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	romhist.html
		Third Punic War 149-146 BCE started because the Numidian king Masinissa provoked Carthage into a war not approved by Rome; Carthage was destroyed and razed by the Romans and Carthaginian territory became the Roman province of Africa.
		The Gracchi brothers (Tiberius and Gaius) began a reform movement to redistribute senatorial lands to the landless poor; Tiberius was slain in 133 BCE.
		In 31 BCE Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in the East.
	publish.uwo.ca /~kolson2/romhist.html (1155 words)

	Pergamum Kingdom
		Due to a childhood injury, having have lost his manly powers, Philetaerus never got married and had no son, so decided to adopt his nephew Eumenes as his heir to the throne of his small kingdom that he was just building.
		Although Eumenes I (263-241 BCE), has never used the title of King, he is regarded as the first king in the line of Attalid dynasty who ruled the Pergamum Kingdom for five generations.
		Eumenes in alliance with Romans swept the Seleucid army at the battle of Magnesia in 190 BCE, and following the peace treaty of Apameia in 188 BCE, Pergamum was given a large portion of the lands ruled by the Seleucids earlier.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/pergamum_kingdom.htm (1605 words)

	filmhist.html
		Traditional date of the founding of Rome was April 21 753 BCE; there were two mythological traditions (Romulus and Remus: The twins were members of the royal house of Alba Longa— sons of Rhea Silvia, daughter of Numitor deposed by Amulu/ Aeneas: the Trojan hero who escaped to Italy to found Rome (his destiny).
		Lucius Junius Brutus (Superbus' nephew) expelled the kings and liberated Rome in 509 BCE and became her first consul (along with L. Tarquinius Collatinus, cousin to Superbus).
		After 510 BCE Rome was ruled by an oligarchy and became a Republic.
	publish.uwo.ca /~kolson2/filmhist.html (1608 words)

	The Original Eve
		1529 BCE Moses (of the Bible) is born at Memphis Egypt and is adopted by princess Neferubity Thermuthis (sister to Hatshepsut and Thutmosis II).
		945-715 BCE Reign of Dynasty XXII; Kushites and Canaanites (Hittites and Phoenicians) establish a large number of ports on the North African shore, and on the islands of Corsica and Sardinia and western Sicily and on the shore of Spain.
		327 BCE At Makaranda in Samarkand, Persia, during a drunken rage Alexander murders Cleitus Niger, the African King of Bactria, foster brother of Alexander and commander of the "royal squadron" of the Greek/Macedonian armies under Phillip and Alexander.
	www.stewartsynopsis.com /original_eve.htm (3975 words)

	Anatolia: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History
		Idriaeus (351-344 BCE)- he died of disease and was succeeded by his sister and wife Ada (who later became Queen of Alinda), but she was expelled by her brother Pixodarus, who threw in his lot with the Persians inviting in a Persian Satrap Othontapates (Orontobates?) This satrap was ruling when Alexander arrived in 334.
		In 500 BCE the tyrant of Mylasa was Oliatus, son of Ibanollis.
		In 167 BCE they revolted from the Rhodians and were soon thereafter declared free by the Romans once more.Under the Pax Romana Mylasa flourished and brought under her control in the name of 'Sympolity' the cities of Euromos, Chalcetor, Hydae, Olympos and Labraynda, and their citizenry were alloted to her own tribes.
	www.juyayay.com /outline/anatolia (9235 words)

	Greek Philosophy [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		It was founded by Xenophanes of Colophon (born about 570 BCE), the father of pantheism, who declared God to be the eternal unity, permeating the universe, and governing it by his thought.
		Empedocles of Agrigentum (born 492 BCE) appears to have been partly in agreement with the Eleatic School, partly in opposition to it.
		Like the Sophists, he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged, and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point; but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard, Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs.
	iep.utm.edu /g/greekphi.htm (3899 words)

	[No title]
		In 216 BCE Hannibal defeated the Romans at Cannae, destroying 80,000 Roman soldiers.
		In 204 BCE Scipio landed in African used the same tactics that Hannibal used in Italy - he burned the farm land and headed straight for Carthage to besiege the city.
		In 202 BCE Hannibal and Scipio met at Zama, the decisive battle of the 2
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~mbstwck/punicwars.htm (644 words)

	\|\|The Cradle of Nubian Civilisation\|\|
		1570-1546 BCE Reign of Ahmose I in Egypt; Nubian campaigns and the appointment of an Egyptian as the "Viceroy of Kush".
		671 BCE Esarhaddon speeds across Sinai with his camel cavalry and meets the Nubian and Egyptian forces of Taharka in the eastern Delta; Taharka is defeated and withdraws from Tanis and retreats to Memphis citadel.
		661 BCE Tanutamun defeated in Memphis and driven from Thebes that is sacked by Ashurbanipal.
	www.thenubian.net /chronology.php (3611 words)

	Overheads - LIT 102 - Spring 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		56 BCE: the conference at Luca: the Triumvirate was renewed.
		53 BCE: Crassus was defeated by the Parthians in the battle of Carrhae and lost his life.
		44 BCE the Ides of March: killed by a conspiracy of aristocratic partisans led by Cassius and Brutus.
	web.syr.edu /~dhmills/lit102/102ovrhd.htm (2083 words)

	Hispania - Province of the Roman Empire
		In 219 BCE Hannibal, the Carthaginian leader, attacked, and laid siege to Saguntum.
		In 215 BCE his brother Publius Scipio arrived with reinforcements, and in 214 the Romans advanced and recaptured Saguntum.
		In 13 BCE Hispania was divided into three provinces: Baetica, Lusitania, and Tarraconensis.
	www.unrv.com /provinces/hispania.php (1313 words)

	Arcesilaus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Arcesilaus (316/5-241/0 BCE) was a member and later leader (‘scholarch’) of Plato's Academy.
		He initiated the skeptical phase of the Platonic school (‘Academic skepticism’) and was an influential critic of Stoic epistemology.
		His arguments were initially preserved by his students — including Pythodorus, who wrote up some of them, and Lakydes, his successor as scholarch — and in the work of his opponents, most notably, the Stoic Chrysippus, whose reformulation of Stoicism was prompted by Arcesilaus' criticisms of the views of the first generation of Stoics.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/arcesilaus (5342 words)

	A CHRONOGRAPHY OF POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		771 BCE The Chou dynasty in China is forced to abandon its western capital in Hao, of the Wei River Valley and move its seat eastward to Loyang due to the threat of a barbarian invasion.
		400-300 BCE The Celts settle in the Danube-Sava basin.
		312 BCE Seleucus Nicator, one of Ptolemy's generals in Syria, establishes a kingdom ranging from Syria in the west to India in the east (approximately the scope of the ancient Assyrian or Babylonian Empires) and founds the Seleucid empire.
	www.humanitas-international.org /perezites/archive/timeline.htm (19687 words)

	Punic wars
		In first half of 3rd century BCE Carthage held many territories that made it easy for them to control and dominate the western Mediterranean Sea, but when they conquered Messana (now Messina) on the north eastern tip of Sicily in 264, they faced the Romans for war for the first time.
		Then for some years Carthage was the most successful, notedly under the leadership of Hamilcar, but with the battle at the Aegates Islands in 241, the Carthagians were beaten so painfully that they requested peace.
		When the Romans finally breached the walls, one week of fighting inside the city followed, then the city was burned, and the locals were either executed or sold into slavery.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/punic_wr.htm (967 words)

	Organizational Culture and Change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The chief personages in the first of these were Speusippus (son of Plato's sister), who succeeded him as the head of the school (till 339 BCE), and Xenocrates of Chalcedon (till 314 BCE).
		Thus can we attain release from all bondage to theories, a condition which is followed, like a shadow, by that imperturbable state of mind which is the foundation of true happiness.
		Both attacked the Stoics for asserting a criterion of truth in our knowledge; although their views were indeed skeptical, they seem to have considered that what they were maintaining was a genuine tenet of Socrates and Plato.
	www.lifeskillsu.org /Philosophy-history.htm (5119 words)

	412 A Brief History of Roman History, Classical Drama and Theatre
		Both nations are of Indo-European stock, part of the massive invasions and displacements beginning in the second millennium BCE which disrupted and obliterated native peoples in a vast series of migrations extending from northern Europe all the way to India.
		By 61 BCE he had been granted two triumphs—to get one was a rare honor, and Pompey would go on to have a third!—but in retrospect it's clear these triumphs stemmed less from the Romans' honor of the man than a collective fear for their lives any time he was in town.
		In 31 BCE Octavian's forces met Antony's and Cleopatra's at Actium (on the coast of western Greece), a naval battle which the western forces won.
	www.usu.edu /markdamen/ClasDram/chapters/121romhist.htm (6185 words)

	notes2
		Battle of Marathon (490 BCE)- The Persian emperor Darius retaliated and attacked Attica (the peninsula dominated by Athens) in 490 BCE.
		Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE)- The Greek military strategy early in the war was to slow the Persian invasion long enough to allow the Greek navy the chance to attack the Persian fleet.
		Reforms of Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus (around 133 BCE)- Tiberius was elected a Tribune of the plebeians in 133 BCE and proposed redistributing public lands to provide landless peasants with small farms.
	users.gloryroad.net /~cmonte/WHnotes2.html (11022 words)

	March
		Victory of Julius Caesar at Munda, 45 BCE.
		241 BCE, and the Temple of Minerva on Aventine, c.
		Victory of Julius Caesar at Alexandria, 47 BCE.
	www.religioromana.net /calendar/calendar-march.htm (1199 words)

	philosophical skepticism
		Gorgias (483-378 BCE) claimed that nothing exists or if something exists, it cannot be known, or if something does exist and can be known, it cannot be communicated.
		Protagoras (480-411 BCE) said that "Man is the measure of all things." This statement is usually interpreted to mean that there are no absolute standards or values and that each person is the standard of truth in all things.
		Democritus (460-370 BCE), a contemporary of Gorgias and not generally considered a philosophical skeptic, made such an argument.
	skepdic.com /skepticism.html (2482 words)

	pax
		It was in Northern Africa that the Romans defeated the Carthaginians for a second time in 201 BCE, most notably at the famous Battle of Zama.
		Punic War (ended in 146 BCE.) However, it was the earlier defeat of Hannibal which established clearly that the future belonged to Rome.
		Between 200 BCE and about 200 CE, the Roman empire continued to expand, ultimately encompassing the entire Mediterranean, European territories as far north as Scotland, and parts of the Near East.
	www.hcc.hawaii.edu /distance/hist151/pax.htm (2069 words)

	Corsica - Province of the Roman Empire
		In 565 BCE, they founded the colony of Alalia (now Aléria) on the east coast of the island, which they called Kalliste or 'the most beautiful one'.
		In 540 BCE in a decisive battle at Alalia, the Greeks were beaten by an alliance of the Carthaginians and Etruscans, which limited their expansion in the western Mediterranean.
		Towards 100 BCE Alalia city was rebuilt and renamed Aleria, it became a great economic capital with its fortifications, hot springs and important naval base.
	www.unrv.com /provinces/corsica.php (272 words)

	Pergamon, Bergama, Turkey
		The General revolted against the rule of Thrace, and when news came of the death of Lysimachus in 232 BCE, Philetaerus used the 9,000 talents to set up his own kingdom, calling it the Attalid Kingdom (named after the nephew of Philetaerus).
		He built the Doric Temple to Athena and a theatre on the steep western slope (170 BCE).
		The now decimated altar of Zeus to commemorate the victory of Attalus I was built in his reign, as well as the 200,000 volume library, which rivaled Alexandria.
	www.enjoyturkey.com /Tours/Interest/Biblicals/pergamon.htm (852 words)

	Seven Wonders of the World to Spartan Cipher Rod * People, Places, & Things * Greek Mythology: From the Iliad to ...
		In 333 BCE, when Alexander the Great marched into Sidon, the city was too weak to defend itself and fell easily to the Greeks; the city prospered in relative peace under Greek and then Roman rule but was again cast into a period of turmoil when the Moslems conquered the city in 636 CE.
		Smerdis was the son of Kyrus (Cyrus) the Great and Kassandane (Cassandane); his older brother, Kambyses (Cambyses), ascended to the throne after the death of his father and established himself as a harsh and arrogant monarch; his blasphemy and cruelty bordered on madness.
		Originally Sophists were noted as teachers and scholars; they earned their living by teaching and were regarded as honorable men; by the fifth century BCE the term Sophist became a derogatory designation for men who argued for the sake of argument and were more concerned with winning arguments than seeking truth or knowledge.
	www.messagenet.com /myths/ppt/_s1002.html (3502 words)

	History
		When they besieged Messana, the outbreak of war, the First Punic War (264 BCE - 241 BCE) was inevitable.
		The first encounter of the two fleets at Mylae off the coast of Sicily in 260 BCE was a Roman victory which was followed by an even more crushing success off Cape Ecnomus when eighty Carthaginian ships were either sunk or captured.
		Further disasters struck Rome when a fleet sent to rescue the survivors was destroyed in a storm and thousands of trained oarsmen were drowned.
	cornellia.fws1.com /first_punic_war.htm (798 words)

	Polybius' Introduction
		Thus we must first state how and when the Romans established their position in Italy, and what prompted them afterwards to cross to Sicily, the first country outside Italy where they set foot.
		Their struggle with the Samnites and Celts had made them veritable masters in the art of war, and after bravely supporting this war with Pyrrhus and finally expelling himself and his army from Italy [275 BCE], they continued to fight with and subdue those who had sided with him.
		When, with extraordinary good fortune, they had reduced all these peoples and had made all the inhabitants of Italy their subjects excepting the Celts, they undertook the siege of Rhegium now held by certain of their compatriots.
	www.uvm.edu /~bsaylor/classics/polybius1.html (1959 words)

	Pergamon Summary
		The kingdom of Pergamon surrendered to Alexander of Macedon in 334 BCE and after Alexander's death in 323 BCE was claimed by Lysimachus, one of Alexander's generals, in 301 BCE.
		Philetaerus ruled over the kingdom from 282 to 263 BCE; his successor, his nephew Eumenes I, governed until 241 BCE and left a wealthy kingdom to his cousin Attalus I, founder of the Attalid dynasty that controlled the city-state until 133 BCE.
		From the second century BCE, aqueducts made of earthenware pipes were constructed to supply drinking water; that from the spring at Madradag Hill was made up of 240,000 separate clay pipes.
	www.bookrags.com /Pergamon (1292 words)

	Attalus I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the spring of 198 BCE, Attalus returned to Greece with twenty-three quinqueremes and joined a fleet of twenty decked Rhodian warships at Andros, to complete the conquest of Euboea begun the previous year.
		Early in 197 BCE, Titus Quinctius Flamininus, the Roman consul, summoned Attalus to a Boeotian council in Thebes to discuss which side Boeotia would take in the war.
		Attalus was the first to speak in the council, but during his address he stopped talking and collapsed, with one side of his body paralyzed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Attalus_I (2890 words)

	Asian Art and Architecture: Art & Design 382/582 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The style of the visual imagery of the Theravadin Buddhists of Lanka was, by contrast, mainly that of the Krishna Valley of the Dravida speaking, southeastern coast, however.
		Chandragupta, the inaugurator of the Maurya dynasty, was a pragmatic ruler (321- 297 BCE) conquering most of north India’s Ganga and Indus regions, as far west as Afghanistan.
		In 241 BCE he had carved seven pillar edicts advocating specifically Buddhist dharma, obedience to teachers and elders, non-killing, generosity, moderation, devotion, compassion, forgiveness, etc. He was particularly interested in advocating against sects splitting, and legitimated the forcible disrobing of those who refused to avoid actions leading in that direction.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~tart/arth382/lecture5.html (7091 words)

	FROM LEGEND TO REPUBLIC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The legend of Romulus and Remus dated the founding Rome at around 735 BCE, but from modern archeology comes evidence that Rome was already a collection of villages around the year 1000.
		In 509 BCE, a group of Roman nobles, who were fed up with their Etruscan king, Tarquin, drove him from Rome and into early retirement.
		In 205 BCE, with great solemnity and pomp, the stone was transported from Pessinus (a town in central Asia Minor) to Rome, and it was installed in a temple on Rome's Palatine hill.
	campus.queens.edu /depts/english/from_legend_to_republic.htm (4802 words)

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