slip that occurred during the Izmit earthquake.
	photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov /catalog/PIA00557 (322 words)

	CNN.com - Turks mourn on anniversary of earthquake - August 17, 2000
		GOLCUK, Turkey -- It has been a year since a massive earthquake shattered Turkey's most populous and industrialized region, and early on Thursday thousands of Turks gathered in the darkness to mourn in sorrow and bitterness.
		More than 17,000 people were killed in the quake, crushed in their sleep or dying of wounds, dehydration or exhaustion as they lay trapped under the rubble of their homes.
		"The effects of the earthquakes that have struck Turkey in the last year will remain for many years to come, but we are committed to meeting the long-term needs of the vulnerable and helping people rebuild their lives," Doyle said.
	edition.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/europe/08/17/turkey.quakeanni/index.html (920 words)

	CNN - Turkey struggles to coordinate relief for epic-level disaster - August 20, 1999
		ISTANBUL, Turkey (CNN) -- The disaster enveloping Turkey after this week's 7.4-magnitude earthquake has reached a critical level: Tents, field hospitals, food and other essentials are needed, according to the International Red Cross.
		Amid the horrific scenes -- morgues overflowing with corpses, dead bodies stacked at an ice rink in Izmit, before being taken to the Turkish army's cold storage facilities -- there were uplifting moments, as survivors were plucked alive from the rubble.
		At its worst, the blaze at the 226,000 barrel per day plant at Izmit, close to the quake's epicenter, had spread to seven crude oil and naphtha storage tanks, sparking fears of a major explosion.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/europe/9908/20/turkey.quake.01 (1013 words)

	CNN.com - Survivors recall Turkey quake horror - August 16, 2000
		LONDON (CNN) -- Tens of thousands of earthquake survivors across Turkey will recall the horrors of a year ago on Thursday when their lives were changed forever in a 45-second tremor.
		Its epicentre was Izmit, 104 kilometres (65 miles) from Istanbul which also suffered the collapse of dozens of structures, causing up to $6.5 billion worth of damage.
		Doyle added: "The effects of the earthquakes that have struck Turkey in the last year will remain for many years to come but we are committed to meeting the long-term needs of the vulnerable and helping people rebuild their lives."
	edition.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/europe/08/16/turkey.quakeanni (901 words)

	IZMIT (Kocaeli), Turkey, Earthquake of August 17, 1999, including Duzce Earthquake of November 12, 1999: Lifeline ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		IZMIT (Kocaeli), Turkey, Earthquake of August 17, 1999, including Duzce Earthquake of November 12, 1999: Lifeline Performance
		The earthquake resulted in more than 15,000 deaths, 27,000 injuries and over 200,000 people left homeless in the stricken areas.
		There was also extensive fire damage to a refinery in the stricken area.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?0004098 (190 words)

	Online NewsHour: Earthquake In Turkey -- August 17, 1999
		The earthquake has also cut major roads, in one place causing sections of a motorway bridge to fall on top of a bus, inflicting still more casualties.
		Turkey's Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit has declared a state of emergency and is appealing for international help.
		ANDREW VEITCH: Tens of thousands have been killed by earthquakes in Turkey over the last 60 years, 145 died last year alone, and there was a quake in Cyprus just four days ago.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/middle_east/july-dec99/earthquake_8-17.html (918 words)

	Aftershock Activity of the 1999 Izmit, Turkey, Earthquake Revealed from Microearthquake Observations -- Ito et al. 92 ...
		Aftershock Activity of the 1999 Izmit, Turkey, Earthquake Revealed from Microearthquake Observations -- Ito et al.
		earthquake was obtained by using the data from a local seismic
		P-wave Velocity Structure of the Crust and Its Relationship to the Occurrence of the 1999 Izmit, Turkey, Earthquake and Aftershocks
	www.bssaonline.org /cgi/content/abstract/92/1/418 (363 words)

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