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Topic: 232 BCE

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Ashoka

History of Buddhism

Mauryan dynasty

	History of Pakistan - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		He was assassinated in 185 BCE by his Brahmin general Pusyamitra Sunga, who made himself the ruler and established the Sunga dynasty.
		Menander I was one of the Greek kings of the Indo-Greek Kingdom in ancient Pakistan from 155 to 130 BCE.
		The Indo-Greeks suffered a new attack from the descendants of Eucratides around 125 BCE, as the Greco-Bactrian king Heliocles, son of Eucratides, was fleeing from the invasion of the Yuezhi in Bactria and trying to relocate in Gandhara.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/History_of_Pakistan (9099 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - History of India
		Around the 5th century BCE, the northern Indian subcontinent was invaded by the Achaemenid Empire and, by the late 4th century BCE, the Greeks of Alexander's army.
		Gautama Buddha in the 6th or 5th century BCE was the founder of Buddhism, which later spread to East Asia and South-East Asia, while Mahavira founded Jainism.
		The Sunga dynasty was established in 185 BCE, about fifty years after Ashoka's death, when the king Brihadratha, the last of the Mauryan rulers, was brutally murdered by the then commander-in-chief of the Mauryan armed forces, Pusyamitra Sunga, while he was taking the Guard of Honour of his forces.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=History_of_India (6002 words)

	500 BCE-300 BCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		300-232 BCE) became in 270 BCE the ruler of an empire extending from Afghanistan to Bengal, and by further conquests unified nearly all of India.
		Xunzi, or Hsün-tzu, (298-238) BCE was a native of Zhao (Chao), China, becoming a well-recognized scholar and rising to official posts, including that of magistrate.
		Polybius (c.203-122 BCE) was born in Megalopolis, Arcadia, a Greek city that was an active member of the Achaean League.
	www.humanistictexts.org /400-200bce.htm (1189 words)

	[No title]
		800-500 BCE: India - The Upanishads are written around this time; the doctrines of rebirth and the transmigration of souls start to appear, leading to important theological transformations within Hinduism.
		540 BCE: India - Mahavira, the founder of Jainism, is born.
		250 BCE: India - A general council of Buddhist monks is held in Patna, where the canon of Buddhist scriptures is selected.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/inpage.htm (420 words)

	Regents Prep Global History & Geography: Movement of People & Goods Vocabulary List
		Hellenistic : Time period from the late 4th century BCE to the 1st century CE that was characterized by Greek achievement and a blending of Persian, Egyptian, Greek, and Indian cultures due to the empire of Alexander the Great.
		New Kingdom : (1550 BCE - 1100 BCE) Period in ancient Egyptian history characterized by strong pharaohs who conquered an empire that stretched from Nubia in the south, to the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia.
		The Perisan Empire dominated the Middle East from the middle of the 6th century BCE to about the end of the 5th century BCE, Its greatest ruler was Dairus I. Persia was later conquered by Alexander the Great.
	regentsprep.org /Regents/global/vocab/topic.cfm?topic=l (3101 words)

	Old World Contacts/Overviews/First Period: 350 BCE - 400 CE
		The Greco-Bactrian kings had extended their rule into India and the Buddhism promoted by the Mauryan Emperor between 272 and 232 BCE was well established throughout South Asia.
		Beginning around 206 BCE, the Han dynasty succeeded in providing a unifying influence to the diverse peoples of Asia and the ancient Silk Roads were secured through the military ability of the Han generals.
		After the collapse of the Mauryan Kingdom, the southern kingdom of Andharas and the Kingdom of Kushan in the north maintained the level of trade from India until the mid-third century.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/oldwrld/overview/first.html (1426 words)

	The Berzin Archives - Historical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in Afghanistan
		In 317 BCE, however, the Indian Mauryan Dynasty took Oddiyana from the Seleucids and thus the area was only superficially Hellenized during this short period.
		In 197 BCE, the Graeco-Bactrians conquered Oddiyana and Gandhara from the Mauryans.
		Balkh had been the birthplace of Zoroaster in about 600 BCE It was the holy city of Zoroastrianism, the Iranian religion that grew from his teachings and which emphasized the veneration of fire.
	www.berzinarchives.com /islam/history_afghanistan_buddhism.html (5651 words)

	Cast for Eternity: Bronze Masterworks from India and the Himalayas
		Fifty years ago it was thought that the Indus Valley civilization dated back to around 3000 BCE at most, so that at the time of writing Chintamoni Kar regarded Indian culture to be relatively recent compared to the ancient Egyptian, Assyrian, and Greek civilizations so admired in the West.
		They were followed, in the second century BCE, by the images and reliefs of the Buddhist stupas: the decorated toranas (gateways) of the stupa at Sanchi in central India, which were carved during the Shunga dynasty (185-73 BCE), are perhaps the finest examples.
		During the Kushan dynasty (first century BCE to the fourth century CE), it was part of Gandhara, with Takshashila (Taxila) as its capital.
	www.asianart.com /exhibitions/antwerp/alphen.html (6723 words)

	Arachosia - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Arachosia was probably added to the Achaemenid empire during the reign of king Cyrus the Great (559-530 BCE); there are indications that a Persian fortress at Kapisa was built in these years.
		During the troubles after the death of Cyrus' son and successor Cambyses in the summer of 522, Arachosia sided with the Persian pretender Vahyazdâta.
		It was briefly subjected to the Indian emperor Ashoka Maurya (272-232 BCE - famous for his rock edicts) and became Parthian in the second century.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/Arachosia (306 words)

	History of Nepal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One of its princes was Siddharta Gautama (563–483 BCE), who renounced his royalty to lead an ascetic life and came to be known as the Buddha ("the enlightened one").
		By 260 BCE, most of northern India was ruled by the Maurya Empire.
		Although there is no evidence that Nepal was ever controlled by the Mauryas, there is evidence of at least the influence of Ashoka—the ruler of the Maurya empire from 273 to 232 BCE and a convert to Buddhism—have been found in the Kathmandu Valley.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-History_of_Nepal (2517 words)

	asoka
		Beginning around 500 BCE, we traced the achievements of classical Greece, the era of Hellenism ushered in by the expansion of Alexander the Great and ended with the rise and fall of Roman civilization.
		In 260 BCE, Ashoka was still pursuing the goal of uniting India under Mauryan rule, pushing control south.
		Until his death in 232 BCE, Ashoka attempted to rule the Mauryan empire as a Buddhist state, based on the principles of Buddhist dharma and the ideals of non-violence and compassion.
	www.hcc.hawaii.edu /distance/hist151/asoka.htm (1764 words)

	ARH 382 - ID List 1
		The North Central Asian nomadic group that migrated to Bactria in the late 2nd c.
		BCE and eventually invaded north India as the Kushans.
		He explored Central Asia from 139 to 126 BCE.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~arthist/jacobson/arh382/list01.htm (374 words)

	India, 320 BCE to 120 CE
		In an effort to combat the drought, Chandragupta, in 301 BCE, abdicated in favor of one of his sons, Bindusara, and he withdrew with the Jainist sage to a religious retreat in India's southwest.
		In 185 BCE, the rule of the Mauryan family ended when an army commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra Sunga, murdered the last Mauryan king during a parade of his troops.
		From 141 to 128 BCE the Scythians were able to push into lush, agricultural Bactria, against the Greeks there, who were already weakened by warfare.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch13.htm (5246 words)

	Asoka1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		After his father’s death, he became in 270 BCE the ruler of an empire extending from Afghanistan to Bengal, and covering the Ganges plain and the Deccan plateau.
		He pushed out the boundaries of his empire during the next decade, conquering Kalinga in 262 BCE.
		He converted to Buddhism in 260 BCE and thenceforth propagated ideals of tolerance, equality, and public service.
	www.humanistictexts.org /asoka.htm (1348 words)

	Newsletter ...10-1-2002
		Buddhism in India was at the height of its influence from 250 BCE to around 500 CE.
		The appearance of Buddha images was not until around the first century BCE and their function was originally similar to that of the stupa - relic containers in the first instance and then becoming 'reminding relics' in their own right.
		The lack of human cult images until the last centuries BCE was common to all classical Indian religions.
	www.urbandharma.org /udnl/nl100102.html (7322 words)

	Universal Life Church - ULC Seminary » Blog Archive » The Decline of Buddhism in India by Herbert Jensen
		From the 2nd Century BCE to the 12th Century CE, Buddhism grew to be the predominant religion practiced on the Indian sub-continent, which consists primarily Afghanistan, Pakistan, the disputed region of Kashmir, the modern state of India, plus Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
		The Vedas collectively refers to a corpus of ancient Indo-Aryan religious literature composed in Verdic Sanskrit between 1500 BCE and 500 BCE that are associated with the Vedic civilization.
		The commission of the Council was to reconcile the differences that had arisen amongst the various schools of Buddhism and to purify the movement from the opportunistic factions that had been attracted solely by Ashoka’s royal patronage.
	www.ulcseminary.org /blog/?p=141 (7349 words)

	Buddhist Symbols : Buddhist Flag : The Bodhi Tree : Buddha Foot Prints : Begging Bowl.
		The historical Buddha lived around the sixth century BCE, but no Buddhist artefacts are known from before the third century BCE.
		In the second century BCE, people started to excavate Buddhist monasteries in rock, creating a large amount of artwork to withstand the ages.
		With the appearance of Buddhist Tantra around the 6th century, a wealth of new artwork and symbolism appeared, as imagination and visualization form a major technique in meditation practices.
	www.buddhastatues.org /symbol_of_buddhist.htm (3655 words)

	History of Buddhism in Central Asia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Buddha lived and taught in the fifth or fourth century BCE.
		The Muslim invaders destroyed Buddhist institutions, the most significant being the university of Nalanda, which fell at the end of the twelfth century.
		By the first century CE, Buddhism was well established in Bactria and Gandhara, and patronised by the Kushana Empire which ruled these areas.
	idp.bl.uk /education/BUDDHISM/background/history.html (724 words)

	Magadha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Siddhartha Gautama himself was born a prince of Kapilavastu in Kosala around 563 BCE.
		According to tradition, the Shishunaga dynasty founded the Magadha Empire in 684 BCE, whose capital was Rajagriha, later Pataliputra, near the present day Patna.
		In 321 BCE, exiled general Chandragupta Maurya founded the Maurya dynasty after overthrowing the reigning king Dhana Nanda to establish the Maurya Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magadh (1459 words)

	A Discussion on the Determination of the Date of the Historical Buddha
		Consequently, the date of the historical Buddha remains difficult to conclude exactly, though it has been the subject of much scholarly discussion.
		The Sarvaastivaada tradition on this issue is represented in two texts, both written by Vasumitra (c.
		As presented in the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasty editions of the Chinese Tripi.taka, the Buzhiyi-lun gives the coronation of A"soka as 160 years after the death of the Buddha.(note 8) However, the Shibabu-lun in those same editions has 116 years, thus agreeing with the Taisho edition.
	www.geocities.com /cmkwk/TheBuddhaDates.html (1600 words)

	Mauryan dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab3.cs.columbia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Chandragupta Maurya (322 - 298 BCE) - founder of the Mauryan empire.
		Ashoka the Great (273- 232 BCE) - most famous of the Mauryan emperors; Bindusara's son.
		Brhadrata (187 - 185 BCE) - last Mauryan ruler, assassinated by his general Pusyamitra Sunga, who ascended the throne and founded the Sunga dynasty.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Maurya_dynasty (192 words)

	History of Buddhism in India
		What exactly happened is unlikely to be ever revealed, but the first split in the Sangha was a fact.
		During the reign of Emperor Asoka in the 3rd Century BCE, the Third Council was held to discuss the differences of opinion among the bhikkhus of different sects.
		After the death of Asoka, there followed a period of persecution under Pusyamitra Sunga (183-147 BCE).
	buddhism.kalachakranet.org /india.html (1726 words)

	NYALPS' History of India
		In these towns, people lived in two to three story houses, with advanced streets and drainage systems, and used tools made from copper, bronze and stone.
		Around 1500 BCE, the Aryans, passing through the Khyber Pass, overran the Indus Valley.
		In circa 321 BCE, Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan empire.
	members.aol.com /NYALPS/India.html (1101 words)

	Pergamon, Bergama, Turkey
		The General revolted against the rule of Thrace, and when news came of the death of Lysimachus in 232 BCE, Philetaerus used the 9,000 talents to set up his own kingdom, calling it the Attalid Kingdom (named after the nephew of Philetaerus).
		He built the Doric Temple to Athena and a theatre on the steep western slope (170 BCE).
		The now decimated altar of Zeus to commemorate the victory of Attalus I was built in his reign, as well as the 200,000 volume library, which rivaled Alexandria.
	www.enjoyturkey.com /Tours/Interest/Biblicals/pergamon.htm (852 words)

	E-sangha, Buddhist Forum and Buddhism Forum -> The E-sangha Timeline Project
		528 BCE The Four Noble Truths are revealed by Buddha Shakyamuni in his first sermon after his enlightenment.
		383 BCE At Vesali the Second Buddhist Council is held declaring a minority orthodox (Theravada) and the majority heretic (Mahayana).
		250 BCE Under the auspices of King Asoka the Buddhist canon (Tipitaka) is completed during the Third Buddhist Council at Patna.
	www.lioncity.net /buddhism/index.php?showtopic=4461 (3726 words)

	Buddhist Case Law on Theft
		Returning to the first century BCE, 2p6 is my example of a case illustrating legal reasoning.
		The verse index describes this case as "One should not take away what has an owner" which suggests that vinayadharas of the first century BCE were relaxed about the laity owning what the Burmese would later call sanghika property.
		It is fascinating to consider how the vinaya was used within Indian monasteries during the centuries BCE.
	www.buddhistinformation.com /buddhist_case_law_on_theft.htm (6876 words)

	Arachosia
		Arachosia was probably added to the Achaemenid empire during the reign of king Cyrus the Great (559-530 BCE); there are indications that a Persian fortress at Kapisakani
		This was during a war; it is possible that Arachosia was under normal circumstances governed by the satrap of
		It was briefly subjected to the Indian emperor Ashoka Maurya (272-232 BCE - famous for his rock edicts) and became Sacan and Parthian in the second century BCE.
	www.livius.org /ap-ark/arachosia/arachosia.html (307 words)

	Sacred Places: Bodh Gaya, India
		Trees and the Sacred) here and received the enlightenment that would inspire one of the world's great religions.
		The pipal tree, a species of fig, became known as the Bodhi or Bo (Enlightenment) tree.
		The Buddhe's followers soon recognized the tree as sacred, and it was officially revered by the first great Indian Buddhist empeor Asoka (268-232 BCE), who marked it off with a railing.
	witcombe.sbc.edu /sacredplaces/bodhgaya.html (301 words)

	Pre Modern India Outline # 3: Age of States, Empires, and Heterodoxy
		Mahapadma Nanda 364 B.C.E. Alexander of Macedonia invades, 326 B.C.E..
		ASHOKA 268-233 B.C.E. Expansion, the Kalinga campaign, and his conversion to Buddhism.
		MAHAVIRA, founder of Jains, born c.540 B.C.E. emphasize Ahimsa (non-violence) so agriculture, e.g., forbidden, hence many in trade.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~sj6/premoindoutline03.htm (273 words)

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