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Topic: 2494 BC

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2458 BC

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	Old Kingdom
		The first famous pharaoh of the Old Kingdom was Djoser (2630–2611 BC) of the Third Dynasty, who ordered the construction of the first pyramid (the Step Pyramid) in Memphis' new necropolis, Saqqara.
		The final blow was a sudden and short-lived cooling in the region that resulted in a drastic drop in precipitation between 2200 and 2100 BC, which in turn prevented the normal flooding of the Nile.
		An inscription on the tomb of Ankhtifi, a leader of the First Intermediate Period, describes the state of the country at the end of the Old Kingdom: All of Upper Egypt was dying of hunger and people were eating their children...
	www.archira.com /old.html (611 words)

	Celtic Chronology
		278 BC Celts invade and settle in Anatolia (Galatia).
		274 BC Celts are employed in the armies of the Seleucids and Ptolemies.
		101 BC Romans defeat the Cimbri and Teutones at Vercelli.
	www.hixenbaugh.net /hixenbaugh_ancient_art_website_228.htm (414 words)

	A timeline of the ancient Egyptians
		2900 BC : king Djer is buried at Abydos, the seat of the cult of Osiris, lord of the Underworld and husband of Isis, and his "mastaba" becomes considered the grave of Osiris
		2181 - 2160 BC Dynasties 7 and 8
		2160 - 2040 BC Dynasties 9 and 10
	www.scaruffi.com /politics/egyptian.html (1717 words)

	Rho Iota Chapter - Egyptian History
		The historian Manetho (270 BC) wrote a history of Egypt giving the number of dynasties, the number of kings, their names and the length of each reign.
		The Old Kingdom From the 1st dynasty 3I00 2890 BC to the 8th dynasty 2181- 2125 BC
		None of the names of kings of the short-lived seventh dynasty are known and the eighth dynasty shows signs of and political decay.
	www.tulane.edu /~rhoiota/egypt.html (859 words)

	Sacred Insects
		The scarab was a common type of amulet, seal or ring-bezel found in Egypt from the 6th Dynasty (c.2345 BC) until the Ptolemaic period (c.30 BC).
		In the Old and Middle Kingdom periods (2686-1650 BC), the fly was also depicted on various ritual artifacts, including the so called 'magic wands' often carved from hippopotamus ivory and probably intended to protect the owner from harm.
		He was identified from a ceremonial mace-head found at Hierakonpolis (modern-day Kom el-Ahmar, about 80 km south of Luxor) [map] which depicts a king wearing the white crown of Upper Egypt with the glyph of a scorpion next to his face.
	www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk /sacredinsect.htm (2742 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Once the Egyptian élite progressed from the practice of burying the dead in simple pits in the ground, it was not long before they developed the concept of a container for the body.
		Very early examples are made of wood or ceramic, but early in the Old Kingdom (about 2613-2160 BC), the idea of a container of hard stone, a sarcophagus, developed.
		The exterior of the sarcophagus is decorated with a panelling known as 'palace façade', so called because it was based on the mud-brick façade of the early Egyptian palace.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /compass/ixbin/print?OBJ56 (274 words)

	Pyramids
		Most date from the Old Kingdom (c.2686-2181 BC) and are found on the west bank of the Nile, in a region approximately 100 km long and situated south of the delta, between Hawara and Abu Ruwaysh.
		Beginnig in the 10th century AD the entire Giza complex served as a source of building materials for the construction of Cairo, and as a result, all three pyramids were stripped of their original smooth outer facing of limestone.
		The pyramid of Khufu, erected c.2500 BC, is the largest in the world, measuring 230 m on each side of its base and originally measuring 147 m high.
	stp.ling.uu.se /~viktorah/pyramids.html (856 words)

	Egypt: The Viziers of Ancient Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Their importance in the 5th Dynasty may be attested by the tomb of Ptahshepses, a vizier who's mastaba tomb is the finest of any at Abusir.
		Amenemhat I Sephetepibra (1985-1955 BC) was the first ruler of the 12th Dynasty, but we believe he was earlier attested to as the vizier of Mentuhotep IV.
		After the Second Intermediate Period (1650-1550 BC), viziers such as Ramose and Rekhmira continued to play a significant role in the government of Egypt, because of the strength the title gained during the that intermediate period.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/vizier.htm (970 words)

	Untitled Document
		The pyramids at Giza characterize power through the clear, simple form of the pyramid, symbolically tying earth to the heavens, mountain to the sun, representing the king as the son of Ra.
		1301 BC The Temple of Ramses II is sculpted from living rock to a depth of 55 meters (180 feet) into the cliff.
		Circular temple of Fortuna - dating from about 200 BC A statue of Fortuna with Jupiter and Juno in her lap about 100 meters (328') down the hillside from the temple of Fortuna.
	lamar.colostate.edu /~bradleyg/two_2.html (1798 words)

	GreatShpnx
		It was placed there by the pharaoh Thutmose IV in around 1400 BC, to commemorate his clearing all the sand from the Sphinx enclosure, and repair works.
		Well this is obviously down to opinion, and its interesting to note that a New York forensic artist was brought in to do a comparison of the Sphinx's face and the face on the statue of Khafre, which emphatically concluded that they are not the same person.
		It is also worth noting that, since the Sphinx sits in the hollow of its enclosure, it has spent most of the time between 2500 BC and the present day buried up to its neck in sand, blown in from the adjacent Sahara desert, a fact which effectively eliminates the likelihood of any significant erosion.
	www.ancient-mysteries.com /testpart/sphinx/GreatShpnx/greatshpnx.html (1092 words)

	Egypt Tours & Travel - Egypt In Depth II
		A little north of the Maidum Pyramid are the remains of the Seila Step Pyramid, which is made of limestone and is thought to be from the 2nd dynasty.
		Continue your tour visiting the tomb of Ramose from 1379 BC known as tomb number 55 and belonging to the Prime Minister of Akhenaton.
		It was built in the 1st century BC and is the only circular representation of the heavens found in Egypt.
	visitegypt.net /tours/pac29.htm (3094 words)

	CNN.com - Egypt says finds are oldest evidence of mummification - Apr. 1, 2003
		The coffin was found in one of more than 20 mud-brick tombs, which Hawass said belonged to officials who had lived between 3100-2890 BC under Egypt's 1st Dynasty.
		Methods used between 1567-1200 BC were the most effective at preserving dead and the remains of King Ramses II, who ruled during that period, have been displayed at the Egyptian Museum.
		Techniques used between 1085-945 BC were the most elaborate, when the dried, washed and wrapped body was strapped with cloth for protection and covered with jewelry to ward off evil.
	www.cnn.com /2003/TECH/science/04/01/egypt.mummy.reut (258 words)

	Dynastys and Pharoahs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		2494 2345 BC 5th Dynasty pharaohs built Sun Temples, which were dedicated to the sun god Ra Pyramids are smaller and less solidly constructed than those of the fourth dynasty.
		1650-1550 BC Hyksos, sometimes referred to as the Shepherd Kings or Desert Princes, sacked the old capital of Memphis and built their capital at Avaris, in the Delta.
		1650-1550 BC While the Hyksos ruled northern Egypt a new line of native rulers was developing in Thebes.
	hometown.aol.com /ksmith9526/SSEgyptDynastyPharoah.htm (223 words)

	News in Science - Wooden coffin yields oldest Egyptian mummy - 02/04/2003
		Ancient Egyptians are known to have embalmed bodies by between 2613BC and 2494 BC.
		Methods used between 1567 BC and 1200 BC were the most effective at preserving the dead, and the remains of King Ramses II, who ruled during that period, have been displayed at the Egyptian Museum.
		Most elaborate were techniques used between 1085- BC and 945 BC, when the dried, washed and wrapped body of a mummy was strapped with cloth for protection and covered with jewellery to ward off evil.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s821961.htm (269 words)

	REALM OF THE GODS
		During the "New Kingdom" (c 1550 - 1069 BC) it was claimed that Osiris was buried at Abydos, in a tomb which is now known to be that of the 1st Dynasty King Djer (c 3000 BC).
		In the 4th dynasty (c 2613 - 2494 BC) the king Djedefra (c 2566 - 2558 BC) included the title / epithet, "sa RA" ("son of Ra") as one of the king`s five names.
		During the New Kingdom (c 1550 - 1069 BC) a text called the "Litany of Ra" was inscribed on the walls of some of the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings.
	gtae.users.btopenworld.com /godsOtoR.htm (1834 words)

	Ancient Egypt
		In the middle of the fifth millennium BC, the Badarians were succeeded in Upper Egypt (i.e., the south) by the Amrateans, who mark the real commencement of the predynastic period (c.
		This complex, which includes the step pyramid itself, a burial chamber, a mortuary temple, and the court of the Heb Sed (festival of renewal), was, according to the late Egyptian writer Manetho, the first Egyptian building in stone.
		Imhotep later came to be regarded as a sage, author of wisdom literature, and patron of scribes, and under the 26th dynasty (664-525 BC) he was deified.
	www.theology.edu /egypt1.htm (6703 words)

	Ancient Egyptian Timeline
		The first religious words were written on the walls of the royal tombs.
		2160 BC Capitol moves from Memphis to Herakleopolis in northern Middle Egypt - Upper Egypt controlled by Theban rulers.
		300 BC The Temple of Isis was built on the island of Philae in the Nile River.
	library.thinkquest.org /CR0210200/ancient_egypt/timeline.htm (933 words)

	The Wargamer - Ancient Egypt - History Home
		The oldest dynasty known, the 1st dynasty, dates from 2900 BC to 2770 BC (all dates are approximate dates).
		While the Sahara was green pastoral grazing land before 3000 BC, this drastic climatic change (disaster) caused the peoples to migrate.
		Hellenistic Period 300 BC-30 BC - Egypt ruled by the Greek dynasty of the Ptolemies, ending with the famous Cleopatra.
	www.wargamer.com /egypt/history_main.asp (1249 words)

	2
		Up to this point, about 4000 BC, there is relatively little in the archaeological record to differentiate the Neolithic people from their late Paleolithic ancestors.
		During the fourth millennium B.C. the bulk of the Egyptian population lived in small, self-sufficient farming villages composed of small, semi-permanent huts, and were dependent to some degree on agricultural products and domestic animals with some component of wild game and fish.
		The largest of the eastern distributaries was the Canopic branch which flowed near Naukratis in the 6th century B.C. and may have existed in Old Kingdom times (Figure 2.3).
	www.acagle.net /dissertation/chapter2.html (11758 words)

	Great Sphinx
		The present damage done to the face of the Sphinx was done in 1380 by Arab sheiks and later by soldiers from Napolean's army who used it for target practice.
		Graham Hancock, the author of "The Message of the Sphinx", believes that it is a lion because it was built in the Age of Leo.
		He supports his argument by stating that in the Age of Pisces the symbol of Christianity is the fish.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/sites/africa/sphinx.html (746 words)

	ancientpeople
		Character Information: Queen of Egypt and wife of King Akhenaton (ruled 1379-62 BC) who supported her husband's religious revolution and is thought by some to have adhered to the new cult of the sun god Aton even after the King began to compromise with the upholders of the old order.
		June 13, 323 BC, Babylon) King of Macedonia, was one of the greatest generals the world has ever known.
		He carried Macedonian arms to India and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms, becoming a legendary hero in the process.
	www.galeon.com /damnans/antiquity.htm (392 words)

	2492 BC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		2492 BC - the date on which, according to ancient Armenian tradition, patriarch Hayk, the founder of the Armenian nation, killed Babylonian king Bel during a battle near Lake Van in south Armenia, defeating the Babylonian army and ensuring independence of the Araradian (Torgomian) country, henceforth called Hayastan after him.
		2492 BC - The starting year of the ancient Armenian calendar.
		Hayk, patriarch, founder, and first leader of the Armenian nation, who, according to an ancient Armenian tradition, led a battle against the invading Babylonian army in Armenia, defeating it and killing the Babylonian king Bel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/2492_BC (208 words)

	Old Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first notable pharaoh of the Old Kingdom was Djoser (2630–2611 BC) of the Third Dynasty, who ordered the construction of a pyramid (the Step Pyramid) in Memphis' necropolis, Saqqara.
		Sneferu was succeeded by his son, Khufu (2551–2528 BC), who built the Great Pyramid of Giza.
		The later kings of the Fourth Dynasty were king Menkaura (2494–2472 BC), who built the smallest pyramid in Giza, and Shepseskaf (2472–2467 BC).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Kingdom (743 words)

	South Saqqara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It is located about one kilometer south of the pyramid of Sekhemkhet, which is the most southern of all the pyramids in Saqqara.
		South Saqqara was founded in the 6th Dynasty (2345 - 2181 BC) by the pharaohs.
		He was the last Pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty (2613 - 2494 BC).
	interoz.com /egypt/southsaq.htm (304 words)

	Seven Wonders of the World - Pyramid of Giza
		Next to this, a square cavity which is believed to have held the canopy chest containing the Pharaoh's viscera.
		This pyramid was built approximately during the period 2558 - 2532 BC.
		Menkaure, also known as Mycerinus, ruled from 2490 - 2472 B.C. He built the smallest of the three pyramids at Giza, and is believed to be Khufu's grandson.
	www.sevenwondersworld.com /wonders_of_world_giza_pyramid.html (821 words)

	Khafre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		He was the son of Khufu, the pharaoh that built the Great Pyramid at Giza.
		Being the son of Khufu, Khafre used his building gene to build a pyramid at Giza himself.
		It was built between 2558 BC and 2532 BC.
	library.thinkquest.org /J002046F/khafre.htm (115 words)

	EXHIBITIONS \| COMING SOON \| Pharaons
		The land of the Pharaohs, a huge unified territory (the two kingdoms of the upper Nile Valley and the Delta were united in around 3300 BC) came into being in the third millennium BC.
		An introduction is provided by a gallery of portraits and effigies of Pharaohs whose personalities marked the different empires, which will have been brought together for the first time.
		The death of the Pharaoh will mark the end of the exhibition, revealing the sumptuous treasures of the Tanis kings, heirs to the kings of the New Empire, which bear witness to the grandiose funeral cult that centred on Pharaoh and his journey to the next world.
	www.imarabe.org /ang/temp/expo/pharaons.html (717 words)

	CalendarHome.com - 25th century BC - Calendar Encyclopedia
		2900 - 2334 BC -- Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period
		2494 BC -- End of Fourth Dynasty, start of Fifth Dynasty in Egypt.
		2450 BC - End of the Early Dynastic IIIa Period and beginning of the Early Dynastic IIIb Period in Mesopotamia.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /25th_century_BC.htm (181 words)

	25th century BC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		2900 BC - 2334 BC -- Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period.
		2500 BC - Cylinder seal from Sumer and its impression was made.
		2494 BC - End of Fourth Dynasty, start of Fifth Dynasty in Egypt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/25th_century_BC (239 words)

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