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Topic: 19th century BCE

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	Elam - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		After two centuries for which little is known, the Middle Elamite period opened with the rise to power of the Anzanite dynasty, whose homeland probably lay in the mountains northeast of Khuzestan.
		to the north of Elam, is attested from the 9th century BC in Assyrian texts.
		The rise of the Achaemenids in the 6th century BC brought an end to the existence of Elam as an independent political power "but not as a cultural entity" (Encyclopedia Iranica, Columbia University).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Elam (2664 words)

	Jerusalem
		In 538 BCE Persian armies defeated the Babylonian forces, and the descendants of the exiles were allowed to return to Judah and to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem.
		This fifth century temple was the second temple; the first temple, built by Solomon in the middle of the tenth century BCE, was destroyed by the Babylonians in 587 BCE.
		After Saladin defeated the Crusaders in 1187 Islamic rulers resided in the Citadel, and by the 19th century the minaret in the southwest corner was known as the Tower of David.
	www.christian-bible.com /Ethics/jerusalem.htm (9933 words)

	history
		The lower city was founded in approximately the 18th century BCE (Middle Bronze Age) and continued to be settled until the 13th century (the end of the Late Bronze Age) when both the upper and lower city were violently destroyed.
		A six chambered gate and casemate wall of the 10th century BCE can most probably be attributed to King Solomon (Kings 1, 9:15), during whose reign only the western part of the upper city was occupied.
		During the 7th - 2nd century BCE settlement was confined only to the citadels which were erected in the western extremity of the upper city.
	unixware.mscc.huji.ac.il /~hatsor/history.htm (704 words)

	Reading_1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		By about the 14th century, B.C.E., the sealed papyrus document confirming a transaction was replaced by a different type of document, written by a scribe, witnessed, and executed in such a way that it could not be changed and thus did not need to be sealed.
		The 19th century recovery of the inscriptions of a law code in the city of Gortyn in southern Crete, dated between 600 and 400, B.C.E., reveals a relatively enlightened law that may indeed have influenced Greek lawgivers.
		By the sixth century, B.C.E., evidence suggests that the Spartan assemblies were issuing documentary legislative enactments, perhaps in a two-stage procedure by which the measures were first introduced by councils for consideration and then adopted at the assemblies.
	www.law2.byu.edu /thomas/legal_history/reading_1.html (18384 words)

	Heritage
		Egyptian texts from the 20th and 19th century refer to the city as Urushalimun and later Egyptian texts call it Urusalim, meaning "the god Salem is its founder."
		In about the 4th century CE Christian monks identified Jebal Musa at the southern extreme of the Sinai peninsula as the most probable location and built a monastery here.
		At a crossroads of major routes leading from Nineveh to the Mediterranean and to Anatolia, Haran was a major commercial center from the 19th century BCE.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/heritage/episode1/atlas/map1.html (624 words)

	Controversy over the use of CE and BCE to identify dates in history
		BCE stands for "Before the common era." It is expected to eventually replace BC, which means "Before Christ," or "Before the Messiah.
		Most theologians and religious historians believe that the approximate birth date of Yeshua of Nazareth (Jesus) was in the fall, sometime between 7 and 4 BCE, although we have seen estimates as late as 4 CE and as early as the second century BCE.
		Although CE and BCE were originally used mainly within theological writings, the terms are gradually receiving greater usage in secular writing, the media, and in the culture generally.
	www.religioustolerance.org /bce.htm (1747 words)

	Boii - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Historians in the 19th and earlier 20th centuries also sometimes linked the Boii to the origins of the Bavarians, (Lat.
		Sometime between 100 and 44 BCE, Caius Julius Caesar refers to the Boii in his work, De Bello Gallico.
		Sometime between 59 BCE and 17 CE, in volume 21 of his work The History of Rome, Titus Livius (Livy) says that it was a Boii that offered to show Hannibal the way across the Alps.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Boii (395 words)

	About Family Travel - Tel Aviv Sights and Museums
		At the end of the 19th century, Jewish immigrants started to come, and although the town was populated mainly by Arabs, it became the main entrance for Jews into the country and a basis for the establishment of Tel -Aviv.
		In the year 125 BCE this Samaritan temple was destroyed by Yochanan Horkenos the Hasmonean (on the east side of the mountain the only thing left are the stairs leading to that temple).
		Afterwards it fell to the Byzantines and the Crusaders, and subsequently to the Arabs.
	www.about-family-travel.com /travel/israel_tel_aviv.htm (4160 words)

	ShatteredProtoSinaitictablet
		At the turn of the 20th century CE, archaeologists found a number of these inscriptions on shattered stones amongst the scree or debris which fell from the sides of mountains due to the eroding effects of mother nature.
		Noting T. Eric Peet's observation (1923) that the Jahwist traditions preserved in the Hebrew Bible are the oldest and possibly of the 9th century BCE, I have accordingly "linked" the Jahwist tradition of the 9th century BCE with 9th century BCE Judaean presence in the Southern Sinai.
		The fact that identical alphabetic symbols were already used in Canaan in the 19th century BCE not only points to the specific locale of their origin but completely eleiminates the possibility (as has been suggested in the past) that the alphabet was invented in the southern Sinai (Cross 1967).
	www.bibleorigins.net /ShatteredProtoSinaitictablet.html (6046 words)

	ArtLex on Egyptian Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Statue of Amenemhat III (reigned 1850-1800 BCE), 19th century BC, diorite-gneiss, height 86.5 cm, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia.
		Egypt, 203 BCE, Rosetta Stone, a slab of granite, 3 feet 9 inches x 2 feet 4 inches wide x 11 inches thick (118 x 77cm), the remains of a stele inscribed in three scripts: hieroglyphic, later Egyptian demotic -- a cursive form of ancient Egyptian, and ancient Greek.
		Carved on the stone is a decree by Egyptian priests to commemorate the crowning of Ptolemy V Epiphanes, king of Egypt from 203 - 181 BCE The Stone is an icon of script and decipherment.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/e/egyptian.html (1006 words)

	5th century BC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 5th century BC started on January 1, 500 BC and ended on December 31, 401 BC.
		The 5th and 4th centuries BC are a period of philosophical brilliance among advanced civilizations, particularly the Greeks.
		In Athens and elsewhere in the Mediterranean world, the 5th century marks a high point in the development of political institutions, art, architecture, and literature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/5th_century_BCE (2620 words)

	ArtLex on Mesopotamian art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		2700 BCE are fine examples of the way Sumerian sculpture is typically based on cones and cylinders -- arms and legs like pipes, skirts smooth and round, flaring out at their bottoms.
		The massive and highly stylized bird is shown with a plump body and flaring tail, and easily transcends its original and somewhat prosaic function.
		Medes, the land she came from was green, rugged and mountainous, and she found the flat, sun-baked terrain of Mesopotamia depressing, so the king decided to recreate her homeland by building an artificial mountain with rooftop gardens.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/m/mesopotamian.html (1990 words)

	Bible Chronology
		Born in 2970 BCE, he was the first great patriarch of the post-Flood society and the common ancestor of all mankind born after the Flood.
		Born in 2333 BCE, he was the son of Arpachshad, the father of Eber, and the third generation from Noah.
		Born in 2008 BCE, she was the daughter of Terah and the half-sister and wife of Abraham.
	betterdaysarecoming.com /chron/chronology.html (11914 words)

	Ebon Musings: Let the Stones Speak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Most intriguingly, a papyrus dating to the reign of Ramesses II states that a group of people called "Apiru" or "Hebiru", who seem to have been Semite in origin, were employed in "hauling stones to the great pylon" of one of the city's temples (Wente 1992a, p.
		The group known as the Apiru was first recognized in 1888, mentioned in a letter written in 1375 BCE by Abdi-Hepa, the king of Canaanite Jerusalem (Lemche 1992, p.
		The pottery of the middle fortress dates to the eighth and seventh centuries, though the agent of its destruction is less clear.
	ebonmusings.org /atheism/otarch2.html (11041 words)

	Eikon: Object Detail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		With the rise of the Romans, Palmyra took on the role of the middleman between the Romans and the territories east of the Roman Empire, such as Parthia.
		During the 1st and 2nd centuries CE Palmyra flourished, becoming very wealthy and achieving a formidable size of approximately seven miles in diameter.
		The third century CE was a time of political turmoil for Palmyra, as it lost some of its dominance over the local trade routes and also revolted against Rome in the latter part of the century.
	research.yale.edu:8084 /divdl/eikon/objectdetail.jsp?objectid=4444 (327 words)

	Diamonds \| American Museum of Natural History
		The custom was continued and Christianized by the 4th century, demonstrated by St. Augustine's imploring priests to permit weddings without the exchange of rings.
		Byzantine wedding rings are thick gold bands with round or oval bezels depicting the couple face to face, or receiving Christ's blessing on their union.
		The significance of the wedding ring was clearly defined in the 7th century by the bishop and chronicler Isidore of Seville (c.
	www.amnh.org /exhibitions/diamonds/love.html (226 words)

	18th Century Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the early 20th century Paris was the most important Western art center and today New York City is an international art center.
		The art of the eighteenth century, however, varied greatly according to nation of origin and decade.
		By the end of the century France would be embroiled in revolution, while changes in 18th- and early-19th-century England occurred more gradually and with less violence.
	www.bluffton.edu /~humanities/art/18c (280 words)

	Ninteenth Century: History Bookshop.com
		BCE to c 500 CE 500 - c 1000 CE 1000 CE - c 1500
		This site is powered by the Secure Trading payment system which means that your credit card details are fully encrypted using the most sophisticated e-payment software.
		Yet by the close of the nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had brought with it not just factories, railways, mines and machines but also brought fashion, travel, leisure and pleasure.
	www.historybookshop.com /19th-century.asp (783 words)

	BikeAbout Trip Log: January 13, 1998
		Herod lived from 73–4 BCE and was King of Judea (thus, King of the Jews) from the year 37 BCE until his death.
		In 538 BCE, the former inhabitants who had been forced out of Jerusalem by its defeat were allowed to return by King Cyrus of Persia.
		Under the Omayyid Dynasty (whose capital was in Damascus), and for the rest of the seventh century, Jerusalem flourished.
	www.bikeabout.org /journal/notes_54.htm (4073 words)

	How Did This Get Started (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The earliest records of astrology date back to the Babylonian Empire in the 19th century BCE, when people were attempting to correlate events like famine and war with other events they observed in the skies.
		Babylonian priest were regularly called upon to use their connections with the gods to predict the future, and their two principle means were inspecting the liver of a specially sacrificed animal and reading omens in the sky.
		Between 612 and 539 BCE, the sky was divided into twelve sections containing thirty degrees each, constituting the twelve sign of the zodiac.
	www.birdnest.org /tates1/history.htm (311 words)

	[No title]
		Ceramic shards found near the Gihon Spring are the earliest remains found to date at the site of ancient Jerusalem, the small slope east of the Dung Gate known as the City of David.
		However, there are no remains at the City of David for hundreds of years from the second half of the third millennium BCE Apparently Jerusalem was destroyed and rebuilt in the first half of the middle Bronze Age.
		Jerusalem is first mentioned in the Egyptian execration texts (20-19th century BCE), when Egypt ruled Canaan.
	www.biu.ac.il /JS/rennert/history_2.html (1802 words)

	ANCIENT EGYPT : The impact of Ancient Egypt on Greek philosophy : Memphite & Theban thought
		This period is subdivided on the basis of the pottery or the rebuilding of the palaces.
		1450 BCE) and caused the elaboration of Greek Linear B based on Cretan Linear A, which is not a Greek language as evidenced by the few tablets found in Linear A (for example, the word for "total" -often used in administrative texts- cannot be understood as the archaic matrix of a Greek word).
		Beginning in the 9th century, the independence of Phoenicia was increasingly threatened by the advance of Assyria, the kings of which several times exacted tribute and took control of parts or all of Phoenicia.
	www.sofiatopia.org /maat/hermes1.htm (13813 words)

	A Heinlein Concordance
		Member of the community of Jews who were not deported by the Assyrian conquerors of the kingdom of Israel in 722 BCE, but remained in Samaria, the central region of ancient Palestine.
		During the 19th and into the 20th century, the magazine was one of the most popular in the nation; it published the original works of prominent authors, and illustrations from such notable artists as N.C. Wyeth and Norman Rockwell.
		His plays, written for a repertory theater in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, are today translated into many languages and performed throughout the world.
	pw1.netcom.com /~mecowan/hc/real/s_real.htm (3574 words)

	Historical Issues in the Pentateuch by John McDermott
		With the rise of the critical approach to the Bible in the 18th and 19th centuries, interpreters began to develop new theories about the composition of the Pentateuch.
		Therefore, if Solomon ruled sometime in the 10th century BCE, the last generation in Genesis must have been in the 19th century BCE.
		The dates mentioned above would give a date for the exodus in the 15th or 16th century BCE, depending on whether 1 Kings 6:1 is followed or the other periods mentioned are added up.
	www.bibleinterp.com /articles/Pentateuch.htm (1920 words)

	1st century BC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century
		The 1st century BC started on January 1, 100 BC and ended on December 31, 1 BC.
		An alternative name for this century is the last century BC.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1st_century_BCE (306 words)

	ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE BIBLE
		It is also the century in which the first efforts were made to create an alphabet suited to the language of the Western Semites.
		Proto-Sinaitic arose sometime between 1900 and 1800 BCE among Semitic mercenary soldiers in Egypt and Semitic workers in Egyptian turqoise mines in the Sinai peninsula.
		However, the word, or at least one like it, is found in a number of other Semitic languages during the twelfth and eleventh centuries BCE to refer to foreigners who crossed into the settled areas, a social caste of non-urban nomads as habiru.
	cc.usu.edu /~fath6/patriarchs.htm (7651 words)

	Hittite language
		Hittite language was introduced to Anatolia and northern Syria in the beginning of the 19th century BCE.
		Elements from Proto-Indo-European languages did survive for centuries, however.
		The sources to Hittite language occur in 2 variations, cuneiform and hieroglyphic.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/hittite_lang.htm (203 words)

	Higgaion » 2006 » February
		This is a fascinating text, apparently from the 8th century BCE, discovered in the year of my birth, 1967.
		The text seems to indicate that in the eighth century BCE, at least some folk in Transjordan were worshiping, or at least telling stories about, El and his divine council, which included a goddess named Shagar-and-Ishtar and which was opposed to a group of malevolent deities called the shaddayin.
		Many biblical manuscripts were among the Dead Sea Scrolls, and these manuscripts testify both to the commonalities and the divergences of the various text-types current in the first centuries BCE and CE.
	www.heardworld.com /higgaion/?m=200602 (8289 words)

	ALA \| B.C.E.
		B.C.E. Book Burning B.C.E. "Where they have burned books, they will end in burning human beings." (German: "Dort, wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man am Ende auch Menschen.")—Heinrich Heine, from his play Almansor (1821)
		The Burning of the Books, 213 B.C.E. Links to non-ALA sites have been provided because these sites may have information of interest.
		Neither the American Library Association nor the Office for Intellectual Freedom necessarily endorses the views expressed or the facts presented on these sites; and furthermore, ALA and OIF do not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on these sites.
	www.ala.org /ala/oif/bannedbooksweek/bookburning/bce/bce.htm (122 words)

	Cuneiform Inscriptions of the University of Minnesota
		These documents include sixteen administrative records from various cities of Sumer in the Ur III period (late 3rd millennium BCE), and three short royal inscriptions from the cities of Isin and Uruk in the early Old Babylonian period (early 2nd millennium BCE).
		king of Uruk in the early 19th century BCE, one cone and one tablet with nearly identical texts recording the construction of his palace.
		He was very active in the first few decades of the twentieth century, and is responsible for most of the small cuneiform collections at universities, seminaries, and museums around the country.
	special.lib.umn.edu /rare/cuneiform/index.html (988 words)

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