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Topic: 241 BC

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	Carthage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		By the beginning of the 5th century BC, Carthage was the commercial center of the region, a position it would retain until overthrown by the Roman Republic.
		In 315 BC Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse, seized the city of Messene (present-day Messina).
		In 311 BC he invaded the last Carthaginian holdings on Sicily, breaking the terms of the current peace treaty, and laid siege to Akragas.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Carthage (2855 words)

	Hamilcar Barca - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 244 he transferred his army to a similar position on the slopes of Mt. Eryx (Monte San Giuliano), from which he was able to lend support to the besieged garrison in the neighbouring town of Drepanum (Trapani).
		By a provision of the peace of 241 Hamilcar's unbeaten force was allowed to depart from Sicily without any token of submission.
		Hamilcar stood out far above the Carthaginians of his age in military and diplomatic skill and in strength of patriotism; in these qualities he was surpassed only by his son Hannibal, whom he had imbued with his own deep hatred of Rome and trained to be his successor in the conflict.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hamilcar_Barca (526 words)

	Punic Wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The First Punic War (264 BC - 241 BC) was primarily a naval war.
		The Second Punic War (218 BC - 202 BC) is famous for Hannibal's crossing of the Alps.
		The Third Punic War (149 BC - 146 BC) resulted in the destruction of Carthage.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Punic_Wars (255 words)

	Carthago -- History and Mythology
		The Carthaginian engagement of the Sicilian Greeks in 480 BC at the same time as the Persians under Xerxes were invading Greece seems to have been part of a coordinated plan that met with failure.
		By 409 BC Carthage was ready to take on the Greek cities in Sicily, taking Selinus and other Sicilian cities at the turn of the century.
		Carthage's subsequent revival of fortune in the first half of the 2nd C. BC led Rome to decide to neutralize the potential threat posed by Carthage once and for all by destroying the city and annexing its territory.
	iam.classics.unc.edu /loci/144/144_hist.html (1310 words)

	Roman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The traditional origin of the Roman Republic is dated in 509 BC as a result of a revolution against the outrageous behavior of the last kings of the monarchy at Rome.
		In 83 BC he returned to Italy and after a 1-year civil war he regained control of Rome and had himself appointed dictator for the purpose of reconstructing the Republic.
		On March 15, 44 BC, Caesar entered the Senate and was stabbed to death in an attempt to end his ambition and restore the Republic.
	www.iserv.net /~cjsalpha/wargames/roman.htm (1375 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Punic Wars
		In the spring of 218 bc Hannibal swiftly marched a large army through Spain and Gaul and across the Alps to attack the Romans in Italy before they could complete their preparations for war.
		In the 2nd century bc, however, Carthage continued to be commercially successful and, though only a minor power, a source of irritation to Rome.
		A minor Carthaginian breach of treaty gave the pretext for the Third Punic War (149-146 bc), in which the Romans, led by Scipio the Younger, captured the city of Carthage, razed it to the ground, and sold the surviving inhabitants into slavery.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761562033__1/Punic_Wars.html (692 words)

	All Empires - Carthage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hannibal was born in 247, and was the son of Hamilcar Barca.
		In 202 BC, he was called back to Africa to stop a Roman invation, where he was defeated for the first time by the Roman general Scipio Africanus at the battle of Zama.
		In 195 BC, Hannibal was exiled and forced to flee from Roman spies.
	www.allempires.com /empires/carthage/carthage1.htm (810 words)

	The 1st Punic War (264-241 BC) (DBA Campaign Scenarios)
		In 251 BC Carthage attacked Panormus and were badly beaten prompting them to sue for peace again, which this time the Romans declined.
		In 249 BC the Carthaginian fleet defeated a Roman fleet that was blockading Lilybaeum.
		In 241 BC Carthage attempted to strike back but her fleet was decisively defeated at the battle of the Aegadian Isles (Aegates).
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/campaigns/campaign1stpunic.html (921 words)

	First Punic War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 288 BC, a group of Italian mercenaries, the Mamertines, occupied the city of Messina, ItalyMessina in the north-eastern tip of Sicily, killing all the men and taking the women as their wives.
		In 262 BC, Rome besieged the city of Agrigentum, an operation that involved both consular armies&mdasha total of four Roman legions&mdashand took several months to resolve.
		Following several naval battles, Rome was aiming for a quick end to the war and decided to invade the Carthaginian colonies of Africa, to force the enemy to accept terms.
	www.infothis.com /find/First_Punic_War (2408 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		RWW EXAMPLES: bc 241 Declare chan 241 bad, assuming plotting in channels.
		DESCRIPTION: Bc stores a pair of hardware chan numbers (1 to 768) which get will use as a range of chans to be replaced when a backend including those chans is specified.
		If the cl: flag is given, bc clears the old bad chans before storing the new (if any).
	www.astro.umd.edu /~mpound/comb/doc/bc.html (304 words)

	Maltavoyager.com - History - The Romans
		The three Punic Wars were to last for over a hundred years and during this struggle between the Carthaginians and the Romans, Sicily and its appendage, the Maltese islands, were to occupy central stage in the theatre of war for the control of the Mediterranean.
		By the end of the First Punic War, in 241 BC, the whole of Sicily had been ceded to the Romans but the Carthaginians were allowed to retain the Maltese Islands.
		Peace did not last long, however, because in 218 BC a second war broke out and, learning from their past mistakes, the Romans were determined to capture the islands.
	www.maltavoyager.com /history_romans.html (293 words)

	Carthage Timeline
		BC -- Carthaginian control extends to Morocco, Lybia, Sardina, Malta and the Balaeric Is. Carthage cooperates with Etruscans to conquer Greek-held Corsica.
		218 BC -- Hanibal Barca besieges Saguntum in Spain.
		19 BC -- Virgil's Aeneid, a myhtical explination of the enmity between Rome and Carthage, is published.
	www.geocities.com /carrajena/timeline.html (2044 words)

	Pertempuran kepulauan Aegates - Wikipedia
		Pertempuran kepulauan Aegates atau Aegusa (offshore western coast of Sicily, March 10 241 BC) merupakan pertempuran laut terakhir antara angkatan Carthage dan Republik Rom (Roman Republic), semasa perang Punic Pertama.
		Bagaimanapun, general Carthage Hamilcar Barca dengan perlahan mengukuhkan kedudukan di pulau tersebut dan kemungkinannya disebabkan oleh ini, pada tahun 242 BC Rom memutuskan membina satu angkatan pengganti dan mengambil kembali keunggulan tentera laut.
		Angkatan baru ini bersedia pada tahun 241 BC dan diserahkan kepada konsul Gaius Lutatius Catulus, dibantu oleh praetor Quintus Valerius Falto.
	ms.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pertempuran_kepulauan_Aegates (570 words)

	Articles - Antiochus III the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The campaigns of 219 BC and 218 BC carried the Seleucid arms almost to the confines of Egypt, but in 217 BC Ptolemy IV confronted Antiochus at the battle of Raphia and inflicted a defeat upon him which nullified all Antiochus's successes and compelled him to withdraw north of the Lebanon.
		Antiochus seemed to have restored the Seleucid empire in the east, and the achievement brought him the title of "the Great King." In 205 BC/204 BC the infant Ptolemy V Epiphanes succeeded to the Egyptian throne, and Antiochus conduded a secret pact with Philip V of Macedon for the partition of the Ptolemaic possessions.
		But that recovery proved brief, for in 198 BC Antiochus defeated Scopas at the Battle of Panium, near the sources of the Jordan, a battle which marks the end of Ptolemaic rule in Judea.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Antiochus_III_the_Great (1025 words)

	Archimedes' Times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		At the beginning of the third century BC, the Mediterranean basin was controlled by the Carthaginians in the west and the Greeks in the east.
		However, upon his death in 215 BC he was succeeded by his 15-year-old grandson Hieronymos who began negotiations with Hannibal.
		Hiernoymos was assassinated in 214 BC, leading to civil war in Syracuse between the pro-Carthaginian and pro-Roman factions.
	departments.weber.edu /physics/carroll/Archimedes/times.htm (295 words)

	The First Punic War (264-241 BC)
		As late as 279 BC the two cities has signed a treaty against Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, whom posed a threat to both.
		This offensive was led by Claudius and Marcus Valerius Messalla in 263 BC.
		The Romans won further in 262 BC with the towns of Segesta and Agrigentum.
	www.dl.ket.org /latinlit/historia/republic/punic2.htm (460 words)

	Ancient Rome - Punic Wars
		Carthage was prepared to surrender, but the terms offered by Rome were too severe, and in 255 Carthage attacked with a new army built around cavalry and elephants and drove the invaders to the sea.
		The battle for Sicily resumed in 254 but was largely stalemated until 241, when a fleet of 200 warships gave the Romans undisputed control of the sea lanes and assured the collapse of the Punic stronghold in Sicily.
		Because Rome controlled the sea, Hannibal led his army overland through Spain and Gaul and across the Alps, arriving in the plain of the Po River valley in 218 BC with 20,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry.
	www.crystalinks.com /punicwars.html (1039 words)

	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Following the battle of Ilipa in 206 BC Two Spanish Kings (Indibil of the Ilergetes and Mandonio of the Ilergavones) revolt against Rome, and invade the territories of Rome’s allies the Suessetani and Edetani.
		In 205 BC Indibil and Mandonio continue to cause trouble, but Indibil is defeated and killed in battle, and Mandonio is captured and executed.
		In south-west Hispania the Turdetani (under Culcas and Luxinio), supported by the cities of Sexi (Almuñecar) and Malaca (Málaga), defeat and kill C. Sempronius Tuditanis (one of the new Roman governors sent that year).
	www.balagan.org.uk /war/0240bc/chronology.htm (614 words)

	Victori - The Roman Military \| BCE Timeline
		387 BC In 387 BC Ancient Rome is sacked and looted by the Gauls, a neighboring empire.
		343 to 290 BC In the period of 343 to 290 BC, the Romans conquered the Sabines to the North, and the Samnites to the South East.
		48 BC 48 BC: Pompey is defeated by Caesar.
	www.numbera.com /rome/history/bcetimeline.aspx (365 words)

	Early and Later Carthaginians (DBA 31a & b)
		Then, another catastrophe naval defeat in 241 BC coupled with the heavy cost of pursuing the war with their largely mercenary armies prompted the Carthagians to sue for peace.
		In 241 BC, Rome and Carthage signed a peace treaty in which Carthage relinquished claims to Sicily and granted Rome a heavy war indemnity.
		In 209 BC, the Romans had recaptured Tarentum and Hannibal, denied reenforcements by Carthage, was reduced to defensive operations against the Romans and their allies.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/dba31ab.html (2071 words)

	Roman Project Map 3: 241 BC
		In 264 BC, contesting Carthage's movements to aid the Mamertime pirates, Rome committed to an alliance with the Mamertimes.
		In 241 BC Carthage finally collapsed, and peace was made on severe terms.
		Sicily was made a Roman province, as well as the islands Sardinia and Corsica in 238 BC after the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca nominally breached the peace treaty with Rome while subduing mercenary mutinies.
	www.travelin-tigers.com /zhs/hsrom03.htm (217 words)

	Roman Empire: 509 BC-AD 1453
		The Roman Republic: 509-31 B.C. 753 BC: Traditional date for the founding of Rome.
		390 BC: Rome is sacked by Gauls and rebuilt.
		The remainder of the Roman Empire is now referred to as the Byzantine Empire.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/Mediterranean/Rome.html (66 words)

	First Punic War, 264-241 BC
		Over the winter of 255 BC, Carthage reformed her army, with the aid of a Spartan mercenary called Xanthippus, although he was not actually in command of the armies.
		This was followed by a period of quiet on the part of the Roman fleets, followed in 249 BC by the only major Roman naval defeat in battle, at Drepana, where a surprise attack on the city failed.
		It was a sign of the strain that Rome was under that the fleet of 253 BC was financed by private individuals rather than the state.
	www.rickard.karoo.net /articles/wars_punic1.html (2627 words)

	Antiochos II Theos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Shortly after the execution of his rebellious brother, Seleukos, around 269 Antiochos II was officially associated with his father in the kingship and designated as heir to the throne.
		In 258 BC the king managed to remove Timarchos, the pro Egyptian tyrant of Miletos, and for this great service the Milesian civic body voted him the title of Theos ('God').
		By 253 BC Antiochos II had shown that the Seleukid house was once again a strong power in the eastern Aegean and Mediterranean, causing the proponents of war in Alexandria to reconsider their position.
	www.seleukids.org /AntiochosII.htm (702 words)

	Pergamum and Troy, Turkey - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		On the death of Lysimachus, Philetaeros became the ruler of Mysia and Troas.
		Eumenes' cousin and successor, Attalus I Soter, who reigned from 241 to 197 BC, became master of northwestern Asia Minor through his victories over the Gauls and the Seleucid king Antiochus III, the Great, and allying himself with the power of Rome.
		To his reign belong the altar of Zeus and the development of the library, founded by his father, where a group of scholars established a school of grammatical study in opposition to the scholars of the Alexandrian library.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /pergamum_turkey.htm (887 words)

	[No title]
		Control of "Greece" was divided between a number of independent city-states which often formed shifting alliances with each other or fought to expand or preserve their spheres of influence.
		264 BC Rome had substantially completed the conquest of the Penisula and launched the Punic Wars to gain dominance in the greater Mediterranean area.
		241 BC Carthage cedes its territory in western Sicily to Rome.
	www.italystl.com /ra/1213.htm (692 words)

	237 BC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Decades: 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC - 230s BC - 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC
		Years: 242 BC 241 BC 240 BC 239 BC 238 BC - 237 BC - 236 BC 235 BC 234 BC 233 BC 232 BC
		Hamilcar Barca suppresses the revolt of Carthaginian mercenaries, who had revolted over being short-changed for back pay.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/237_BC (113 words)

	Rome: The Punic Wars
		The First Punic War: 264-241 BC The First Punic War broke out in 264 BC; it was concentrated entirely on the island of Sicily.
		In 241 BC, the Carthaginians and Romans signed a treaty in which Carthage had to give up Sicily, which it didn't miss, and to pay an indemnity to pay for the war, which it could well afford.
		The Third Punic War: 149-146 BC In the years intervening, Rome undertook the conquest of the Hellenistic empires to the east.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/ROME/PUNICWARS.HTM (1574 words)

	Virtual History of Sicily
		735 BC Chalcidians of Euboea begin Greek settlement of Sicily by establishing the city of Naxos on the eastern coast
		-301 BC Carthage, allied with the Siculi and Phoenician cities of Sicily, commences a century of debilitating and indecisive wars with Syracuse
		241 BC Carthage cedes to Rome its territory in western Sicily; Rome begins 600 years of rule in Sicily
	www.boglewood.com /sicily/home.html (468 words)

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