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Topic: 221 BC

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	Department of Communication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Prerequisites: BC 221 and 223 or consent of instructor; Eng 180 and 280.
		Prerequisites: BC 221 and 323; Eng 180 and 280.
		Prerequisites: BC 221, 223, 321, and 322 or 327; Eng 180 and 280.
	www.wiu.edu /users/micom/bcourses.shtml (975 words)

	Qin Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Qin Dynasty (秦朝; Pinyin Qín, Wade-Giles Ch'in; 221 BC - 207 BC) was preceded by the Zhou Dynasty and followed by the Han Dynasty in China.
		The unification of China 221 BC under the First Emperor marked the beginning of imperial China, a period that lasted until the fall of the Qing Empire in 1912.
		Much of what came to constitute China proper was unified for the first time in 221 B.C. In that year the western frontier state of Qin, the most aggressive of the Warring States, subjugated the last of its rival states, putting an end to the Warring States Period.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Qin_dynasty (1116 words)

	Qin Shi Huang - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After conquering the last independent Chinese state in 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang was now the king of a state of Qin ruling over the whole of China, which was unprecedented.
		The competition was extremely fierce and by 260 BC there were only a handful of states left (the others having been conquered and annexed), but Zheng's state, Qin, was the most powerful.
		Zheng ascended the throne in 247 BC at the age of 12 and a half, and was king under a regent until 238 BC when at the age of 21 and a half he staged a palace coup and assumed full power.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang (3931 words)

	Philip V of Macedon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Philip V was king of Macedonia from 221 BC to 179 BC.
		The son of Demetrius II and Chryseis, Philip was nine years old at his father's death in 230-229 BC.
		His cousin, Antigonus Doson, administered the kingdom as regent until his death in 221 BC-220 BC, when Philip was eighteen years old.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon (173 words)

	Great Wall: 221 BC
		Along with the use of taxpaying peasants for labor, the rulers also used convicts and other unfavorable groups to complete massive public works constructions such as highways, dams and walls.
		The Great Wall's construction was begun in 221 BC under the emperor Meng T'ien of the Qin Dynasty.
		Continual invasion and wars from the barbarians to the north drove the emperor to order its construction to protect the newly unified China.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/China/GreatWall.html (498 words)

	Qin Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- Research Into Origins Of Huns, Uygurs, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		BC 659-621) in escorting him to the throne at Jinn, with a promise of seceding to Qin 8 cities to the west of Yellow River.
		In the autumn of 636 BC, the brother of Zhou King Xiangwang, Shu-dai, hired the Di barbarians in attacking the Zhou court.
		In 473 B.C., the Wu Principality was annexed by Yüeh.
	www.uglychinese.org /qin.htm (15602 words)

	All Empires - The Qin Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As such, the Eastern Zhou was divided into two periods, the Spring and Autumn Period(771 BC - 476 BC), and the Warring States Period(476 BC - 221 BC).
		The date 476 BC is significant as the Zhou emperor was demoted to prince in that year, and it marked the end of the Zhou Dynasty.
		Yin Zheng, rumoured to be the bastard son of Prime Minister Lu Buwei, came to the throne in 247 BC after the death of Duke Zhuangxiang.
	www.allempires.com /empires/qin/qin1.htm (1120 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Economic History of Premodern China
		For economic historians, it makes sense to begin with the formation of China’s national economy in the wake of China’s unification in 221 BC under the Qin.
		There can be little doubt that the establishment of the Empire of China (to avoid the term of “the Chinese Empire" as it was not always an empire by and for the Chinese) served as a demarcation line in the history of the East Asian Mainland.
		Secondly, the winner of the bloody war on the East Asian Mainland, the Qin Dukedom and then the Qin Kingdom (840–222 BC), was not for a long time a rich or strong unit during the Spring and Autumn Period (840–476 BC) and the following Warring States Period (475–222 BC).
	www.eh.net /encyclopedia/?article=deng.china (2734 words)

	All Empires - Carthage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Hannibal was born in 247, and was the son of Hamilcar Barca.
		In 221 BC, his fathers brother-in-law (Hasdrubal) was assassinated, and the troops elected Hannibal as their new leader.
		In 202 BC, he was called back to Africa to stop a Roman invation, where he was defeated for the first time by the Roman general Scipio Africanus at the battle of Zama.
	www.allempires.com /empires/carthage/carthage1.htm (810 words)

	Eastern Zhou Period
		In its early days, the Western Zhou Dynasty (The 11th century BC to 711 BC) was sufficiently powerful to be able to control the vassal states.
		Finally, in 579 BC and 546 BC, two treaties were made between Jin and Chu kingdoms, resulting in a short peace in the Central Plains.
		It traced its origin to K'ung Fu-tzu or Confucius (551-479 BC), a member of the lower nobility and a minor official in the small state of Lu and was later extended by Mencius (372-289 BC), like Confucius, an itinerant scholar teaching his disciples in different states and offering advice to their rulers.
	www.warriortours.com /intro/history/zhou/eastern.htm (1758 words)

	Ancient China: The Great Unification: The Ch'in, 256-206 BC
		For from the time the Ch'in unified China in 221 BC, to the time of their fall fifteen years later in 206 BC, not even a generation had passed.
		Under their advice, in 232 BC, King Ch'eng, at the age of twenty-seven, began a vigorous campaign to unify and centralize all the northern kingdoms.
		Ch'in shih-huang-ti died in 210 BC at the age of forty-nine; the amazing thing about the empire he had founded is that it collapsed only four years after his death.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/CHEMPIRE/CHIN.HTM (1212 words)

	Western Zhou Dynasty Map (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It was philosophers of this period who first enunciated the doctrine of the "mandate of heaven," the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven") governed by divine right but his dethronement would mean that he had lost his mandate.
		In 771 BC, the Zhou court was sacked, and its king killed by invading barbarians who were allied with rebel lords.
		The first, from 770 to 476 BC, is called the Spring and Autumn Period, after a famous historical chronicle of the time; the second is known as the Warring States Period (475 to 221 BC).
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Dynasty/dynasty-West-Zhou.html (230 words)

	Cleomenes III on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In his determined effort to restore the prestige of the city, he began (227 BC) a war against the Achaean League and was successful in many battles.
		At home his reforms were revolutionary: the kingship was made the supreme power, the ephorate was abolished, and the citizenship was widely extended, apparently to decrease the danger of discontent and to ally the people with the king.
		Cleomenes came to his downfall suddenly in 222 BC (or possibly 221 BC) when the Achaean League, allied with Antigonus III of Macedon, routed the Spartan army.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/c/cleomenes3.asp (372 words)

	History of Vegetarianism - China & Vegetarianism
		The famous Prophets during Dynasties era were Laocius (born 604 BC) and Confucius (551-479 BC) while Chow (or Zhou) Dynasty (1050 BC-221 BC) was weak and ruled by many Kings.
		This era was known as Spring and Autumn period (770-475 BC), the era of many mainstreams of philosophy in China.
		It was because of the Emperor Chin (or Qin).
	www.ivu.org /history/east/china.html (2142 words)

	coins of ancient China - 255 BC to AD 221.
		It is commonly accepted that in 221 BC, at the time of the unification, Ch'in introduced the Pan (pronounced "Ban") Liang coinage, discontinuing knife and spade coinage.
		187-180 BC During the reign of Empress Kao (187-180 BC) the Pan Liang was reduced to a weight of 8 shu.
		The Han dynasty did not exactly end in AD 221, as Liu Pie, a legitimate member of the House of Han opposed Ts'ao-pei, establishing himself in Szechuan Province as first Emperor of the Minor Han Dynasty.
	www.calgarycoin.com /reference/china/china2.htm (6731 words)

	Burning of Books: 213 BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		213 BC In 213 BC, all Confucian books were burned save one copy of each which was kept in the Chinese State Library.
		Destroying literature and persecuting Confucians was an extension of the original plans to consolidate the Qin dynasty composed by Shi Huang (246-210 BC).
		The ban on books was lifted in 191 BC, after the Qin were overthrown by the Han Dynasty.
	campus.northpark.edu /history/WebChron/China/BookBurn.CP.html (430 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Hasdrubal (died 221 BC) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Hasdrubal (died 221 BC), Carthaginian general, who succeeded his father-in-law, Hamilcar Barca, as commander of the Carthaginian forces in Spain in...
		Hasdrubal (died 207 BC), Carthaginian general, son of Hamilcar Barca and brother of Hannibal.
		In 218 bc, at the beginning of the Second Punic War...
	encarta.msn.com /Hasdrubal_(died_221_BC).html (145 words)

	History of China - Wikimedia Commons
		2.1 Qin Dynasty 秦朝 (221 BC - 207 BC)
		Warring States Period 战国时代 (5th century BC - 221 BC)
		Qin Dynasty 秦朝 (221 BC - 207 BC)
	commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/History_of_China (286 words)

	Qin Dynasty: Chinese History
		Soon after, he launched a unification campaign from 230 BC to 221 BC.
		Finally in 207 BC, Xiangyu's army inflicted heavy losses on the Qin army and in the following year,Liubang broke Xianyang, the capital of Qin, and ended the notorious Qin Dynasty.
		Finally, in 202 BC, Liubang defeated Xiangyu and established the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 24 AD), proclaiming himself the emperor of the Han.
	www.warriortours.com /intro/history/qin (616 words)

	Founding of The Qin Empire The first Unification of China (221-207 BC)
		But in 473 B.C. Wu was crushed and annexed by Yueh, the most barbarian state of all the states at that time.
		Chu exterminated Yueh in 344 B.C. and the small central state of Lu in 249 B.C.; Qi annexed the central state of Sung in 286 B.C. While Qin exterminated me Zhou Dynasty itself in 256 B.(:'.
		An uprising broke out only 1 years after the death of the first Emperor in 210 B.C. And it was quickly responded by common people, by the upper classes of conquered states and by the educated groups throughout the country.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/china/wuyi/qinemp.html (514 words)

	Summary and Evaluation of China, Korea & Japan to 1875 by Sanderson Beck
		Many wars occurred in China in the half millennium from 722 to 221 BC, the first half known as the Spring and Autumn Era and the second as the Period of Warring States.
		A brief respite from these wars occurred when Heang Seu convened a meeting in 545 BC that was able to organize a league of states to keep the peace for a few years.
		When he died in 195 BC, the Chinese empire was allowed to experiment under the Daoist policies of the Empress Lu while she was busy with violent intrigues in the capital.
	www.san.beck.org /3-13-Summary.html (16017 words)

	Eastern (Later) Chou (771-221 BC) (from China) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		(traditionally, 1122–256/255 BC), dynasty that ruled ancient China for almost a millennium, establishing the distinctive political and cultural characteristics that were to be identified with China for the next 2,000 years.
		To please his concubine, Ta-chi, Chou is said to have built a lake of wine around which naked men and women were forced to chase one another.
		Parts of the enormous structure date back to the 4th century BC, but the earliest major work on the wall came during the...
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-195671?tocId=195671&ct= (970 words)

	Origins: c. 1400-221 BC (from Chinese literature) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In about 1000 BC, in Byblos and other Phoenician and Canaanite centers, the sign was given a linear form (3), the source of all later forms.
		Sometime in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC Aryan peoples from the northwest entered the Indian subcontinent and displaced the Indus Valley civilization of what is now Pakistan (see Indus Valley civilization).
		Traces its evolution from the beginning in 221 BC until the present.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=61272 (812 words)

	DBM Miniatures Wargame Page, Online Campaigns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mark Huml (M1Aurelius@aol.com) stepped in to fill the gap with a campaign that began with the year 222 BC and ran through June of 1996, with final game year being 218 BC.
		Battle of Yaan, Chu (Qin satellite) vs. Kun Ming--Summer 221 B.C. The Battle of the Nonni River,Yan (Qin satellite) v.
		220 BC Data Dump- As I'm despairing of finding the time to catch up properly on the campaign material, here's a bunch on the year 220 BC all together, and I'll try to catch up properly later...
	tetrad.stanford.edu /campaign (312 words)

	The Han Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Indeed, the period of tumult, known as the Period of the Warring States (453-221 BC) saw the reorganization of a Chinese society based on feudal royalty to one developing within a framework of a more modern style of government.
		A significant point is that by the time of the 2nd century A.D., these very busy people were not slaves or indentured, but, probably independent contractors being very well paid for their skills and efforts.
		During the four centuries of its history the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD) prepared the ground for the main political, economic, social and cultural structures that were to characterize the Chinese world for two millenia.
	www.rugreview.com /atroc/atrochan.htm (865 words)

	Comments
		In 221 BC, the young king of the Qin kingdom conquered the other states and declared himself First Emperor, hoping his legacy and scions would go on to rule for the next ten thousand years.
		The Bronze Age in China led to the widespread use of jade, pottery, silk, bronze and metalwork.
		The great literary and philosophical works in the 5th century BC would later form the basis of the imperial educational system.
	douglaswong.blogdrive.com /comments?id=45 (1774 words)

	Chinese History - Zhou Dynasty (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		Kingdoms of Israel and Juda, destruction of Jerusalem 578 BC by Babylon (king Nebukadnezzar).
		Alexander the Great conquers Minor Asia, Persia, Egypt 333 BC; division of his empire among generals.
		Wars with Carthago, Hannibal, Rome conquers the western part of the Mediterranian area until 202 BC.
	www.chinaknowledge.org /History/Zhou/zhou.html (535 words)

	Chin - Western Han Dynasties 221 BC- 24 AD
		221 B.C. Pottery capacity measure insribed with the imperial decree of the 26th year of the first Chin emperor's reign, ordering the unification of weitghts and measures.
		There was a realist element to this ware which displayed people, architecture, animals, and nature in scenes of contemporary social life, religion and mythology.
		In 1968 the ancient tombs (over 100 years BC) of liu Sheng, Prince Ching of Chungshan of the Western Han Dynasty were discovered.
	mcel.pacificu.edu /as/students/ceramics/Chineasthan.html (302 words)

	Chinese history:The Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC)
		The tenuous authority of the Zhou ended in the 3rd century BC, when the state of Qin, for the first time, unified China after Qin's conquoring its six duchies.
		In 246 BC the state conquered present-day Sichuan and proceeded todo likewise with the remaining kingdoms that stood in its way.
		Much of what came to constitute China Proper was unified for the first time in 221 B.C. In that year the western frontier state of Qin, the most aggressive of the Warring States, subjugated the last of its rival states.
	www.chinavoc.com /history/qin.htm (462 words)

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