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Topic: 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamis

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	Indian Ocean - MSN Encarta
		Indian Ocean, third largest of Earth's four oceans, bounded on the west by Africa, on the north by Asia, on the east by Australia and the Australasian islands, and on the south by Antarctica.
		The ocean narrows toward the north and is divided by the Indian peninsula into the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west.
		The average depth of the Indian Ocean is 3,900 m (12,800 ft), or slightly greater than that of the Atlantic, and the deepest known point is 7,725 m (25,344 ft), off the southern coast of the Indonesian island of Java.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761557432/Indian_Ocean.html (400 words)

	Teachers' Domain: Once and Future Tsunamis
		Tsunamis are also blamed for the collapse of the ancient Minoan civilization on Crete.
		However, by studying past tsunamis, scientists can predict where they are most likely to occur in the future and what their impact on specific coastal locations is likely to be.
		In areas where tsunamis have occurred in the last several hundred years, eyewitness reports or written accounts sometimes provide scientists with the information needed to gauge the potential impact of future tsunamis in the same area.
	www.teachersdomain.org /resources/ess05/sci/ess/watcyc/oncetsunami/index.html (618 words)

	MapDig - 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		There were no tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean to detect tsunamis or to warn the general populace living around the ocean.
		Tsunamis are much more frequent in the Pacific Ocean because of earthquakes in the "Ring of Fire", and an effective tsunami warning system has long been in place there.
		In what may be the most significant positive result of the tsunami, the widespread devastation led the main rebel group GAM to declare a cease-fire on December 28, 2004, followed by the Indonesian government, and the two groups resumed long-stalled peace talks, which resulted in a peace agreement signed August 15, 2005.
	www.mapdig.com /?title=2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake (7285 words)

	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The tsunami caused by the December 26, 2004 earthquake strikes Ao Nang, Thailand.
		The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, known by the scientific community as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, was an undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) December 26, 2004 with an epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.
		Thus, the Indian state of Kerala was hit by the tsunami despite being on the western coast of India, and the western coast of Sri Lanka also suffered substantial impacts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake (6784 words)

	The Indian Ocean tsunami and what it tells us about tsunamis in general - January 2005
		Tsunamis are the same: since it doesn't push water ahead of it as it crosses the ocean, the energy of a tsunami wave can travel at frightening speeds—up to 800 km/h, which is as fast as a jet plane.
		In the middle of the ocean, a tsunami might also be very shallow, perhaps a metre or less in height—you'd never notice it among all the other, taller swells unless you had a sea-level gauge to tell you it was passing by.
		From reading the reports of the 26th December 2004 tsunami, one can only gain the impression that the wave front hitting the various countries was many thousands of kilometers long, and the volumes of water huge, which appear to have been much greater than the volume which could have been generated by the original earthquake.
	www.penmachine.com /techie/learn_about_tsunamis_2005-01.html (3617 words)

	Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami
		A tsunami (1) was triggered by this earthquake in the Bay of Bengal.
		The ocean current is driven from the Bay of Bengal to the Arabian Sea during the North-East monsoon and from the Arabian sea to the Bay of Bengal during the South-West monsoon.
		Tsunami run-up is the vertical distance between the maximum height reached by the water on shore and the mean-sea-level surface.
	iri.columbia.edu /~lareef/tsunami (6942 words)

	Thanks 4 Supporting. Us :: 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake was an undersea megathrust earthquake of moment magnitude 9.0 that struck the Indian Ocean off the western coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia on December 26, 2004 at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time in Jakarta and Bangkok).
		Tens of thousands were killed by tsunamis of heights of up to 15 m, which flooded coastlines between 15 minutes and 10 hours after the quake, causing one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern history.
		Thus Indian Ocean tsunamis are rare; the last major tsunami near Sumatra, on the Indian Ocean side and western end of Indonesia, was caused by the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883.
	www.thanks4supporting.us /2004-indian-ocean-earthquake.html (1691 words)

	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Image:2004-tsunami.jpg The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, known by the scientific community as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, was an undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) on December 26 2004.
		Despite a lag of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all of the victims were taken completely by surprise; there were no tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean to detect tsunamis, or equally importantly, to warn the general populace living around the ocean.
		The 2004 earthquake and tsunami seem to be the worst natural disaster since either the 1976 Tangshan earthquake or the 1970 Bhola cyclone, or could conceivably exceed both of these.
	www.tvwiki.tv /wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake (6581 words)

	History of Tsunami Devastation
		The tsunami waves had heights reaching up to 15 meters (50 feet) which snatched people out to sea, drowning others in their homes or on beaches, and demolishing an immense amount of property in many areas.
		The tsunami waves reached an intimidating height of 25 meters (80 feet) as it crashed upon a crowd that had gathered in a city to celebrate a religious festival.
		Tsunami waves were observed throughout the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the American West Coast, South America, and even as far away as the English Channel.
	www.ringsurf.com /info/News/Tsunami/Tsunamis_through_history (1647 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Tsunamis Work"
		A tsunami is a wave or series of waves in the ocean that can be hundreds of miles long and have been known to reach heights of up to 34 ft (10.5 m).
		Tsunamis and normal waves have all of the same parts and are measured in the same ways, but there are many differences between the two.
		The earthquake that generated the December 26, 2004, tsunami in the Indian Ocean was a 9.0 on the Richter scale -- one of the biggest in recorded history.
	www.howstuffworks.com /tsunami.htm (1114 words)

	Lessons from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami topic of public forum
		"The 2004 tsunami was an international catastrophe," said Dr. Jian Lin, a senior scientist in the WHOI Geology and Geophysics Department and co-convener of the first Morss Colloquium.
		"Lessons from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami" is designed to expose WHOI staff and the public to key issues related to coastal disaster management and planning, and to provide a forum for WHOI researchers and engineers to hear and discuss users' perspectives on tsunami warning technologies.
		Atwood has been actively involved in emergency response activities since the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and was recently on special assignment as Director of Emergency Operations for the tsunami recovery effort in Indonesia.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-10/whoi-lft101606.php (687 words)

	Indian Ocean Tsunamis - Yale University Event Listings
		Relief for Victims of the Indian Ocean Tsunamis
		To raise money for the ongoing recovery efforts in the region devastated by the tsunami, students and staff of the Yale community are pooling their talents for a gala performance at Woolsey Hall, corner of College and Grove streets, on March 2, 7 p.m.
		The idea for a campus–wide effort to aid tsunami victims grew out of a conversation among colleagues in Yale’s department of Information Technology Services (ITS), reports Stacey Smart, an assistant manager in the support services of ITS and one of the original organizers of the event.
	www.yale.edu /opa/intl/news/tsunami (587 words)

	TSUNAMIS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN - by Dr. George Pararas-Carayannis
		Although not as destructive as the 26 December 2004 event was, many more tsunamis have been generated by large earthquakes in subduction zones bordering the Indian Ocean and by smaller magnitude events along the Central Indian and Carlsberg mid-oceanic ridges.
		Further south on the western side the Indian tectonic plate is bounded by the Central Indian and Carlsberg mid-ocean ridges, a region of shallow seismicity.
		Future destructive tsunamis in the region could be generated from earthquakes along the subduction zone off the Makran coast or from a a major thrust fault along parts of deltaic Indus river.
	www.drgeorgepc.com /Tsunami2004IndianOcean.html (2747 words)

	USGS Scientists Study Sediment Deposited by 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
		By examining the thickness and grain-size distribution of a tsunami deposit, for example, scientists may be able to deduce wave height and flow velocity—two of the most important factors in determining the destructive power of a tsunami.
		A member of the USGS Tsunami Hazards Assessment project, Morton is also the principal investigator for the USGS National Assessment of Shoreline Change project, which addresses the problem of beach erosion and shoreline change threatening coastal populations and community infrastructures in the United States.
		This phenomenon is predicted by models that show tsunami energy wrapping around islands in shore-parallel "edge waves." In Galle, Sri Lanka, unusually high runup heights, nearly 40 ft in some areas, are believed to have been caused by focusing of the tsunami's energy by the sides of a nearby submarine canyon.
	soundwaves.usgs.gov /2005/02 (1873 words)

	[nhnenews] 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake Update
		The quake and the resulting tsunamis are being called the worst natural disaster in modern history, even though it was not the most deadly, because of the widespread nature of the impact.
		The multiple tsunamis struck and ravaged coastal regions all over the Indian Ocean, devastating regions including the Indonesian province of Aceh, the coast of Sri Lanka, coastal areas of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the resort island of Phuket, Thailand, and even as far away as Somalia, 4,100?km (2,500?mi) west of the epicenter.
		The death toll may be particularly high due to the fact that this is the first time in over 100 years that a tsunami of the Indian Ocean has struck land, leaving the affected countries unprepared and the people unable to recognise the telltale signs of an impending tsunami.
	twoday.net /static/omega/files/2004_indian_ocean_earthquake_update.htm (2174 words)

	Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami
		Tsunami waves are produced when the seabed is ruptured, causing vertical movement of the water mass in the epicentral region.
		Common ocean waves are a kind of surface waves called Rayleigh waves that are confined to the surface layer of the sea and tend to have wavelengths on the order of tens of meters and periods of tens of seconds.
		As tsunamis are disasters that can be generated in all of the world's oceans, inland seas, and in any large body of water, any coastal area is at risk from such event.
	www.hku.hk /earthsci/news/TsunamiIndianOcean.htm (668 words)

	Overview : Lessons from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI)
		The 2004 tsunami was the first disaster in recent memory that affected so many countries simultaneously, making it a truly international catastrophe.
		Tsunami readiness involves two key components: awareness, which may be improved by educating key decision makers, emergency mangers, and the public about the nature of the hazard (the physical processes involved) and the threat it poses (its frequency of occurrence and impact); and mitigation, which can be improved through pre-event planning.
		To establish a stronger link between the ocean research and engineering leadership of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and major national and international hazard mitigation programs, WHOI is organizing a colloquium on natural disaster management with a focus on the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
	www.whoi.edu /MorssColloquium (609 words)

	Tsumani
		A tsunami (pronounced tsoo-nah-mee) is a wave train, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that vertically displaces the water column.
		Oceanographers often refer to tsunamis as seismic sea waves as they are usually the result of a sudden rise or fall of a section of the earth's crust under or near the ocean.
		The 1929 Tsunami in the Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland
	www.cdli.ca /CITE/oceantsunami.htm (937 words)

	ELEMENT List - Great Waves: Tsunamis, Earthquakes & The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Tsunami research, monitoring, and mitigation efforts have intensified since the 2004 Sumatra earthquake that devastated communities around the Indian Ocean.
		The TRC is actively involved with all aspects of tsunami research; inundation field surveys, numerical and analytical modeling, and hazard assessment, mitigation and planning.
		The main purpose of the group is to assure that tsunami watches, warning and advisory bulletins are disseminated throughout the Pacific.
	www.elementlist.com /tsunami.html (488 words)

	NOAA News Online (Story 2357)
		Because the earthquake, reported to be one of the strongest in the world in the past 40 years, occurred in the Indian Ocean, not the Pacific, there was no threat of a tsunami to Hawaii, the West Coast of North America or to other coasts in the Pacific Basin—the U.S. area of responsibility.
		Tsunami waves are distinguished from ordinary ocean waves by their great length between peaks, often exceeding 100 miles in the deep ocean, and by the long amount of time between these peaks, ranging from
		The West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center was established in 1967 as a result of the 1964 9.2 earthquake in Alaska that left 132 dead—122 of those deaths have been attributed to the tsunami that was generated.
	www.noaanews.noaa.gov /stories2004/s2357.htm (995 words)

	The Deadliest Tsunami in History? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The earthquake that generated the great Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 is estimated to have released the energy of 23,000 Hiroshima-type atomic bombs, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).
		The epicenter of the 9.0 magnitude quake was under the Indian Ocean near the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, according to the USGS, which monitors earthquakes worldwide.
		A tsunami may be less than a foot (30 centimeters) in height on the surface of the open ocean, which is why they are not noticed by sailors.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2004/12/1227_041226_tsunami.html (1007 words)

	CBC News Indepth: Forces of Nature - Tsunamis
		Tsunami, pronounced soo-NAH-mee, comes from a Japanese word that means "harbour wave." It's often incorrectly called a tidal wave, which is a periodic movement of water produced by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon.
		Tsunamis are not connected with the weather or tides.
		The tsunamis that hit the shorelines of eleven countries on Dec. 26, 2004, were triggered by a megathrust earthquake.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/forcesofnature/tsunamis.html (1567 words)

	NOAA Home Page - Tsunami Portal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Tsunamis are a series of very long waves generated by any rapid, large-scale disturbance of the sea.
		Tsunamis can cause great destruction and loss of life within minutes on shores near their source, and some tsunamis can cause destruction within hours across an entire ocean basin.
		Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System — The United States will be supporting the combined efforts of the international community and national governments in the region to develop an integrated system.
	www.noaa.gov /tsunamis.html (522 words)

	ITIC :: Tsunami events :: Recent Tsunamis :: Tsunamis from 2000-present :: 2004 Tsunamis :: Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 ::
		Tsunamis are generated, by shallow earthquakes all around the Pacific, but those from earthquakes in the tropical Pacific tend to be modest in size.
		The PTWC was established in 1946 as a result of a tsunami generated by a seismic event in Alaska’s Aleutian Island Chain that led to a teletsunami affecting the West Coast of the U.S., Hawaii (severe damage and 165 fatalities) as well as Japan.
		Note: The Indian Ocean tsunami is now reported to be one of the strongest in the world over the past 40 years.
	ioc3.unesco.org /itic/contents.php?id=133 (1638 words)

	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake at AllExperts
		The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, known by the scientific community as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, was an undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) on December 26 2004.
		However, around the Indian Ocean, this rare sight reportedly induced people, especially children, to visit the coast to investigate and collect stranded fish on as much as 2.5 km (1.6 mi) of exposed beach, with fatal results [49].
		Island folklore recounted an earthquake and tsunami in 1907 and the islanders fled to inland hills after the initial shaking —before the tsunami struck [50].
	en.allexperts.com /e/0/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake.htm (6501 words)

	Internal Revenue Bulletin - March 14, 2005 - Notice 2005-23
		This notice designates the Indian Ocean tsunamis occurring on December 26, 2004, as a qualified disaster for purposes of § 139 of the Internal Revenue Code, and describes the affected areas.
		The Indian Ocean tsunamis were triggered by a magnitude 9.0 or greater earthquake off the west coast of Northern Sumatra, Indonesia.
		The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, pursuant to delegation by the Secretary, has determined that the Indian Ocean tsunamis occurring on December 26, 2004, are a catastrophic event under § 139(c)(3).
	www.irs.gov /irb/2005-11_IRB/ar13.html (574 words)

	2004 Tsunami Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Tsunami Research Initiative's goal is to use the power of photography and video to document the tsunami and ongoing relief efforts and to help remind people that much help is still needed to heal the scars of this terrible natural catastrophe.
		The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, known by the scientific community as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, was a great undersea earthquake that occurred at 7:58:53 local time with an epicenter off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.
		The earthquake triggered a series of devastating tsunamis that spread throughout the Indian Ocean, killing large numbers of people and inundating coastal communities across South and Southeast Asia, including parts of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
	www.tsunamiphotos.com (454 words)

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