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Topic: 237 BC

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	Cornelius
		Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum[?], consul 162 BC, 155 BC
		Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio[?], consul 138 BC
		Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella[?], praetor 81 BC, proconsul 80 BC
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/co/Cornelius.html (141 words)

	Flaccus
		Flaccus, consul 237 BC, 224 BC, 212 BC, 209 BC
		Lucius Valerius Flaccus, consul 152 BC, 131 BC
		Gaius Norbanus Flaccus, consul 38 BC, 24 BC, 15(?)
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fl/Flaccus.html (136 words)

	Ancient Districts of Asia Minor and Anatolia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the 7th and 6th centuries BC the cities of Ionia were involved in a series of wars with the kings of Lydia, to whom Ionia yielded a nominal submission.
		Early in the 1st millennium BC it is believed to have comprised the greater part of the Anatolian Peninsula, but at the time of the Persian invasion in the 6th century BC it was limited to the districts known as Lesser Phrygia and Greater Phrygia.
		On his overthrow in 66 BC by the Roman general Pompey the Great, the kingdom was divided, the western portion being joined to the province of Bithynia in a Roman province known as Pontus and Bithynia and the eastern region being assigned to native princes.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /sites/ancient_districts.htm (3048 words)

	Hannibal - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		He accompanied his father to Spain in 237 BC; according to his testimony while in exile at the court of Antiochus III the Great, before departure his father forced him to swear an oath of eternal hostility to Rome.
		In 221 BC he attacked the Olcades, a tribe of the interior, who were quickly compelled to submit by the fall of their capital, Althaea.
		In 190 BC he commanded a Syrian fleet against Rhodes, but his great talent as a general—the ability to use topography against his enemy—was worthless at sea and he was defeated.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/Hannibal (1319 words)

	Hamilcar Barca - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Hamilcar Barca (about 270 - 228 BC), or Barcas (Canaanite baraq "lightning"), was a Carthaginian general and statesman, father of Hannibal.
		He distinguished himself during the First Punic War in 247, when he took over the chief command in Sicily at a time when the island was almost completely in the hands of the Romans.
		Hamilcar stood out far above the Carthaginians of his age in military and diplomatic skill and in strength of patriotism; in these qualities he was surpassed only by his son Hannibal, whom he had imbued with his own deep hatred of Rome and trained to be his successor in the conflict.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Hamilcar_Barca (557 words)

	Roman Timeline of the 3rd Century BC
		254 BC Birth of the Roman comedy playwright Plautus, in the town of Sarsina, Umbria, in Italy.
		239 BC Birth of the writer Quintus Ennius, born at the town of Rudiae in Calabria.
		212 BC The introduction of a new coinage to Rome, the denarius.
	www.unrv.com /empire/roman-timeline-3rd-century.php (1273 words)

	History of Athens - 336 BC to 237 AD - Athens Info Guide
		In 317 BC, Athens was obliged to ally with Cassander of Macedon and power was held for ten years by Demetrius Phalireus, a pupil of Aristotle, an eminent scholar and a lawgiver.
		Demetrius (the Besieger), 307-287 BC Demetrius I, son of Antigonus I Monophtalmus and Stratonice, was a Macedonian king (294-288 BC belonging to the Antigonid dynasty.
		From the Macedonians to neutrality, 287-200 BC In 268 BC, in alliance with the Ptolemies of Egypt and King Ares of Sparta, Athens declared war against Antigonus Gonatas, King of Macedon and son of Demetrius the Besieger.
	www.athensinfoguide.com /history/t3-336.htm (1878 words)

	Global Heritage Fund - Site Profile
		In the third century BC Carthage and Rome engaged in the first of three colossal battles, known as the Punic Wars.
		Publius Cornelius Scipio (237-183 BC), later known as Scipio Africanus, defeated Carthage in 202 BC and reduced it to a dependant state.
		The third Punic War (149-146 BC) resulted in the massive slaughter of the Carthaginian people and the wholesale destruction of their city.
	www.globalheritagefund.org /sites/emea/africa/carthage.html (671 words)

	Hannibal Barca
		In 237 BC, 10 year-old little Hannibal said to his father before he left to the war in Spain, "I want to go with you".
		In 230 B.C, Hamilcar was killed in battle, and command of the army was left to his son-in-law, Hasdrubal.
		Carthage's economy was ruined and in 200 BC Hannibal became a cheif magistrate.
	www.angelfire.com /rebellion/historicalheros/hannibal.html (3604 words)

	Europa: The History of the White Race: Chapter 12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		By 400 BC, the Latin League had successfully overthrown all the last vestiges of Etruscan rule, and from then on the Etruscan peoples were completely absorbed into the Latini, creating a Nordic/Alpine/Mediterranean mix which became characteristic of the early and middle Roman Empire, with Nordic elements tending to form the ruling class.
		The period from 133 BC to 30 BC is known as the late Republic, during which Rome itself was to experience civil strife not seen since the days of the Latini insurrection against the Etruscans.
		In 44 BC, Caesar was however assassinated on the steps of the senate in Rome by a group opposed to his almost royal control of the affairs of state.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/fowles/500/hwr12.htm (5344 words)

	Carthage's Truceless War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the period 241-239 BC relations between Carthage and Rome were good: Hanno's land party had the upper hand in Carthage.
		The so-called ‘Truceless’ or Mercenaries’ War of 241-237 B.C. was both an intensely dramatic conflict and one of the most fully recorded episodes in Carthage’s history, though many details remain unclear.
		The supposed prosecution-attempt in 237 is another Appianism, not in Diodorus’ discussion of how Hamilcar attained dominance at that period and implicitly contradicted by Polybius’ remark that when the Sardinia crisis ended Hamilcar was ‘swiftly’ sent to Spain.
	www.barca.fsnet.co.uk /carthage-truceless-war.htm (1896 words)

	All Empires - Carthage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Hannibal was born in 247, and was the son of Hamilcar Barca.
		In 202 BC, he was called back to Africa to stop a Roman invation, where he was defeated for the first time by the Roman general Scipio Africanus at the battle of Zama.
		In 195 BC, Hannibal was exiled and forced to flee from Roman spies.
	www.allempires.com /empires/carthage/carthage1.htm (810 words)

	Phoenician Colonies
		The Mediterranean and North African coast (with the exception of Cyrenaica) entered the mainstream of Mediterranean history with the arrival in the 1st millennium BC of Phoenician traders, mainly from Tyre and Sidon in the eastern Mediterranean.
		It is likely that the expansion of the Phoenicians at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC is to be connected with the alliance of Hiram of Tyre with Solomon of Israel in the second half of the 10th century BC.
		From the middle of the 3rd century to the middle of the 2nd century BC, Carthage was engaged in a series of wars with Rome called the Punic Wars.
	phoenicia.org /colonies.html (2220 words)

	Punic Wars - MSN Encarta
		In the spring of 218 bc Hannibal swiftly marched a large army through Spain and Gaul and across the Alps to attack the Romans in Italy before they could complete their preparations for war.
		In the 2nd century bc, however, Carthage continued to be commercially successful and, though only a minor power, a source of irritation to Rome.
		A minor Carthaginian breach of treaty gave the pretext for the Third Punic War (149-146 bc), in which the Romans, led by Scipio the Younger, captured the city of Carthage, razed it to the ground, and sold the surviving inhabitants into slavery.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761562033 (672 words)

	An Outline of Spanish History
		200,000 BC Neanderthal occupations at Gibraltar, Valencia and Gerona
		3,000 BC The emergence of extensive townships characterized by fortified, buttressed wall-enclosed settlements surrounded by cultivated fields of cereals.
		Hamilcar landed in 237 BC, Hasdrubal established Carthago Novo (Cartagena).
	www.as.ua.edu /ant/Faculty/murphy/Blount/CHRONO.htm (2433 words)

	History International - The Fall of Great Empires
		Dido was the legendary founder and queen of Carthage; the city was probably established as a trading post toward the end of the 9th century bc by Phoenicians.
		By the subjugation of the Libyan tribes and by the annexation of older Phoenician colonies, Carthage in the 6th century bc controlled the entire North African coast from the Atlantic Ocean to the western border of Egypt, as well as Sardinia, Malta, the Balearic Islands, and part of Sicily.
		In the 2d century bc, however, Carthage continued to be commercially successful and, though only a minor power, a source of irritation to Rome.
	www.historyinternational.com /greatempires/?page=history3 (1510 words)

	Sierra: Empire Earth - Epochs: Bronze Age
		Later, in Greece, the role of the supernatural in medicine was downplayed until, by the time of Hippocrates in the 5th century BC, disease was regarded as a bodily affliction with natural causes.
		Around 300 BC, the Greeks established a medical school in Alexandria, which continued to be a center of learning throughout the Roman era.
		Alexander was born in 356 BC to King Philip II of Macedon.
	www.empireearth2.com /epochs04_bronze.jsp (1190 words)

	The great revolt
		During the twenty–year period 206–186 BC there are in Thebes several changes of regime; the notaries (and the temples) seem to have adapted rather easily to the change of masters.
		This priestly decree, dated 186 BC is preserved in demotic and hieroglyphic script on the wall of the mammisi (temple of royal birth) in Philae, and on an unpublished stela in the Cairo Museum.
		In 197 BC Thaubastis daughter of Sokrates declares possession of a young Egyptian slave Thasion, whom she had bought from the fisc on a public auction (through the praktor, a kind of bailiff), for 500 drachma, to which was added a twenty–percent purchase tax.
	ist-socrates.berkeley.edu /~tebtunis/lecture/revolt.html (4265 words)

	Rome: The Punic Wars
		The First Punic War: 264-241 BC The First Punic War broke out in 264 BC; it was concentrated entirely on the island of Sicily.
		In 241 BC, the Carthaginians and Romans signed a treaty in which Carthage had to give up Sicily, which it didn't miss, and to pay an indemnity to cover Roman costs for the war, which it could well afford.
		The Third Punic War: 149-146 BC   In the years intervening, Rome undertook the conquest of the Hellenistic empires to the east.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/ROME/PUNICWAR.HTM (1868 words)

	Phoenician Colonies
		The Mediterranean and North African coast (with the exception of Cyrenaica) entered the mainstream of Mediterranean history with the arrival in the 1st millennium BC of Phoenician traders, mainly from Tyre and Sidon in the eastern Mediterranean.
		It is likely that the expansion of the Phoenicians at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC is to be connected with the alliance of Hiram of Tyre with Solomon of Israel in the second half of the 10th century BC.
		From the middle of the 3rd century to the middle of the 2nd century BC, Carthage was engaged in a series of wars with Rome called the Punic Wars.
	www.phoenicia.org /colonies.html (2192 words)

	Antiochos Hierax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Antiochos Hierax was born around 263 BC as the second son of Antiochos II Theos and Laodike.
		At the age of fourteen his mother made him co-ruler in Asia Minor with his brother, Seleukos II Kallinikos, while the latter was engaged in staving off a Ptolemaic assault on Syria and the east.
		Antiochos Hierax, with a large body of Galatian mercenaries and the support of Mithridates II of Pontos, inflicted a massive defeat on his brother at the Battle of Ankyra in 240 and drove him back across the Taurus Range.
	www.seleukids.org /AntiochosHierax.htm (584 words)

	240 BC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC
		Decades: 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC - 240s BC - 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC
		Years: 245 BC 244 BC 243 BC 242 BC 241 BC - 240 BC - 239 BC 238 BC 237 BC 236 BC 235 BC
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/240_BC (119 words)

	PUNIC WARS,
		By 216 bc he had won two major victories, at Lake Trasimeno and the town of Cannae, and reached southern Italy.
		A minor Carthaginian breach of treaty gave the pretext for the Third Punic War (149–146 bc), in which the Romans, led by Scipio the Younger, captured the city of Carthage, razed it to the ground, and sold the surviving inhabitants into slavery.
		(264–241 bc) was the outcome of growing political and economic rivalry between.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=220036 (1197 words)

	Special Project 1: Tangent Deliverable
		Publius Cornelius Scipio "Africanus" was born in Rome in 236 BC, son to a popular Roman general of the same name.
		When Hamilcar Barca died in 229 BC in battle near the Jucar river, command of the Spanish wars was given to Hannibal's brother-in-law, Hasdrubal.
		Scipio returned to Italy in 205 BC and was elected consul to Sicily at the age of 31, a position that gave him the authority to attack Africa.
	www.travelin-tigers.com /zhs/proj1d.htm (2933 words)

	Absolute Chronology of the Ancient World by Astronomy
		This volcanic activity is marked by a conjunction of Sun, Jupiter, Venus and Mars at the tail of Leo in August 4, 1627 BC.
		This was later the origin of "sparkling Aton" (it must have been a coronal eclipse, as Starry Night Pro seems to also show) applied later to Echnaton (Akhenaten), called King SAUL because his birth occurred with an eclipse in the kingly sign of the lion.
		In the 29th year of the reign of Ramses II at Abu Simbel - marking the reign of Ramses II - there is an entry uncertainly identified by the Egyptologists as an "earthquake" It is a solar eclipse.
	www.lexiline.com /lexiline/lexi760.htm (1602 words)

	5,000 years of Indian culture UNESCO Courier - Find Articles
		The oldest of the Vedas is the Rigveda (1500-1200 BC) in which there is a quest for the Supreme Reality underlying all multiplicity.
		This trend was strengthened in the dialogues of the Upanishads (900-600 BC).
		In 326 BC, Alexander of Macedon crossed the Indus and won a decisive battle.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1989_Feb/ai_7546111 (933 words)

	Hannibal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 237 BC, when he was only nine, Hannibal was taken by his father, the great Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca, to Spain, where Carthage sought to establish a new base against Rome.
		In 217 BC, with an anny of 46,000 men and 37 war elephants, Hannibal trekked through Spain's Pyrenees Mountains, rafted his men and elephants across the Rhone River in southern France, and crossed the Alps into Italy.
		Although en route to Rome their combined forces dealt the Romans three major defeats, Hannibal's forces were too depleted when they reached the city and had to abandon the attack.
	socsci.gulfcoast.edu /rbaldwin/hannibal.htm (325 words)

	Hamilcar Barca Summary
		He distinguished himself during the First Punic War in 247 BC, when he took over the chief command in Sicily at a time when the island was almost completely in the hands of the Romans.
		In 244 BC he transferred his army to a similar position on the slopes of Mt. Eryx (Monte San Giuliano), from which he was able to lend support to the besieged garrison in the neighbouring town of Drepanum (Trapani).
		By a provision of the peace of 241 BC Hamilcar's unbeaten force was allowed to depart from Sicily without any token of submission.
	www.bookrags.com /Hamilcar_Barca (1300 words)

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