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Topic: 230 BCE

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	Mehrgarh - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Mehrgarh is sometimes cited as the earliest known farming settlement in South Asia, based on archaeological excavations from 1974 (Jarrige et al).
		Mehrgarh Period I 7000 - 5500 BCE, was neolithic and aceramic (i.e., without the use of pottery).
		The earliest farming in the area was developed by semi-nomadic people using plants such as wheat and barley and animals such as sheep, goat and cattle.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Mehrgarh (638 words)

	General Essay on Chinese Religions
		Tradition speaks of the origins of Chinese culture lying in the 3rd millennium BCE with the Hsia dynasty.
		The religion of the Shang was principally characterised by the use of oracle bones for divination and the development of the cult of ancestors.
		Under the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220CE), the T'ang dynasty (618-907 CE), and the Sung dynasty (960-1127CE) Confucian teaching was used for public examinations.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/china/geness.html (2739 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Around 1800 BCE, signs of a gradual decline began to emerge, and by around 1700 BCE, most of the cities were abandoned.
		Certain scholars propose that this was a major river during the third and fourth millennia BCE, and suggest that it may have been the Sarasvati River of the Rigveda.
		In the course of the 2nd millennium BCE, remnants of the IVC's culture would (the so-called Cemetery H culture) amalgamated with that of other peoples, likely contributing to what eventually resulted in the rise of Vedic culture and eventually historical Hinduism.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Indus_Valley_Civilization (4182 words)

	Maurya Empire information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		However, the prospect of battling Magadha in a major war was one of the factors that caused the refusal of his troops to go further east, Alexander returned to Babylon, and redeployed most of his troops west of the Indus.
		He was assassinated in 185 BCE during a military parade by the commander-in-chief of his guard, the Brahmin general Pusyamitra Sunga, who then took over the throne and established the Sunga dynasty.
		The assassination of Brhadrata and the rise of the Sunga empire led to a wave of persecution for Buddhists, and a resurgence of Hinduism.
	www.search.com /reference/Maurya_Empire (3226 words)

	BCE Tables $230 Million Benefits Package as Part of CTV Acquistion
		While BCE acquired all of the outstanding common shares of CTV earlier this year, these shares are being held in trust until the CRTC renders its decision.
		A public hearing on the BCE application for change of ownership will be held beginning September 18 in Hull, Québec.
		BCE has established a special web site www.bce-ctv.com for those wishing to view the BCE application and other related materials.
	www.bce.ca /en/news/releases/reg/2000/07/17/1463.html (897 words)

	Euthydemus I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Euthydemus was allegedly a native of Magnesia and possible Satrap of Sogdiana, who overturned the dynasty of Diodotus of Bactria and became a Greco-Bactrian king in about 230 BCE according to Polybius.
		Little is known of his reign until 208 BCE when he was attacked by Antiochus III the Great, whom he tried in vain to resist on the shores of the river Arius, the modern Herirud.
		The death of Euthydemus has been roughly estimated to 200 BCE-195 BCE, and the last years of his reign probably saw the beginning of the Bactrian invasion of India.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Euthydemus_I (398 words)

	Bactria.htm
		Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BCE conquered Bactria and it remained under Persian rule for the next 200 years as a Bactrian Satrapy.
		Demetrios I (c.200-190 BCE), son of Euthydemus II and grand son of Euthydemus I advanced his kingdom into the Hindu Kush and northwestern India.
		Eukratides I (c.177 - 135 BCE) overthrew Demetrios II and Antimachus I (sons of Demetrios I) with the help of of Selucids in 170 BCE and became ruler of the western portion of Bactria (Gandara, Kabul and Kandahar).
	www.worldcoincatalog.com /AC/C2/Greece/AG/HK/Bactria/Bactria.htm (484 words)

	ArtLex on Mesopotamian art
		2700 BCE are fine examples of the way Sumerian sculpture is typically based on cones and cylinders -- arms and legs like pipes, skirts smooth and round, flaring out at their bottoms.
		The massive and highly stylized bird is shown with a plump body and flaring tail, and easily transcends its original and somewhat prosaic function.
		Medes, the land she came from was green, rugged and mountainous, and she found the flat, sun-baked terrain of Mesopotamia depressing, so the king decided to recreate her homeland by building an artificial mountain with rooftop gardens.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/m/mesopotamian.html (1990 words)

	MauryaEmpire.htm
		Megasthenes was sent to the court of King Chandragupta Maurya as an ambassador by hellenistic King Seleucus I Nicator after a peace treaty was signed between them and sealed with a marriage alliance of Seleucus' daughter and Chandragupta's son.
		Chandragupta Maurya abnegated the empire in 297 BCE to became an Jain ascetic and traveled to a town Sravana Belgola (near present day Bangalore) in South India.
		Asoka succeeded his father Bindusara either in 272 or 265 BCE (historians are not in agreement)).
	worldcoincatalog.com /AC/C3/India/MauryanEmpire/MauryaEmpire.htm (383 words)

	Kharoshti Script - (The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies - CAIS)©
		The history begins circa 250 BCE when the Indo-Greeks in Bactria revolted against their Seleucid masters and formed an autonomous empire free from the suzerainty of an overlord.
		25 BCE -10 CE in North Afghanistan) coins were minted with the Greek legend on the obverse and the Kharoshti script on the reverse.
		150-100 BCE) temporarily independent of the Punjab area in the Pathankot region of the Beas river valley to the borders of Nepal.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Languages/kharoshti_script.htm (2058 words)

	History of Anglo-Saxon Heathenry
		The first mention of a Germanic tribe is crica 230 BCE when the Basternae migrated to the Black Sea, and came to the attention of Greek chroniclers.
		From 230 BCE, the Germanic tribes would come in increasing conflict with the Celts, Illyrians, and Romans, eventually swallowing up most of the Celtic and Illyrian territories in Central Europe.
		This was the beginnings of the Migration Era which lasted from about 375 BCE to 550 CE (although the Viking expeditions should be counted as a part of this as well), an era when nearly every Germanic tribe was actively on the move.
	www.ealdriht.org /history.html (1662 words)

	Greek scientists
		Aristarchus of Samos (c.310-c.230 BCE) was the first to catch a glimpse of the immense size of the universe.
		One of the students of the great poet Callimachus of Cyrene was Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c.275-192 BCE), who became librarian in the Museum, the scientific institute of Alexandria.
		Strabo of Amasia (c.62 BCE - c.24 CE) is the author of one of the largest works of geography from Antiquity.
	www.livius.org /gi-gr/greeks/scientists.html (1592 words)

	European Heads of State from BCE 1200
		After the murder of Frana in 586 BCE, the people wanted the "borugh maid" Adela to be their new Earth Mother, but she refused because she wished to resign from her citadel and marry, which she did.
		The ruling dynasty of the Bosporan Kingdom (see Crimea) from the end of the 1st century BCE on was Sarmatian in origin, and probably belonged to the Roxolanoi originally.
		Her father, Tigran III had been force to accept the supremacy of Rome, but the dynasty still used the title of "King of Kings." She first married her half-brother Tigran IV, who was disposesed by Augustus because of suspected treachery, and Tiberius came again to Armenia to replace him with their cousin Artavazd.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /womeninpower/European-Queens.htm (7032 words)

	The Harmony of the Spheres
		Starting in the 6th century BCE, a number of early philosophers in the Ionian city of Miletus began the break from traditional beliefs with the first attempts to formulate rational cosmologies based on empirical observations -- as limited as these observations were.
		Philosophers such as Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes produced a few related theories generally describing a geocentric universe, with a flat disc Earth floating on an infinite cosmic ocean, capped by air, and surrounded by the circling Sun, Moon, and planets, all within a celestial sphere of stars.
		The early heliocentric theory of Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BCE) for example, while considered to be of great significance today by historians, appears to have been of little note in antiquity though some of his other theories were of great import.
	people.timezone.com /msandler/Articles/CarlosHarmony2/Harmony2.html (2195 words)

	History of Western Astronomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Chinese records of the guest star that we now call Comet Halley can be traced back to 240 BCE and possibly as early as 1059 BCE.
		One of the most important Chinese records is of a guest star that was bright enough to be seen during the daytime for nearly a month in the constellation that we call Taurus in July 1054.
		Aristotle's philosophy involved the qualitative study of all natural phenomena, pursued without the aid of mathematics which was deemed to be too "perfect" for application on an imperfect terrestrial sphere.
	www.stormpages.com /swadhwa/hofa/History.html (2447 words)

	ROMA: The Military
		By 230 BCE, Rome and Carthage were the two largest powers in the Mediterranean.
		Yet, by 264 BCE friction began to form as Roman and Carthaginian territory began to come in contact.
		In 202 BCE Carthage was reduced to nothing more than a Roman dependency and Hannibal had run away to Rome.
	library.thinkquest.org /26907/military.htm (1255 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Science \| Copernican System
		As an example he chooses the question as to how many grains of sand there are in the cosmos.
		We know, therefore, that already in Hellenistic times thinkers were at least toying with this notion, and because of its mention in Archimedes's book Aristarchus's speculation was well-known in Europe beginning in the High Middle Ages but not seriously entertained until Copernicus.
		Third, the calendar, instituted by Julius Caesar in 44 BCE was no longer accurate.
	galileo.rice.edu /sci/theories/copernican_system.html (2158 words)

	History Satavahana Empire - History Of Ancient, Medieval And Modern India.
		The Sātavāhanas, also known as the Andhras, were a dynasty which ruled in Southern and Central India starting from around 230 BCE.
		Their coins also display various traditional symbols, such as elephants, lions, horses, and chaityas (stupas), as well as the "Ujjain symbol", a cross with four circles at the end.
		After becoming independent around 230 BCE, Simuka, the founder of the dynasty, conquered Maharashtra, Malwa and part of Madhya Pradesh.
	www.bharatadesam.com /history/satavahana_empire.php (743 words)

	Greek Sculpture
		The "bronze hollow cast" figure begins as clay, a soft easily worked material that allows for extremely fine details; it is these fine details that the Greek artists sought to enhance the realism of the figure.
		The statue is marble, from c.150 bce and is 6'7" in height.
		"Athena and Alcyoneus" frieze from the Altar of Zeus at Pergamum, c.180 bce.
	www.accd.edu /sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Greek3.htm (583 words)

	Women in power 500- CE. 1
		She had practically been co-ruler with her husband Agron, and after his death in 230 BCE, she was regent for son Pinnes.
		She failed and moved on to Syria where she used her army as a dowry and married Antiochiaus IX Cyzicenus who was son of Antiochiaus Sidetes and Cleopatra Thea.
		During the reign of Emperor Wu Di (BCE 140-86) she companied Princess Xieyou as her lady-in-waiting on her bridal journey to marry the chieftain of the Wusun tribe in the Western Regions.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /womeninpower/Womeninpower00000.htm (4889 words)

	Chinese Cultural Studies: Han Fei: Selections from The Writings of Han Fei (c. 230 BCE)
		Han Fei was a prince of the stare of Han who defected to its chief rival, the state of Qin, but eventually he ran afoul of Qin's chief minister, Li Si (d.
		208 BCE) and was forced to commit suicide in 233 BCE.
		Before he died, he composed a number of essays on how to construct a stable and peaceful state.
	acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu /~phalsall/texts/hanfei.html (872 words)

	History 1501
		Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Queen Tomyris of the Massagetai and the Defeat of the Persians under Cyrus
		Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): On the Kings of Sparta, c.
		Xenophon (c.428-c.354 BCE): The Polity of the Spartans, c.
	www.gpc.edu /~proseman/1111HonPriSodirs.htm (2043 words)

	digNubia
		From the beginning of history (about 3,400 BCE) Horus was closely identified with the king.
		People thought Horus was the ancestor of all kings and the child of the sun god Re, who was also represented as a falcon.
		About 2,400 BCE, people began to believe that Horus was the son of the god Osiris.
	www.dignubia.org /bookshelf/goddesses.php?god_id=00007 (316 words)

	yamazato-videos.com-Articles\Jujitsu\JujitsuUnarmed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The earliest recorded mention of Jujitsu in Japanese mythology occurs during the period 772-481 BCE when open-handed techniques were used during the Choon Chu Era of China.
		In 230 BCE, a wrestling art developed in Japan known as Chikura Kurabe and was integrated into Jujitsu training.
		Although, sumo which dates back to Chikara Kurabe, which was a form of wrestling practiced as early as 230 BCE, was an integral part of festivals and other public events.
	www.yamazato-videos.com /Jujitsu_unarmed.cfm (3193 words)

	Central Asia - South (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The eastern branch of the Scythians, who constantly harassed the eastern provinces of the Persian empires and invaded Afghanistan and Northern India in the first century BCE.
		Kushan evolved from one of the five major clans of the aforementioned Sakae who occupied the region in the 1st century BCE.
		In its time it was considered a major state, along with China, Parthia, and Rome, and contributed much to the establishment of Buddhism in the region.
	www.hostkingdom.net /Centasia3.html (1776 words)

	The Sciencist - Energy Potential of Molecular Tickle-Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In the earliest human historical records (Cave Paintings, circa 10,000 BCE), the act of tickling appears as a comedic device employed by grandfathers, dark artisans and self-professed party animals the world over.
		In ancient China, documents found with in tombs of bygone imperial magistrates depict the use of the tickle as a remedy prescribed by rural physicians for lethargy and another common disease thought to be caused by ducks (Jian Guo, 493 BCE; Xiao Fan Zhi, 230 BCE).
		Nordic legend says that elves invented tickling, and caused its peculiar and pleasant gyrations in mammals, fish, and a sub-human class known as Skrælings (roughly translated as ragamuffins in modern tongues) (Hrothgar, 916).
	www.thesciencist.org /papers/20040115.html (1060 words)

	List of Illustrations - Section 2
		Apollo of Olympia, marble figure; from the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus, Archaeological Museum of Olympia; Olympia, Greece, 470-56 BCE.
		Winged Victory (“Nike”) of Samothrace, marble, 190 BCE, *photographed by Dr. Robert Prestiano (c).
		Dying Gaul, excellent marble Roman copy of an original Greek bronze component from a temenos group, (a number of sculptures in a sacred grove of a temple, based on the same theme).
	www.angelo.edu /faculty/rprestia/1301/list_of_illustrations2.htm (3237 words)

	Art Recognition: The Classical Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Colossus of Rhodes, 282 BCE (one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world)
		The Lighthouse of Alexandria, ca 290 BCE (one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world)
		The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, ca 350 BCE (one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world)
	www.richeast.org /htwm/classical.html (193 words)

	Theophrastus, ca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		From 4 elements there "sprang all things that were and are and shall be,trees and men and women, beasts and birds and water-bred fishes, and long-lived gods too, most mighty in their prerogatives.
		Energy is produced by the collision of atoms.
		Hippocrates/ Hippocratic Corpus, 440 BCE- 330 BCE, approx.
	www2.chass.ncsu.edu /riddle/hi321.tra.3.htm (1454 words)

	History of Astronomy
		Stonehenge, constructed between 3100-2000 BCE on England's Salisbury Plain, may have been a Stoneage astronomical site (observatory is too strong a word), at least in part.
		As the above suggests, Archaeoastronomy is an active and exciting field of research.
		Aristotle was a student of Plato, founding his own school of Natural Philosophy, the Lyceum, in Athens about 335 BCE.
	casswww.ucsd.edu /public/tutorial/History.html (2593 words)

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