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Topic: 212 BCE

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	Pergamum Kingdom
		Due to a childhood injury, having have lost his manly powers, Philetaerus never got married and had no son, so decided to adopt his nephew Eumenes as his heir to the throne of his small kingdom that he was just building.
		Although Eumenes I (263-241 BCE), has never used the title of King, he is regarded as the first king in the line of Attalid dynasty who ruled the Pergamum Kingdom for five generations.
		Eumenes in alliance with Romans swept the Seleucid army at the battle of Magnesia in 190 BCE, and following the peace treaty of Apameia in 188 BCE, Pergamum was given a large portion of the lands ruled by the Seleucids earlier.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/pergamum_kingdom.htm (1605 words)

	List of sieges - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Siege of Jerusalem (701 BCE) - the Assyrian siege of Sennacherib
		Siege of Syracuse (415 BCE) - the Athenian siege
		Siege of Syracuse (213–212 BCE) - the Roman siege
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_sieges (420 words)

	History of the Hellenistic and Roman World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		At Beneventum in 275 BCE, Phyrros was defeated by the Consul Manius Curius.
		However, in 253 BCE, the Ptolemies succeeded in a diplomatic coup, with a seemingly benign peace settlement and the marriage of Berenike, daughter of Ptolemy II to Antiochus II.
		In 27 BCE, Octavian announced the "Restoration of the Republic", with himself as Princeps Senatus of the state, with the powers of a Tribune (the most important of these being the right of veto, and inviolacy) for life, and Imperator (from which the word Emperor is later derived) of Rome's armies.
	www.fenrir.dk /history/timeline.php (5770 words)

	Articles - Chu (state) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Chu overran Cai to the north in 447 BCE.
		In 333 BCE, Chu and Qi partitioned and annexed the coastal state of Yue.
		In 278 BCE, Qin general Bai Qi marched on the capital Yingdu, threatening to invade.
	www.outship.com /articles/Chu_(state) (633 words)

	Regents Prep Global History & Geography: Famous People Vocabulary List
		He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion.
		BCE) Greek scientist who first stated that the Earth revolved around the Sun, and rotated on its axis.
		BCE), Greek mathematician, astronomer, and geographer who measured the circumference of the Earth.
	regentsprep.org /Regents/global/vocab/topic.cfm?topic=q (4692 words)

	Greece: Hellenic Kingdoms and the Rise of Rome: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Seleucus I Nicator (312-280) In 311 Seleucus recaptured the satrapy of Babylon from Antigonus and from 308 he was able to conquer the entire eastern half of Alexander's empire as far as the Indus.
		Kingdom of the Antigonids in Macedon 323-168 BCE
		Sicily 368 BCE Dionysius the tyrant took the field against the Carthaginians but died soon thereafter having ruled for thrity eight years; his son Dionysius succeeded him and ruled for twelve years (Diod.
	www.juyayay.com /outline/greece/politics04.html (811 words)

	punicb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		212 BCE - The Romans conquered and destroyed Syracuse.
		This Roman army was led by Cornelius Scipio, the son of one of the slain Scipio brothers.
		202 BCE - Scipio and the Romans defeated the Carthaginians at the Battle of Zama.
	www.medialdea.net /historyguy80538/punicb.htm (991 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Thales of Miletus (624-546 BCE) accurately predicted the 585 BCE (28 May; Gregorian calendar) eclipse of the Sun by the Moon.
		In the 3rd century BCE Aristarchus said the Sun was the centre of the universe.
		Siculus, first century BCE historian, Hippocrates (460-377 BCE) father of medicine, the Hippocratic oath in part is still taken in his honour by medical students.
	home.vicnet.net.au /~vicss/sciencePart3.htm (1333 words)

	The Discovery of Pi
		The Rhind papyrus is the first recorded mention of the ratio between the diameter and radius of a circle, and was written in 1650 BCE by an Egyptian Scribe named Ahmes.
		This verse has caused much debate, as a circle with a radius of 5 and a circumference of 30 would imply a value of pi equal to 3, which is obviously inaccurate.
		In the 5th century BCE, two Greeks, Antiphon and Bryson developed a new method of determining the area of a circle, now known as the Principle of Exhaustion.
	www.bath.ac.uk /~ma3law/project/discovery.html (648 words)

	Timebase Multimedia Chronography(TM) - Timebase 2000-01
		771 BCE The Chou dynasty in China is forced to abandon its western capital in Hao, of the Wei River Valley and move its seat eastward to Loyang due to the threat of a barbarian invasion.
		400-300 BCE The Celts settle in the Danube-Sava basin.
		312 BCE Seleucus Nicator, one of Ptolemy's generals in Syria, establishes a kingdom ranging from Syria in the west to India in the east (approximately the scope of the ancient Assyrian or Babylonian Empires) and founds the Seleucid empire.
	www.humanitas-international.org /showcase/chronography/timebase/b-c-e.htm (5647 words)

	Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Hellenistic World
		Alexander (356-323 BCE): Speech, from Arrian (c.85/90-after 146/6 CE) The Campaigns of Alexander.
		Cicero (105-43 BCE): De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum [At Epicurus]
		Written by a Greek resident of Alexandria in Egypt during the first century BCE, this text is one of the oldest surviving accounts of the countries on Africa's east coast.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/asbook08.html (890 words)

	Regents Prep Global History & Geography: Golden Ages Vocabulary List
		BCE : Date designation meaning Before Common Era, or more than two thousand years ago.
		Hellenistic : Time period from the late 4th century BCE to the 1st century CE that was characterized by Greek achievement and a blending of Persian, Egyptian, Greek, and Indian cultures due to the empire of Alexander the Great.
		It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age.
	regentsprep.org /Regents/global/vocab/topic.cfm?topic=d (4207 words)

	The Ultimate Chu (state) - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Chu (楚) was a kingdom in what is now southern China during the Spring and Autumn period (722-481 BCE) and Warring States (481-212 BCE) period.
		In 333 BCE Chu, along with the state of Qi, conquered the coastal state of Yue.
		As a result of several invasions headed by Zhao and Qin, Chu was eventually overcome by military oppression.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/State_of_Chu (314 words)

	Euclid
		Euclid may have been active around 300 BCE, because there is a report that he lived at the time of the first Ptolemy, and because a reference by Archimedes to Euclid indicates he lived before Archimedes (287-212 BCE).
		There is also a Chinese work, attributed to Chou Kung (died about 1100 BCE), that provides a rule for finding the hypotenuse of a right-triangle from the lengths of the other two sides, and states that the diagonal of a rectangle with sides three units and four units is five units.
		However, it was left to the Greeks to prove that in any right angled triangle the square on the longest side was equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides.
	www.humanistictexts.org /euclid.htm (2363 words)

	Chapter Four (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		By 173 BCE, mimes are the mainstay of the festival Floria.
		Accius, Lucius* 170-c.84 BCE Writer of tragedies and reputed to be one of the foremost playwrights.
		In 13 BCE the theatre of Balbus* and in 11 BCE the theatre of Marcellus* are built.
	members.aol.com /clasz/chap4.html (14345 words)

	Archimedes of Syracuse: Introduction
		In the third century BCE, Rome was involved in a series of military conflicts (the Punic Wars) with the Greek city-state of Carthage, situated across the Mediterranean Sea on the African coast.
		The King of Syracuse, Hiero II, managed to keep war at bay by honoring this treaty with Rome, but the situation became precarious in the later years of the century as the Carthaginian general Hannibal was gaining the upper hand in Spain and Italy against poorly managed Roman armies.
		Archimedes (287 - 212 BCE), son of Phidias, an astronomer, was thought to have been a kinsman of Hiero.
	cerebro.xu.edu /math/math147/02f/archimedes/archintro.html (1546 words)

	Energy Time Line - Year 1000 BCE to 1 CE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Persians used incendiary arrows wrapped in oil-soaked fibers at the siege of Athens in 480 BCE
		He is also credited with having discovered the principles of the lever, a very important simple tool that was probably used for many years but this genius worked out the mathematics involved.
		The oldest reference to a water mill dates to about 85 BCE, appearing in a poem by an early Greek writer celebrating the liberation from toil of the young women who operated the querns (primitive hand mills) for grinding corn.
	www.energyquest.ca.gov /time_machine/1000bce-0ce.html (403 words)

	Herdonia - 212 BCE
		As in Herdonea I (212 BC), Hannibal had to come to rescue the town under siege by a Roman army under the command of a Gn.
		In this case, as opposed to Herdonea 212 BC, Dodge presume that the Romans formed two “thick” lines in order to better resist the frontal onslaught, with two Legions and Ala deployed with the usual H-P-T formation, and all velites ahead.
		Though not even stated in his text (not to say in Livy’s), in the map he also put the Cavalry only on one wing but this may be due to a mistake.
	www.wargamer.com /greatbattles/herdonea2.asp (689 words)

	Primary sources for the study of the period
		Written in the second half of the second century BCE, the first book of Maccabees is a detailed account of the history of Judah from the accession of Antiochus IV in 175 B.C.E. to the death of Simon in 134 B.C.E. Thus the book describes the history of the Maccabean revolt.
		Nebuchadnezzar (604-652 BCE) was a Babylonian monarch whose residence was not Nineveh, the Assyrian capitol, which had been destroyed by the Babylonians in 612 BCE.
		Nebuchadnezzar had campaigned in Syro-Palestine late in the seventh century B.C.E. It is possible that the figures of Holofernes and his colleague Bagoas are memories of Orophernes and Bagoas who were generals in the campaign of the Persian king Artaxerxes III Orchus (359-338) against Phoenicia and Egypt.
	www.sonoma.edu /people/poe/Excursus/Sources482.htm (3846 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Science \| Copernican System
		As an example he chooses the question as to how many grains of sand there are in the cosmos.
		We know, therefore, that already in Hellenistic times thinkers were at least toying with this notion, and because of its mention in Archimedes's book Aristarchus's speculation was well-known in Europe beginning in the High Middle Ages but not seriously entertained until Copernicus.
		Second, Portuguese and Spanish expeditions to the Far East and America sailed out of sight of land for weeks on end, and only astronomical methods could help them in finding their locations on the high seas.
	galileo.rice.edu /sci/theories/copernican_system.html (2158 words)

	Janus
		During the reign of the emperor Augustus (27 BCE - 14 CE), they started to connect things with the cult of Janus that originally had nothing to do with it.
		Janus also has a temple at Rome with double doors, which they call the gates of war; for the temple always stands open in time of war, but is closed when peace has come.
		Plutarch goes on to say that during the reign of the legendary king Numa, the gates were always closed, and that Numa had invented the rule that they were to remain open in wartime.
	www.livius.org /ja-jn/janus/janus.html (1259 words)

	A CHRONOGRAPHY OF POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICT
		BCE Trier becomes the first permanent settlement in Germany, and according to some historians.
		53 BCE Parthians defeat the Romans at Carrhae (Harran) in northern Syria and Crassus is killed.
		52 BCE The Han Chinese empire succeeds in subjugating Turkish-speaking nomands from the northern steppes.
	www.humanitas-international.org /perezites/archive/timeline.htm (19687 words)

	Ludi Apollinares, roman civilization
		Because July was the time to harvest barley and beans, farmers who lived outside the city could come to Rome for the ludi, sell their goods at the mercatus and in some years, attend the Test of the Roman Equites held on July 15.
		Romans believed that the gods Castor and Pollux had come to their aid at the battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BCE where the conquered the Latins.
		Originally the parade was held annually, but over time came only to be celebrated every fifth year when the censors held the census of the Equites.
	abacus.bates.edu /~mimber/Rciv/apollinares.htm (533 words)

	Han-Xiongnu Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Xiongnu (Hsiung-nu) Confederation (209 BCE to 155 CE)
		According to Barfield, what was the internal political structure of the Xiongnu (Hsiung-nu) confederation?
		Based on your reading of Di Cosmo and Barfield, to what extent was a Chinese centered world view of foreign relations operational in the period from 2000 BCE to about 100 BCE?
	www.ship.edu /~jkskaf/China_Outside/3)Han_Xiongnu.html (104 words)

	Herdonia - 212 BCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The 1st was fought in 212 BC and the other 1 or 2 years later.
		In the 212 BC battle, Hannibal surprised the Romans during one of their punishing missions against the Apulian rebel towns.
		He sent Mago (probably Samnites, or Saunites — not his brother) with 2,000 horsemen behind the Romans to surprise the routed units and hide 3,000 medium/light infantrymen in the nearby woods and bush.
	www.wargamer.com /greatbattles/herdonea1.asp (917 words)

	Copernican System
		The first speculations about the possibility of the Sun being the center of the cosmos and the Earth being one of the planets going around it go back to the third century BCE.
		310-230 BCE), which would have to be many times larger because of the lack of observable stellar parallax.
		Third, the calendar, instituted by Julius Caesar in 44 BCE was no longer accurate.
	www.let.uu.nl /~Ben.J.Peperkamp/personal/internet_essays/helden_copernican_system/helden_copernican_system.htm (2259 words)

	Foreword - Physics and Archaeometry (September/October 2003)
		It came none too soon as one of the oldest forms of forgery, the counterfeiting of coinage, that began circa 670 BCE, when coins were first minted in Lydia in Asia Minor had become a major concern throughout the Mediterranean World by the time of Archimedes.
		The touchstone first described by Theophrastus [371-287 BCE] is thought to have been invented at about this time [670 BCE] to assist in the regulation of coinage quality; and, texts from the library of Ashurbanipal [668-627 BCE] bear out this need as they discuss the making of silver-like alloys from the metal ingredients.
		Needles with known concentrations of the precious metals were also rubbed on the touchstone to determine the concentrations of the unknown [an example of these needles from Agricola’s De Re Metallica is shown on the front cover of this journal [upper right]].
	www.cap.ca /pic/archives/59.5(2003)/editorial.html (1981 words)

	LUDI: Roman Festivals
		The festival dates from the 6th C BCE, In 364, Etruscan dancers were added, leading to speculation in re: Fescennine verses… Comedy and tragedy were probably performed from time to time after this and became a regular feature of the ludi Romani in 240 BCE.
		Ludi proliferated from the 3rd C BCE when they were given official sanction and financial support.
		This practice became especially important when bonuses began to be paid when public response became notably vocal, prompting magistrates to pay claques to cheer wildly and to bribe public officials to notice the wild cheering.
	www.wayneturney.20m.com /ludi.htm (429 words)

	Lanman Globe Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Greek and Roman authors mention the existence of celestial globes as well as instances of their use.
		The first terrestrial globe, on the other hand, was produced by Krates of Mallos, around 150 BCE.
		After the fall of the Roman Empire, the skills of geography and astronomy were carried on mainly in the Arab world, and it was from this region that globes were reintroduced into Europe in the 15th century.
	www.library.yale.edu /MapColl/globes.html (1422 words)

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