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	2003 Loya jirga - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A 502-delegate loya jirga convened in Kabul, Afghanistan, on December 14, 2003, to consider the proposed Afghan Constitution.
		On January 1, the loya jirga broke down when close to half of the assembly, consisting mostly of Uzbek, Tajik, Hazara and Turkmen minorities, boycotted the first and only ballot, forcing chairman Sibghatullah Mojadedi to call for a 2-day adjourning.
		The Loya jirga convened beneath a large tent on the grounds of a Soviet-built university.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/2003_Loya_jirga (578 words)

	Afghanistan - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Between the fall of the Taliban after the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan and the 2003 Loya jirga, Afghanistan was referred to by the West as the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan.
		The meeting of a constitutional loya jirga was held in December 2003, when a new constitution was adopted creating a presidential form of government with a bicameral legislature.
		In the Meshrano Jirga, one-third of the members are elected by provincial councils for four years, one-third are elected by district councils of each province for three years, and one-third are appointed by the president for five years, of which half must be women.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/a/f/g/Afghanistan.html (2663 words)

	U.S. Mission To Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In April 2003, a larger Constitutional Commission of thirty-five members began revisions of the draft and public consultations throughout the provinces and among refugee populations.
		The number of Wolesi Jirga members is proportionate to the population of each region and will range between 220 and 250 members.
		The draft also provides for a Loya Jirga, the traditional assembly of Afghan leaders, which can be convened for decisions on changes to the constitution and other serious issues.
	www.usembassy.it /viewer/article.asp?article=/file2003_11/alia/a3111903.htm (1269 words)

	CNN.com - The loya jirga: A very Afghan gathering - June 11, 2002
		Although by no means fully democratic, the loya jirga is seen as the fastest and most representative way of setting Afghanistan on course to recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation as a member of the community of nations.
		After that, the plan calls for another loya jirga to be convened to approve a new constitution, paving the way immediately for nationwide elections and the installation of Afghanistan's first democratic government.
		Now, with a new government being formed, Pashtun representatives to the loya jirga have made it be known they will be looking to see a more equitable balance struck in the new administration.
	edition.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/06/10/afghan.loyajirga (724 words)

	Asia Times Online - The trusted source for news on Central Asia
		On June 13, 2002, after an emergency loya jirga or grand assembly, Karzai was officially sworn in as the president of Afghanistan 's transitional administration.
		On January 3 this year, the next landmark of the Bonn timetable was achieved with the adoption of a new constitution by a constitutional loya jirga, formally inaugurating the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
		After the 2002 loya jirga and the formation of the interim administration, key reformers were tasked with the wholesale renewal of state institutions.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Central_Asia/FC30Ag02.html (9232 words)

	Jirga Controversy Nothing New (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Until the 2002 Emergency Loya Jirga, however, delegates were chosen at the local level by the malek - wealthy and powerful leaders - with voiced approval from ordinary men in gatherings at the mosques.
		He cited the Loya Jirga in 1931 under Nadir Shah, father of Zahir Shah, to approve his reign; the Loya Jirga of 1977 called by Daud Khan to pass a constitution and approve him as president; and the Loya Jirgas of Najibullah in the late 1980s.
		Rafi said the Emergency Loya Jirga, with a total of nearly 2,000 delegates - 1,650 of them elected in public gatherings at the local level - is probably the biggest legitimate assembly.
	www.iwpr.net /?apc_state=hdriarr2003&l=en&s=f&o=152367 (959 words)

	Loya Jirga Report
		This Loya Jirga would be called the Constitutional Loya Jirga and would consist of the choices for representatives of an electoral college in 32 provinces of the country.
		It is important to note that the person of the president and his advisors also included among the choices of the president for Loya Jirga membership, some of the powerful warlords perhaps either to appease them or win over sympathy of their supporters as to the plans of the government.
		Dr. Masooda Jalal, a known figure from the last Loya Jirga was another Afghan woman who dared speak out her mind on important issues including the performance of the transitional government and rejecting some of the claims made by Karzai as major achievements of his government.
	users.tns.net /~mroashan/politics/countrycorner/CCorner3/The-Loya-Jirga-Report.htm (3462 words)

	CCC - The Loya Jirga, Ethnic Rivalries and Future Afghan Stability
		The loya jirga consisted of 1500 representatives, elected or appointed from 32 provinces, and debated the political future of Afghanistan over a seven-day period.
		The main issues concerning government composition of the Emergency Loya Jirga turned out to be the role of the former king -- Zahir Shah -- and his representatives as well as the role of the Panjshiris who since the defeat of the Taliban have controlled most of the Afghan security services in and near Kabul.
		A Constitutional Loya Jirga is to be convened within 18 months of the establishment of the Transitional Authority, in order to adopt a new constitution Afghanistan.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /rsepResources/si/aug02/southAsia.asp (3513 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Loya jirga, occasionally loya jirgah, is a large meeting held in Afghanistan, originally attended by Pashtun groups but later including other ethnic groups.
		The attendees of loya jirga variously include tribal or regional leaders, political, military and religious figures, royalty, government officials, etc. The meetings are called irregularly, often by the ruler.
		There are no time limits in a loya jirga and it continues until decisions are reached.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Loya_jirga (571 words)

	NATO Update: Constitutional loya jirga begins in Afghanistan - 17 December 2003
		The loya jirga, or grand assembly, is a traditional gathering of representatives of Afghanistan’s various tribes and factions.
		This is the second time that a loya jirga has been convened since the ousting of the Taleban, with the first one meeting last year to select an interim government for Afghanistan.
		“The constitutional loya jirga, is a key element of Afghanistan’s transition to a stable society and NATO is determined to assist the Afghan authorities in ensuring the best possible security for the grand council,” said NATO spokesman Jamie Shea.
	www.nato.int /docu/update/2003/12-december/e1217a.htm (310 words)

	What to Expect in Afghanistan's Loya Jirga
		The Loya Jirga is scheduled to end on June 16, but may extend as late as June 22--when, according to the United Nations-brokered Bonn Agreement, the current Interim Administration of Afghanistan loses authority.
		Despite these concerns, most Afghans believe the Emergency Loya Jirga is the one time that they will have a say in their government and they are not taking the responsibility lightly.
		He acknowledges that calculating the populations of the districts was one of the greatest challenges of the Loya Jirga, because the civil wars of the past 23 years have obviated any official statistics.
	www.progress.org /fpif13.htm (1082 words)

	Guerrilla chiefs to undercut Karzai \| csmonitor.com
		Of the 500 delegates selected during the past few weeks for Saturday's constitutional loya jirga, or grand council, more than 70 percent are associated with mujahideen parties, according to a survey by Agence France Presse.
		Loya jirga delegates supportive of these mujahideen groups have been studying up and honing their arguments in favor of a parliamentary system.
		While the mujahideen point to their overwhelming support of loya jirga delegates as evidence that they represent the true voice of the people, many Afghans themselves voice concerns that a prolonged power struggle could push the nation once again into violent factionalism.
	www.csmonitor.com /2003/1212/p01s02-wosc.html (1357 words)

	CNN.com - Afghans begin constitution debate - Dec. 14, 2003
		Soldiers of the Afghan National Army patrol near where the loya jirga, or grand assembly, is meeting in Kabul to debate a draft constitution.
		Security is tight this weekend in Kabul, Afghanistan, as 500 Afghan delegates convene for a loya jirga -- or grand assembly -- to debate a draft constitution submitted by President Hamid Karzai's government.
		In addition to local politicians, representatives from the Afghan diaspora are at the loya jirga.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/asiapcf/central/12/13/afghan.loya.jirga (832 words)

	Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in Afghanistan (Human Rights Watch, December 31, 2003)
		In 2003 and early 2004, numerous humanitarian workers in the south and southeast have been kidnapped, beaten up, shot at, and even killed.
		The Bonn Agreement, among other things, set up a six-month interim authority for Afghanistan and mandated a conference (the June 2002 Emergency Loya Jirga) to choose a second "transitional administration" to serve though 2004, as well as a constitutional convention (the December 2003 Constitutional Loya Jirga) to choose a new charter for the country.
		Approximately 25 percent of seats in the Wolesi Jirga (House of the People) are reserved for women; the president is obligated to appoint additional women in the Meshrano Jirga (House of Elders).
	hrw.org /english/docs/2003/12/31/afghan6991_txt.htm (1347 words)

	International Crisis Group - Afghanistan’s Flawed Constitut
		Tentative plans for the Constitutional Loya Jirga involve selecting a group of delegates from the June 2002 Emergency Loya Jirga but as of June 2003 there was no mechanism to do this.
		Its only fixed points are the convening of a Constitutional Loya Jirga by January 2004 and the holding of elections, implicitly for a national assembly, also that year.
		The role of a Constitutional Loya Jirga should be taken on by that national assembly, much as the 1964 Constitution envisaged legislators acting as a loya jirga to amend that constitution.
	www.crisisgroup.org /home/index.cfm?id=1639&l=1 (1442 words)

	CNN.com - Afghans to debate new constitution - Dec. 13, 2003
		Security will be tight this weekend in Kabul when 500 Afghan delegates convene for a loya jirga -- or grand assembly -- to debate a draft constitution submitted by Hamid Karzai's government.
		In addition to local politicians, there will be representatives from the Afghan diaspora at the loya jirga, which begins Sunday.
		It is not clear when the loya jirga will reach its decisions.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/asiapcf/12/13/afghan.loyajirga/index.html (455 words)

	DefenseLINK News: U.S. Honoring Pledge to Help Rebuild Afghanistan
		Politically, the Loya Jirga met and chose the first democratically elected leadership in 30 years.
		The Afghan government's influence is growing, and later this year a constitutional Loya Jirga will meet in advance of elections in 2004.
		The official said 2003 should mark the transition from relief to reconstruction, and he hopes that significant private-sector projects will begin in the new security environment.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Feb2003/n02272003_200302278.html (447 words)

	The age of `neocons'
		IN early August 2003, the Democratic Party's presumptive candidate for President, Howard Dean, said that while President George W. Bush was "an engaging person, I think for some reason he's been captured by the neoconservatives around him".
		In June 2002, Wolfowitz told the U.S. Congress: "In Afghanistan today we see a democratic spirit rising from the remains of a once-failed state that is trying to defy the ravages of decades of war and misrule." The neocon minders, however, must control the direction of the "democratic spirit".
		Each time the Afghans stray from the neocon path (such as when the 2002 Loya Jirga wanted to re-appoint Zahir Shah as king or when the 2003 Loya Jirga wanted to create a decentralised state), Wolfowitz or his aide, Zalmay Khalilzad, step in to protect the agenda of the neocons, the 21st century Americans.
	www.hinduonnet.com /fline/fl2102/stories/20040130000506400.htm (1943 words)

	Wide Angle . Hell of a Nation . Photo Essay: A Ravaged Country \| PBS
		To settle disputes Afghans have traditionally used a tribal grand-assembly known as a loya jirga, which brings tribal leaders together to formulate solutions to problems.
		In 2002 a loya jirga of 1,500 elected and appointed representatives convened to discuss a transitional government and to begin the rebuilding process.
		The December 2003 loya jirga is pictured here; during this gathering 502 delegates met to discuss, edit, and ratify Afghanistan's new constitution.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/wideangle/shows/afghanistan/photo7.html (170 words)

	Democracy Now! \| Afghan Women's Rights Activist and Loya Jirga Member Malalai Joya Discusses Continuing Violence and ...
		We are joined in the studio by Malalai Joya, an elected representative to the December 2003 Loya Jirga - or Grand Council - convention in Kabul to create Afghanistan's new constitution.
		Malalai Joya, elected representative to the December 2003 Loya Jirga (Grand Council) convention in Kabul to create Afghanistan's new constitution.
		She continued at the Loya Jirga under U.N. protection.
	www.democracynow.org /article.pl?sid=04/09/13/1428254 (1141 words)

	ZNet Commentary: Misogyny In Afghanistan
		Peace and democracy were the promises reiterated at the 2002 loya jirga which constructed the current Kabul regime under Karzai's leadership.
		With the October 2003 Constitutional loya jirga and the June 2004 national election looming, high-level officials in Kabul and warlord commanders in the south-east have harassed, threatened, arrested and beaten journalists, and human and women's rights advocates, into silence.
		Women and girls interviewed by HRW admitted that life in 2003 was better than that under the Taliban.
	www.zmag.org /sustainers/content/2003-09/01dumble.cfm (1120 words)

	ICL - Afghanistan Index
		According to ICL guidelines, the chambers are named "House of Representatives" and "Senate" for the purpose of this edition.
		5 Oct 2002: Appointment of committee to draft the new constitution to be adopted by a constitutional Loya Jirga (Grand Council) in 2003.
		Dec 2001: Afghan representatives and foreign countries revived with modifications the 1964 constitution during the Petersberg conference in Bonn (Germany); Hamid Karzai is established as President by the conference.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/af__indx.html (394 words)

	Foreign Policy In Focus Special Report: Afghanistan's Problematic Path to Peace: Lessons in State Building in the ...
		On January 3, 2004, the next landmark of the Bonn timetable was achieved with the adoption of a new constitution by a constitutional Loya Jirga, formally inaugurating the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
		In 2003, opium production was valued at $2.5 billion (some 3,600 metric tons), and smuggling of high-value commodities and arms amounted to a further $1 billion.
		Moreover, before this task could be embarked upon, the very legitimacy and efficacy of the state had to be established, requiring a National Development Framework (drafted in April 2002) and the formulation of a tenable national budget.
	www.fpif.org /papers/2004afgh-stbuild.html (9496 words)

	2003 Loya jirga information - Search.com
		On January 1, the loya jirga broke down when close to half of the assembly, consisting mostly of Uzbek, Tajik, Hazara and Turkmen minorities, boycotted the first and only ballot, forcing chairman Sibghatullah Mojaddedi to call for a 2-day adjourning.
		"The fake nature of the constitutional Loya Jirga and freedom of speech were clear to all the people of Afghanistan and the world by the cheap attacks of the assembly speaker, Sibghatullah Mojadadi, Sayyaf and elements of Fahim and Rabanni's forces on the women delegates, Malalai Joya and Anar Kali.
		Not only had they occupied the front row of the assembly once more but with the gesture of the $10 million assembly speaker, were posing and speaking so shamelessly that they seemed to be the bride or kingpins of the assembly, not criminals that had infected the whole tent.
	www.search.com /reference/2003_Loya_jirga (1267 words)

	Afghanistan: "No-one listens to us and no-one treats us as human beings". Justice denied to women. - Amnesty ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Women delegates at the Emergency Loya Jirga were subject to intimidation, and activists have articulated a deep concern that their participation at the Constitutional Loya Jirga will be similarly threatened.
		In Herat in early 2003, a riot by women prisoners was alleged to have been a response to sexual abuse by staff.
		Amnesty International views the practice of virginity testing that is used in cases of zina as a form of cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, a denial of the right of women to physical and sexual integrity and a form of violence against women by state officials.
	www.web.amnesty.org /library/index/engasa110232003 (19343 words)

	Afghanistan - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		Scheduled to release a draft on September 1, 2003, the commission has asked for a delay in order to undertake further consultations.
		The meeting of a constitutional loya jirga (grand council) was held in December 2003 when a new constitution was adopted creating a presidential form of government with a bicameral legislature.
		On March 27, 2003, Afghan deputy defense minister and powerful warlord General Abdul Rashid Dostum created an office for the North Zone of Afghanistan and appointed officials to it, defying interim president Hamid Karzai's orders that there be no zones in Afghanistan.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=737 (2336 words)

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