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	20th Congress of the CPSU - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held during February 14—February 26, 1956.
		The speech shocked delegates to the congress, as it flew in the face of years of Soviet propaganda, which had claimed that Stalin was a wise, peaceful, and fair leader.
		One of its most notable fallouts was the collapse of the United States Communist Party which had previously been composed of many die-hard Stalinists.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/20th_Party_Congress (236 words)

	Communist party, in Russia and the Soviet Union. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		While party debates in the party congresses of the 1920s were stormy and intraparty democracy was still evident, by the 16th party congress (1929) Stalin established virtual supremacy.
		The party (from 1925 the All-Union Communist party), was strongly urban.
		The Communist Party of Russia, the largest and most well-financed of the new parties, won the largest bloc of seats in the 1995 parliamentary elections, and in the first round of the 1996 Russian presidential election, Communist candidate Gennady Zyuganov received almost as many votes as Yeltsin.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/CommunisUSSR.html (1182 words)

	On the Personality Cult and its Consequences - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It was presented as an attempt to draw the Communist Party of the Soviet Union closer to Leninism.
		In fact, the speech was prepared based on the results of a special party commission (Pospelov, Komarov, Aristov, Shvernik) arranged at the session of the Presidium of the Party central committee on January 31, 1955.
		Repression of the majority of Old Bolsheviks and delegates of the XVII Party Congress, most of which were workers and had joined the Communist Party before 1920.
	www.marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Secret_Speech (665 words)

	On the Personality Cult and its Consequences - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In fact, the speech was prepared based on the results of a special party commission (Pospelov, Komarov, Aristov, Shvernik (chairman)), known as the Shvernik Commission, arranged at the session of the Presidium of the Party central committee on January 31, 1955.
		This commission presented evidence that during 1937–1938 (the peak of the period known as the Great Purge) over one and a half million Party members were convicted for "anti-Soviet activities", of whom over 680,000 were executed.
		The XVII congress was selected for investigations because it was known as "the Congress of Victors" in the country of "victorious socialism", and therefore the enormous number of "enemies" among the participants demanded explanation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/On_the_Personality_Cult_and_its_Consequences (635 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Nikita S. Khrushchev: The Secret Speech - On the Cult of Personality, 1956
		Lenin always diligently observed that the norms of party life were realized, that the party statute was enforced, that the party congresses and the plenary sessions of the central committee took place at the proper intervals.
		The majority of the Central Committee members and candidates elected at the 17th congress and arrested in 1937-38 were expelled from the party illegally through the brutal abuse of the party statute, because the question of their expulsion was never studied at the Central Committee plenum.
		These victories are the result of the great drive and activity of the nation and of the party as a whole; they are not at all the fruit of the leadership of Stalin, as the situation was pictured during the period of the cult of the individual.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1956khrushchev-secret1.html (4605 words)

	Left Socialist Party
		Though the party was created in a period where strong political and social movements internationally were developing - the Vietnam war, the cultural revolution in China, and the student uprisings - all with considerably impact also in Denmark, the party was created for very particular danish reasons.
		The parties left of SF were not represented in parliament, but if their votes were summed it would have given 6 seats.
		VS initiated this process and it was done based on a VS congress resolution stating that: "The road ahead for the revolutionary left wing in Denmark is a process of regrouping, unitywork, and extended cooperation with the explicit goal of forming a united revolutionary marxist party.
	www.venstresocialisterne.dk /uk_index.htm (3353 words)

	Nikita S. Khrushchev: Crimes of the Stalin Era
		It was for this reason that the party led an inexorable ideological fight and explained to all party members and to the non-party masses the harm and the danger of the anti-Leninist proposals of the Trotskyite opposition and the rightist opportunists.
		Delegates to the Congress were active participants in the building of our socialist state; many of them suffered and fought for party interests during the pre-Revolutionary years in the conspiracy and at the civil-war fronts; they fought their enemies valiantly and often nervelessly looked into the face of death.
		Party members who have lost their backbones have broken down or have joined the camp of the enemy; healthy elements have fought for the party.
	www.trussel.com /hf/stalin.htm (18066 words)

	A Proposal for Further Common Study of the 20th Party Congress of 1956
		party congress of the CPSU and the debate with modern revisionism.
		party congress and the subsequent lines of the most important communist parties, their work, their achievements and their failings and in doing so include also all the diverse, contradictory views.
		party congress is, in our view, the final prelude to revisionism, and it did lead then to the debate between the parties in public, after N. Khrushchev had publicly attacked the Party of Labour of Albania.
	www.neue-einheit.com /english/is/is2002/is2002-20e.htm (2434 words)

	Nikita Khrushchev
		Khrushchev remained active in the Communist Party and in 1925 was employed as party secretary of the Petrovsko-Mariinsk.
		During the 20th Party Congress in February, 1956, Khrushchev launched an attack on the rule of Joseph Stalin.
		The pressure of Party and government structures was especially strong, forcing him to manoeuvre and to present this or that measure in a form acceptable to such influential groups.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSkhrushchev.htm (4075 words)

	stalin
		For example, during his infamous anti-Stalin diatribe at the 20th Party Congress in Feb. 1956 Khrushchov, in effect, accused Stalin of being a coward and hiding upon learning of the initial German invasion in June 1941.
		“It was Khrushchev in his February 1956 ‘secret speech’; at the 20th Party Congress who first told the story of Stalin's sudden depression during the first days of the war, claiming that he had relinquished the leadership of the country....
		Party discipline), and various authors have argued that his insistence on the need for tough central power to hold the entire structure together was wrong.
	www.geocities.com /klomckin@ameritech.net/Medvedev.on.Stalin.html (1648 words)

	CNN Cold War - Document: Khrushchev's secret speech
		On February 25, 1956, Khrushchev addressed the 20th Party Congress of the U.S.S.R. In his lengthy speech, Khrushchev extensively discusses the paranoia and brutality of Stalin's reign.
		This was the result of the abuse of power by Stalin, who began to use mass terror against the party cadres.
		Stalin put the party and the NKVD up to the use of mass terror when the exploiting classes had been liquidated in our country and when there were no serious reasons for the use of extraordinary mass terror.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/07/documents/khrushchev (504 words)

	Publications - The Eisenhower Institute, Washington, D.C. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It was not just because his reformist bent failed to produce real reform, or that his secret speech to the 20th Party Congress was out of step with the hardliners in post-Stalinist Russia.
		After returning to his native Ukraine as party boss in 1938, Khrushchev served on troikas-the infamous three-man committees-that had the ability to impose the death penalty without appeal.
		Whatever the case, Khrushchev's revelations at the 20th Party Congress had a seismic effect in the USSR and clearly played a role in destabilizing Eastern Europe, contributing significantly to the Hungarian uprising.
	www.eisenhowerinstitute.org /publications/khrushchevreview.htm (2709 words)

	Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich
		He attended a Communist party high school in 1921 and was active as a party organizer until 1929.
		In 1938 he was transferred to the Ukraine as first secretary of the Ukrainian party organization and made a provisional member of the party Politburo; he became a full member in 1939 and was also appointed to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.
		In 1956, during the 20th Party Congress, Khrushchev took an unprecedented step and denounced Stalin and his methods.
	members.aol.com /kwiersma/khrushchev.html (898 words)

	20th Party Congress
		The 20th Party Congress was an important annual meeting of the Soviet Union's Communist party delegates that occurred in February 1956.
		Like all Party Congresses, this one was supposed to be secret.
		Nikita Khrushchev, the Communist Party Secretary, took this opportunity to give a stinging rebuke of the policies of his late predecessor, Joseph Stalin.
	www.ukpedia.com /2/20th-party-congress.html (233 words)

	Nikita Khrushchev, 1894-1971
		Joining the Communist Party in 1918, he fought in the Civil War and rose rapidly in the party organization.
		Following the death of Stalin in March 1953, Khrushchev became First Secretary of the All Union Party and, three years later, at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party, denounced Stalinism and the "cult of personality.".
		When the Party mapped the major measures for expanding our country's economy, bourgeois politicians and economists had quite a good deal to say about how the Communists were sacrificing the peoples vital interests to heavy industry, about how production in the Soviet Union exists only for production's sake.
	www.historyguide.org /europe/khrushchev.html (1103 words)

	The Cult of Stalin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Engels and I first joined the secret society of Communists on the condition that everything making for superstitious worship of authority would be deleted from its statute.
		Both Marx and I have always been against any public manifestation with regard to individualism with the exception of cases when it had an important purpose; and we most strongly opposed such manifestations which during our lifetime concerned us personally.
		From an official standpoint, de-Stalinization began in 1956 with Khrushchev's "secret" speech to the 20th Party Congress.
	it.stlawu.edu /~rkreuzer/indv2/stalin.htm (421 words)

	WashingtonPost.com: China's Deng Xiaoping Is Dead at 92
		"Party organizations at all levels should organize officials and the masses to listen to or watch the live transmission of the memorial meeting," the funeral committee said in a statement.
		That was seen as an effort to include a wide variety of national constituencies, including the Communist Party, nonparty members, military leaders and even newly appointed leaders and civil service figures from Hong Kong and Macao.
		Qiao Shi, chairman of the National People's Congress, which is scheduled to open its annual session on March 1, is said by acquaintances to want to play a greater political role.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/asia/feb/20/deng.htm (1485 words)

	The Breaking Point: 1956 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Soon, he was expelled from the communist party due to his involvement in “state-destructive” activities during the Prague Spring.
		He emphasizes that this was “after the 20th assembly” as if he were dividing the communist era in two – before and after the breakpoint, 1956.
		The early 1950’s were quite harsh in Czechoslovakia, but in 1956 there was less tension between the party and the opposition; the Poles and the Hungarians were the first ones to react.
	web.isp.cz /jcrane/IP/IPVagnerova.html (772 words)

	FACES AND PLACES: The rise and demise of Nikita (06/01/03)
		Nikita Khrushchev served as secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU) twice, from 1938 to 1941 and again from 1944 to 1946.
		The entire Ukrainian government was replaced, as were party leaders and their deputies in all 12 Ukrainian provinces and virtually all Red Army corps and division commanders.
		His actual task was to conquer and Sovietize, to expropriate and collectivize, to organize new party and state institutions and make sure they opted 'voluntarily' to join the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." Hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians were arrested and deported.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/2003/220316.shtml (941 words)

	Interview with Alexander Yakovlev, p. 2 of 6
		But for me the real school of reform was, of course, the 20th Party Congress in 1956.
		Until the 20th Party Congress, Stalin was our idol, our guard, our greatest everything -- I'm running out of superlatives in Russian and foreign languages to describe Stalin.
		I was appointed an instructor in the Central Committee of the Communist Party -- it's a low level position -- three days after Stalin's death.
	globetrotter.berkeley.edu /Elberg/Yakovlev/yak-con2.html (658 words)

	OLEG TROYANOVSKI 4
		The Truman Doctrine in '47 was announced to protect Greece and Turkey from the Soviet Union, but at the same time, there has now been published some statements by Stalin, in his conversation with Dimitrov, who was...
		OT: I wasn't at the 20th Party Congress, but as far as I know, the audience was stunned by this speech.
		It was never published, as you know, the text of the speech, but it was read out in various groups or party groups; and the reaction was different, I'd say.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-8/troyanovski4.html (1518 words)

	Khrushchev and the pacific counter-revolution
		At the Twentieth Congress, in February 1956, he completely reversed the ideological and political line of the Party.
		Kozlov, `Report on the Party Statutes', The Documentary Record of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962), p.
		The conclusions of the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks): Short Course, whose writing he supervised in 1938, are worth re-examining, given recent events.
	www.plp.org /books/Stalin/node156.html (803 words)

	"Khrushchev's Secret Speech -- Full Annotated Text"
		In the Party Central Committee's report at the 20th Congress and in a number of speeches by delegates to the Congress, as also formerly during Plenary CC/CPSU [Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union] sessions, quite a lot has been said about the cult of the individual and about its harmful consequences.
		It was for this reason that the Party led an inexorable ideological fight, explaining to all [its] members and to the non-Party masses the harm and the danger of the anti-Leninist proposals of the Trotskyite opposition and the rightist opportunists.
		The [relevant] Party statute, approved at the 17th Party Congress, was based on Leninist principles expressed at the 10th Party Congress.
	www.uwm.edu /Course/448-343/index12.html (17913 words)

	The Politburo Diktat: Iowa Party Congress (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The chairman of [each local] caucus determines the "viability" threshold for groups backing each presidential candidates, which in most cases will be 15 percent of the number of people attending.
		In a deeper layer of strategy, some participants might even align with a candidate they are not that wild about to cut into the count of those who most threaten their first choice.
		In Party Congress with one, controversial front-runner (Comrade Onward Dean), it seems likely that the "newly-liberated caucus-goers" will gravitate to ABD, "Anyone But Dean." He still has solid base of core supporters (20%, 25%, 30%, or more), but once "give-and-take" begins, Comrade Dean will not pick up more support.
	acepilots.com /mt/archives/000423.html (365 words)

	The 20th century, year after year
		It happened during the 20th Communist Party Congress, at a time when Stalin's portraits still adorned offices and his statues overlooked every other square across the nation.
		Already during a preliminary discussion of his report to the congress, Khrushchev suggested including in a special chapter on the personality cult only to be turned down by most of the other members of the Central Committee.
		Overall, he tried to underscore the ruinous effect the purges had had on the party and state apparatus.
	www.vor.ru /century/1956.html (846 words)

	Appeal of the Crimean Tatar people to the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (March 1966) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		But our people, armed with Marxist-Leninist theory and the decisions of the 20th Party Congress, continue to strive for the restoration of justice...Our representatives travelled to Moscow, where they handed over to the preparatory commission for the 22nd Party Congress a new letter with 8,000 signatures.
		Immediately after the October plenum of the party Central Committee (in 1964) our national representatives again travelled to Moscow, and for sixteen months now they have been going daily to the reception rooms of the Central Committee, the USSR Supreme Soviet and the USSR Council of Ministers.
		In Tashkent a meeting was recently held of the party activists of the republic.
	www.iccrimea.org /surgun/appeal23congress.html (2116 words)

	NATO Update - 1956
		During the 20th Party Congress in February, Khrushchev reveals the extent of Stalin's atrocities and denounces the 'cult of personality'.
		Following the nationalisation of the Suez Canal in July by President Nasser of Egypt, Britain and France intervene militarily, an action that is vigorously opposed by the United States.
		At the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Policy,
	www.nato.int /docu/update/50-59/1956e.htm (284 words)

	Russia: an unfinished job.
		The number of prisoners in the gulag rises from 500,000 in 1934 to 2.5 million in the early 1950s.
		The dictator remains the least popular figure in Russian history—though those with favourable opinions of him rose from eight per cent in 1990 to 15 per cent in 1997, while his disapproval rating fell from 48 per cent to 36 per cent in the same period.
		The proportion of the population which listed the mass repression of the 1930s among the main events of the 20th century fell from 38 per cent in 1989 to no more than 18 per cent in 1994.
	www.unesco.org /courier/1999_12/uk/dossier/txt06.htm (1288 words)

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