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Topic: 1st millennium BCE

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Iron Age

	1st millennium BC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of successive empires.
		Towards the close of the millennium, the Han Dynasty extends Chinese power towards Central Asia, where it borders on Indo-Greek and Iranian states.
		World population greatly increases in the course of the millennium, reaching some 170 to 400 million people at its close depending on the estimates used.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1st_millennium_BCE (519 words)

	Begram Web
		The architectural evidence from Begram provides a date of the 1st century CE for the construction of the buildings where the ivory and bone carvings were found.
		The discovery of the Tillya-tepe ivory comb dating to the 1st century BCE or, in some scholars’ opinion, to the early 1st century CE, suggests that commerce in Begram-type ivory and bone objects occurred at least that early and thus provides additional support for a possible 1st century CE date for the Begram objects themselves.
		Given the establishment of a consistent 1st century CE dating for all the comparative ivory and bone objects, however, the question in a comparison to stone monumental art should be not whether the ivories might conceivably be dated in separated eras, but rather whether they can be dated contemporaneously.
	www.ecai.org /begramweb/docs/BegramChapter5_3.htm (1901 words)

	Mykonos island - Mykonos and Delos maps and yacht charter guide
		After their displacement by Ionians in the 1st millennium BCE the island became the main centre of the cult of Apollo, and splendid games - said to have been originally established by Theseus - were held annually in honour of the god.
		BCE Peisistratos carried out a purification (catharsis) of the island by removing all tombs from the area round the sanctuary, and in a second purification in 426-425 BCE all births, deaths and burials on the island were prohibited and the existing tombs were removed to the neighbouring island of Rinia (Rhinia).
		In 314 BCE Delos asserted its independence of Athens and thereafter developed a prosperous trade which made it the economic centre of the archipelago.
	www.sailingissues.com /greekislands/mykonos.html (704 words)

	Paros island - Paros and Antiparos maps and yacht charter guide, sailing holidays Paros
		In the 1st millennium BCE the Ionian Greeks settled on Paros and made it a considerable sea-power, minting its own coins; in the 7th c.
		BCE Paros was celebrated for its school of sculptures.
		It was a member of the first Attic maritime league, and its unusually large contributions to the league (30 talents in 425 BCD) are evidence of the island's wealth in the 5th c.
	www.sailingissues.com /greekislands/paros.html (501 words)

	Global Networking Timeline: 30,000 BCE-999 CE
		3500 BCE - [M] A 10,000 km strong network of long-distance trade routes spans the seas (a total of 1,000 km) and lands (a total of 9,000 km) of Eurasia and Africa (reanalysis of Sherratt 2003 data in Ciolek, forthcoming).
		A second network (in addition to that established circa 4000 BCE in Mesopotamia), centered on north-eastern China, was established (Sherratt 2003).
		Distant signalling stations would use torches to indicate the beginning and end of the transmission, as well as which of the many possible water levels was to be noted down and interpreted according to a given codebook (James and Thorpe 1994, cited in Chang et al.
	www.ciolek.com /GLOBAL/early.html (2873 words)

	Megiddo - The Solomonic Chariot City
		A village had been established on the hill of Megiddo at the end of the 6th millennium BCE, but the first fortified urban settlement, remains of which were uncovered on bedrock in the eastern part of the tel, dates from the beginning of the 3rd millennium BCE.
		Towards the end of the 2nd millennium BCE, a new Canaanite temple was built on the ruins of its predecessors; it had especially thick walls and included a small cultic chamber with two towers protecting its façade.
		Toward the middle of the 2nd millennium, a new gate of unusually large dimensions, built of large ashlars on trimmed basalt foundations, was built in the city's northern wall.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Archaeology/Megiddo.html (2002 words)

	History of Dharma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		These documents are a triumph of the Hindu thought demonstrating the dynamism of the tenets of Dharma and the ability of the Hindu to adapt in the face of external influences and internal compulsions.
		millennium BCE) to honour the cremated remains of the dead.
		Another extraordinary perception of divinity is noted by archaeological discoveries of terracotta images of women with extraordinary head-dresses (some with hollow oil-lamps held on either side of the head-dress, apparenty used with wicks to light an eternal flame, in a recess on the wall – as a pu_ja_ space).
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/dharma/history1.htm (2271 words)

	The Origin Of The Zodiac
		The formal scheme of Babylonian constellations was established early in the 2nd millennium BCE to mark 3 equatorially-centred stellar paths.
		Circa the 5th-century BCE the Babylonian skywatchers needed a suitable frame of reference to indicate the positions of the Moon and the planets between the stars along the path of the ecliptic.
		Circa 420 BCE the Babylonians substituted the original 12 constellations forming the zodiacal scheme with a sidereal scheme of twelve equal divisions of the ecliptic comprising 30º segments.
	members.optusnet.com.au /~gtosiris/page9a.html (3125 words)

	Decalogue7thcentBCE
		1446 BCE and therefore argues that the Decalogue is a creation of the 2nd millennium BCE.
		Their conclusions are that while some of the concepts can be identified in 2nd millennium BCE contexts, there are other aspects preserved in the book of Deuteronomy that are attested ONLY in a late 1st millennium BCE environment.
		Judges and Samuel chonologies), nor with a 1446 BCE Exodus (1 Kings 6:1), nor with a Ramesside Exodus of the 13/12th century BCE.
	www.bibleorigins.net /Decalogue7thcentBCE.html (1506 words)

	CainNimrod
		While he was successful in identifying many of Genesis' personal names as appearing in 2d millennium BCE contexts, he hit a brick wall with "Cain." His research concluded that Cain, Hebrew qayin/qyn was most probably derived from a South Arabic onomastic environment.
		Hess was able to identify qyn as an "administrator's title" in Old South Arabic inscriptions, it appearing in Sabaean and Qatabanian inscriptions of the 1st millennium BCE. He also noted that epigraphic sources for the Old South Arabian inscriptions do not exist for 2d millennium BCE times.
		Two names appearing in Genesis, Cain and Nimrod, are unattested in second millennium BCE sources according to Hess, they appear only in first millennium BCE contexts, from the mid-first millenium BCE to the 1st century BCE. It is my opinion that Moses did not write Genesis and the Pentateuch ca.
	www.bibleorigins.net /CainNimrod.html (1866 words)

	The Myth of Babylonian Knowledge of Precession
		The cuneiform tablet evidence clearly establishes that it was the astronomy of the Mul.Apin scheme (circa 1000 BCE) that established the preconditions for the importance of the ecliptic and the establishment of the Babylonian zodiacal scheme which was later adopted by the Greeks.
		Its use is evidenced in administrative texts from Uruk III at the end of the 4th millennium BCE and from Jemdet Nasr throughout the 3rd millennium BCE.
		In the Astrolabes of the late 2nd millennium BCE the first day of the first month of the year, the first of Nisan (= March/April), was marked by the approximate conjunction of the first visible crescent Moon with the star group Mul.Iku (= The Field).
	members.optusnet.com.au /~gtosiris/page9f.html (5115 words)

	11. Intro Sumerian Kinglist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Early Dynastic period ran from 2900 BCE to 2370 BCE and it is this period for which we begin to have more reliable written accounts although some of the great kings of this era later evolved mythic tales about them and were deified.
		Around 2500 BCE: King Lugalanemundu of Adab extends Sumer to cover the area from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea, bordering the Taurus mountains in the north, and the Zagros mountains in the east.
		Before the beginning of the 2d millennium BCE the Amorites, Semitic nomads from the desert to the west of Sumer and Akkad, invaded the kingdom.
	www.earth-history.com /Earth-11.htm (9912 words)

	Canaan & Ancient Israel @ University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
		The cuneiform script was first developed by the Sumerians, but in the 3rd millennium BCE the Akkadians began using the script to write their language.
		Unlike cuneiform, however, the hieroglyphic pictographs were never stylized into linear symbols and use of hieroglyphics continued until the late 1st millennium BCE.
		Although writing began in the 4th millennium BCE, alphabetic writing was a much later development.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /Canaan/Writing.html (601 words)

	Early history - Memory Alpha - A Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This article details the timeline since the 5th Millennium BCE until the 16th century.
		CE: 1st Millennium CE / 2nd Millennium CE
		1st Century CE According to religious (and some historical) texts, Jesus Christ is born between 4 BCE and 2 CE.
	memory-alpha.org /en/wiki/Early_History (1673 words)

	christianity_unique
		Krishna, according to the Hindu Ramayana written c.300 BCE, was said to be the "full measure of the godhead." Compare this to Colossians 2:9 in the New Testament: "For in him [Jesus] dwelleth all the fullness of the Godhead bodily." (KJV) The Bhagavad-Gita (lit.
		"Song of the Lord or Blessed One") written during the 1st millennium BCE states that the God-man Krishna was miraculously born to a virgin, and his birth was attended by shepherds and angels.
		For instance, the Akkadian "Atrahasis Epic" and "Enuma Elish" from early in the 2nd Millennium BCE are cosmogonic myths detailing creation with striking similarities to the Genesis account.
	www.homestead.com /songsinthenight/christianity_unique.html (1644 words)

	European Religions
		The 1st millennium BCE saw the expansion of the Celtic peoples throughout Europe, reaching as far north as Britain by 450 BCE to be followed by incursions by pre-Christian Germanic tribes such as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, during the first millennium CE.
		Jewish communities in Egypt were Hellenized under Alexander the Great in the 4th Century BCE, Greek replacing Aramaic as their language, and some Jews formed communities in Greece.
		Judea became a vassal of the Roman Empire in 63 BCE, and with the growth of the Empire, the Jewish people spread throughout Europe.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/europe/geness.html (1795 words)

	Kayseri
		Near Kayseri lies the ancient Hittite-Assyrian city of Kanesh, dating back to the 3rd millennium BCE, which holds thousands of clay tablets with cuneiform inscriptions, telling us about the economic life of the period.
		Its earliest recorded name was Mazaca from the 1st millennium BCE, while its Cappadocian kings called it Eusebia.
		1st century BCE: Sacked by the Armenian king Tigranes 1.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/kayseri.htm (376 words)

	zoananachronisms
		Evidently the Pentateuch's narrator understands that Zo'an and Hebron were in existence in the 3rd millennium and certainly no later than the 2nd millennium BCE when the Exodus is stated to have occurred.
		Scholars have determined that the earliest mention of Zo'an in Egyptian records is of the 13th century BCE, and that it appears again as a minor provincial town in the 12th century.
		In 727 BCE the capital was moved to Sais under Pharaoh Tefnakht, founder of the 22nd Dynasty who reigned ca.
	www.homestead.com /bibleorigins*net/zoananachronisms.html (1969 words)

	Samovila-Yemaya
		The statue of the Goddess figure on the left is from Kerguilly en Dinéault, Finistère, France, 1st century BCE - 1st century CE.
		Her necklace is from Deir el-Balah, 14th-13th century BCE; her earring is from a falcon pendant from Tell el-Ajjul, mid 2nd millennium BCE.
		She holds an oil lamp from 1st century Pompeii and wears a Roman earring from the 3rd-4th centuries.
	www.goddessmyths.com /Samovila-Yemaya.html (1500 words)

	The Nine Steps To Heaven (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Babylonian ziggurats or temple-towers of the 1st millennium BCE displayed a marked tendency to count exactly seven stages.
		As this stupendous plasma formation was the prototype for the axis mundi remembered in world mythology, the layered heavens and the tiered mountains and buildings are understood as commemorative symbols of the stratified plasma column.
		The respective seven- and ninefold towers were produced in widely divergent periods: the stepped pyramids of Egypt were very ancient, but the sevenfold towers of Babylonia are not attested until 2,000 BCE at the very earliest, whilst the Meso-American parallels often date from less than 1,000 years ago.
	www.rense.com /general65/nine.htm (751 words)

	Interview with Professor Megalommatis - Part I
		millennium BCE) which is the period of the Classical Egyptian that is taught through the famous method of the ‘Egyptian Grammar’ of Sir Alan Gardiner.
		It is in Elam around 1850 BCE, when the forefathers of the Indo-European Greeks were still structured in semi-barbaric and possibly cannibalistic societies, that we attest the system of the elected Sukkalmahhu, the Elamite mayors’ council that rules Elam in present day SE Iraq and SW Iran without the existence of a king.
		That city took the Phoenician ideals further on to the Tyrrhenian Sea, Sicily, Sardinia, the North-Western African coast in the Mediterranean, the Iberian coasts either in the Mediterranean or in the Atlantic, and the Atlantic coasts of Northwestern Africa.
	www.voicefinfinne.org /English/Interviews/Interview_Mega3.htm (7692 words)

	THE PAGAN ORIGINS OF BIBLICAL MORALITY
		So says a 3rd millennium BCE text, "Counsels of Wisdom," (1) a sort of Ann Landers column from the Mesopotamian (Iraqi) land of Akkad.
		There is no single collection of Bronze Age (3rd and 2nd millenniums BCE) moral principles, but the concerns of pre-Biblical peoples are scattered throughout their literature.
		A 15th-14th century BCE Mesopotamian town complains to a king about a gang of corrupt officials (including the mayor) committing various acts of theft, assault and battery, adultery (or rape), and kidnapping.
	nosha.secularhumanism.net /essays/sierichs6.html (3904 words)

	Atlantis in the Andes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the Grave Creek burial mound in West Virginia, a clay tablet was found with an inscription in ancient Celto-Iberian exchanging greetings from the Queen of a Celtic culture to the east and the king of the local Hopewell nation.
		The Egyptians may have traveled as far as Australia in the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE, where the cartouche of Rajedef, the son of Khufu of Great Pyramid fame, has been found carved in stone in the desert outback.
		One of these was the "land of the copper mountain," as the inscription reads on the porch of her mortuary tomb on the west bank at Luxor.
	www.aethyrea.com /aethyrea.com/chap9c.html (3503 words)

	Egypt 2001
		Egyptian prehistory has been traced by archeologists back to the 7th millennium CE, while records suggest that the legendary First Dynasty of Pharaonic Egypt began to reign in the 29th century BCE.
		From the 1st millennium BCE on, though, Egypt became a province of other empires -- first the Persian, then the Hellenistic, then the Roman, then the Byzantine.
		Egypt also maintains an extensive network of museums containing relics from across Egypt dating back as early as the 4th millennium BCE, of which the most notable is the National Museum of Egypt in Cairo.
	www.ahtg.net /TpA/egy2001.html (8231 words)

	mali
		It is essential to not only recognize the achievements of these Western African civilizations, but also to ponder what happened to these centers of trade and education in just the last few centuries.
		Between 800 BCE - 200 CE, there emerged what came to be called the Nok civilization.
		This civilization, based on cultivated agriculture, is notable for its knowledge of iron, and in particular its achievements of terra cotta art and craftsmanship.
	www.hcc.hawaii.edu /distance/hist151/mali.htm (1984 words)

	Thelemapedia: The Encyclopedia of Thelema & Magick \| Abrahamic religion
		All the Abrahamic religions are derived to some extent from Judaism as practiced in ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah prior to the Babylonian Exile, at the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE.
		Many believe that Judaism in Biblical Israel was renovated and reformed to some extent in the 6th century BCE by Ezra and other priests returning to Israel from the exile.
		Christianity originated in Palestine, at the end of the 1st century, as a radically reformed branch of Judaism; it spread to ancient Greece and Rome, and from there to most of Europe, Asia, the Americas, and many other parts of the world.
	www.thelemapedia.org /index.php/Abrahamic_religion (547 words)

	Akkadia - Crystalinks
		The Sumerians and the Akkadian cultures formed the principle elements in the population of Mesopotamia before the beginning of recorded history and in the millennium thereafter (the 3rd millennium BCE - c.2350-2200 BCE).
		Word order seems to have shifted to SVO/VSO late in the 1st millennium BC to the 1st millennium AD, possibly under the influence of Aramaic.
		The Atrahasis Epic was a story writted in the early 2nd millennium B.C. in Akkadian.
	www.crystalinks.com /akkadia.html (899 words)

	Thelemapedia: The Encyclopedia of Thelema & Magick \| Brahman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		However, as the centuries passed and the first Upanishads, the primary Vedantic scriptures that putatively serve as commentaries on the original liturgical books of the Vedas, were written the concept of Brahman fittingly grew in scope and complexity.
		Soon, the ancient writers of the Upanishads, around the 1st millennium BCE, insisted that brahman, in addition to being material, efficient, formal and final causes of the cosmos, was also utterly beyond all four senses of origin.
		Essentially, it is also beyond being and non-being alike, and thus does not quite fit with the usual connotations of the word God and even the concept of monism.
	www.thelemapedia.org /index.php/Brahman (917 words)

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