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Topic: 2500 BCE

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	ArtLex on Greek Art
		The sculpture's fig leaf was added later as censorship in the interest of modesty.
		Shallow bowl, Late Hellenistic, 1st century BCE, fused mosaic glass, height 3.43 cm, diameter 13 cm, George Ortiz collection.
		GreekArch is a resource for the study of art and archaeology of Greece and its provinces.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/g/greek.html (815 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Around 1800 BCE, signs of a gradual decline began to emerge, and by around 1700 BCE, most of the cities were abandoned.
		Certain scholars propose that this was a major river during the third and fourth millennia BCE, and suggest that it may have been the Sarasvati River of the Rigveda.
		In the course of the 2nd millennium BCE, remnants of the IVC's culture would (the so-called Cemetery H culture) amalgamated with that of other peoples, likely contributing to what eventually resulted in the rise of Vedic culture and eventually historical Hinduism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization (4159 words)

	Diamond - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They have been treasured as gemstones since their use as religious icons in India at least 2,500 years ago—and usage in drill bits and engraving tools also dates to early human history.
		Although there are diamond deposits now known to exist close to the burial sites, no direct evidence of coeval diamond mining has been found: the researchers came to this conclusion by polishing corundum using various lapidary abrasives and modern techniques then comparing the results using an atomic force microscope.
		Historically diamonds were known to be found only in alluvial deposits in southern India; India led the world in diamond production from the time of their discovery in approximately the 9th century BCE to the mid-18th century CE, but the commercial potential of these sources has been exhausted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Diamond (9357 words)

	Anatolia: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History
		Idriaeus (351-344 BCE)- he died of disease and was succeeded by his sister and wife Ada (who later became Queen of Alinda), but she was expelled by her brother Pixodarus, who threw in his lot with the Persians inviting in a Persian Satrap Othontapates (Orontobates?) This satrap was ruling when Alexander arrived in 334.
		In 500 BCE the tyrant of Mylasa was Oliatus, son of Ibanollis.
		In 167 BCE they revolted from the Rhodians and were soon thereafter declared free by the Romans once more.Under the Pax Romana Mylasa flourished and brought under her control in the name of 'Sympolity' the cities of Euromos, Chalcetor, Hydae, Olympos and Labraynda, and their citizenry were alloted to her own tribes.
	www.juyayay.com /outline/anatolia (9235 words)

	Science Timeline
		In the second millenium bce, in the Rig-Veda it was maintained the Earth was a globe and in the Yajur-Veda that the Earth circled the Sun.
		About 510 bce, Almaeon of Crotona, a member of the Pythagorean medical circle, located the seat of perception in the brain, or enkephalos, and maintained that there were passages connecting the senses to the brain, a position he was said to have arrived at by dissections of the optic nerve.
		By about 335 bce, Aristotle had said that universals are abstractions from particulars and that we "have knowledge of a scientific fact when we can prove that it could not be otherwise." But "since observation never shows whether this is the case," he established "reason rather observation at the center of scientific effort" (Park 1990:32).
	www.sciencetimeline.net /prehistory.htm (6591 words)

	The Americas, Southeast Asia and Oceania, to 1000 BCE
		And by around 2500 they were growing much of what they ate, and they built villages next to their fields, with small pit houses similar to those of Shang civilization.
		Also by 2500 BCE, people in a narrow strip of lowland along the coast of Peru were weaving cotton into textiles and eating fish, shellfish, sea mammals, beans and squash.
		It was around 2000 BCE, give or take a century or two, that people who were ancestral to today's Malays began migrating across the ocean from the Asian mainland to what are called Indonesian islands, bringing with them the cultivation of rice and domesticated animals.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch29a.htm (1633 words)

	UR
		Ur was captured c.2340 BCE by Sargon, and this era, called the Akkadian period, marks an important step in the blending of Sumerian and Semitic cultures.
		The third dynasty was established c.2060 BCE under King Ur-Nammu who built the great ziggurat that has stood, although crumbled and covered with sand, throughout the centuries.
		A record dated 324 BCE mentions it as being inhabited by Arabs, but by that time its existence as a great city was forgotten.
	personalpages.tds.net /~theseeker/UR.htm (559 words)

	Chronofile: BCE Section-3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The oldest city in Mesopotamia is 'Eridu.' By 4300 BCE there is the beginning of cities in the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates river delta on the Persian Gulf (near Kuwait of today).
		In the Agean, the Minoan civilization of Crete was flourishing as early as 3000 BCE.
		And by 1000 BCE, the culture of the Dynastic Empire of the Egyptians would be only a minor world power and eventual chapter in history,...leaving a vast array of monuments and inscriptions for future historians and archaeologist to re-vive as a 'Dead Language'.
	hometown.aol.com /eilatlog/chronofile/timeBCE-S3.html (13930 words)

	Smith College Museum of Ancient Inventions: Coiled Ceramics
		The earliest known fired ceramic objects are clay figurines dating to roughly 24,000 BCE found in large numbers in Central Europe.
		In the Americas, ceramic production can be dated to 2500 BCE.
		The earliest ceramic pots were handbuilt, as opposed to wheel-thrown on a potter's wheel.
	www.smith.edu /hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/hsc05b.htm (116 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Akkadian
		While the cuneiform writing system was created and used at first only by the Sumerians, it did not take long before neighboring groups adopted it for their own use.
		By about 2500 BCE, the Akkadian, a Semitic-speaking people that dwelled north of the Sumerians, starting using cuneiform to write their own language.
		However, it was the ascendency of the Akkadian dynasty in 2300 BCE that positioned Akkadian over Sumerian as the primary language of Mesopotamia.
	www.ancientscripts.com /akkadian.html (1201 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ancient Egypt, 2500 BCE\ \ All references in t his section are to (West, 1995).\ \ We take seriously the possibility that ancient Egyptian cultural began around 10,000 BCE.
		Thus, tentatively, we may regard it is the Ur source for the soul concepts of the Western Esoteric Tradition, including the Greek and the Indian roots.
		We began our story of the history (as opposed to the prehistory) of the soul in 2500 BCE, with the Great Pyramid of Cheops.\ \ "This world is alive in its entirety and infused with divine spirit." [p.
	www.ralph-abraham.org /talks/dusseldorf/1-egypt.rtf (402 words)

	MyJewishLearning.com - History & Community: The Story 2500 BCE-539 BCE
		The first extra-biblical reference to Israel is found in a late thirteenth century BCE monumental inscription erected by Pharaoh Merneptah in Egypt, claiming to have dealt a severe blow to Israel.
		Beginning in the ninth century BCE, we witness an increase of extra-biblical textual references--from Mesopotamia and throughout the Near East--to the Israelite nation and other international affairs mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.
		In 586 BCE, the Babylonian heirs to the Assyrian empire ravished Judah.
	www.myjewishlearning.com /history_community/Ancient/TheStoryTO.htm (699 words)

	I. Perspective
		However, the sources for Sumerian mythology often date from 2500 BCE to 900 BCE (an additional 1100 years.
		Sumerian culture is believed to have existed at least since the end of the fifth millennium, pushing the social consciousness of mythological events depicted therein to a conservative 4000 BCE.
		Of course, the Sumerian civilization, itself, ceased to exist sometime around the turn of the second century BCE, at which time significant alterations were made to an already extant Sumerian mythology.
	home.nycap.rr.com /foxmob/sumer_pantheon01.htm (1216 words)

	\|\|The Cradle of Nubian Civilisation\|\|
		1570-1546 BCE Reign of Ahmose I in Egypt; Nubian campaigns and the appointment of an Egyptian as the "Viceroy of Kush".
		671 BCE Esarhaddon speeds across Sinai with his camel cavalry and meets the Nubian and Egyptian forces of Taharka in the eastern Delta; Taharka is defeated and withdraws from Tanis and retreats to Memphis citadel.
		661 BCE Tanutamun defeated in Memphis and driven from Thebes that is sacked by Ashurbanipal.
	www.thenubian.net /chronology.php (3611 words)

	The Henna Page - The History of Henna
		There is very persuasive evidence that henna was used by the Neolithic people in Catal Huyuk, in the 7th millenium BCE to ornament their hands in connection with their fertility goddess.
		The religion these people practiced was the predecessor to the religions of all the people in the ancient Middle East, and henna seems to have been used by all of these people as part of their adornment and belief system.
		There are many statuettes from Crete and Mycenae from the period 1700 BCE to 900 BCE that show goddesses synchronous with Anath, with raised hands that appear to be ornamented with henna.
	www.hennapage.com /henna/history/index.html (1420 words)

	Mesopotamian Protohistory (King Lists, Flood, Jemdet Nasr, Old Sumerian Age, Early Dynastic)
		Still later (a millennium, in the Old Babylonian period, 19th century BCE) the fragments were arranged and composed into complete epics.
		The bloom and further development of the city states is called the Early Dynastic period (2900-2400 BCE) or Old Sumerian period.
		Indeed, it appears from archeological records that these walls were expanded around 2700 BCE with its typical plano-convex type of bricks.
	xoomer.alice.it /bxpoma/akkadeng/protohistory.htm (3066 words)

	Response to Giza: The Truth (page 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Most strikingly, they argue that if the Sphinx was free of sand for only about 1400 years after 2500 BCE, the percentage difference between the depth of weathering in the back and front should be calculated as a percentage of 1400 years rather than of the total 4500 years since 2500 BCE.
		Egyptologists have traditionally assumed that the Giza necropolis was built by kings of the Fourth dynasty between 2575 and 2465 BCE, and that the Sphinx was built by Khafra (ruled c.
		He argued that to agree with a 2500 BCE date for the monument, the facing blocks must have been applied later, in the New Kingdom, when the Sphinx is first known to have been restored.
	members.aol.com /davidpb4/lawton2.html (3048 words)

	[ JewishHistory.com : Ancient 1 ]
		The first extra-biblical reference to Israel is found in a late thirteenth century BCE monumental inscription erected by Pharaoh Merneptah in Egypt, claiming to have dealt a severe blow to Israel.
		Beginning in the ninth century BCE, we witness an increase of extra-biblical textual references--from Mesopotamia and throughout the Near East--to the Israelite nation and other international affairs mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.
		In 586 BCE, the Babylonian heirs to the Assyrian empire ravished Judah.
	www.jewishhistory.com /ancient_1.phtml (734 words)

	Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Mesopotamia
		Each of its four sides is divided into five compartments of sculpture representing the tribute brought to the Assyrian King by vassal princes, Jehu of Israel being among the number.
		Shalmaneser, whose annals and conquests are recorded upon it, was the son of Assur-natsir-pal, and died in 823 BCE.
		Aristotle (384-323 BCE): The Constitution of Carthage, c.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/asbook03.html (1172 words)

	ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS OF BRONZE AGE PASTORAL SOCIETIES IN THE MOUNTAINS OF EASTERN EURASIA
		Commonly, however, all of these innovations of the second millennium BCE have been connected with the widespread development of “nomadic pastoralism” in the steppe zone, and framed in relation to the evolution of Bronze Age steppe societies (Kuz’mina 1994) — collectively known as the “Andronovo Cultural Community”.
		According to Kuz’mina, migration to the southeast was a response to environmental change and population pressure during the second millennium BCE, and was made possible by increased mobility that was part of the pastoral economy of the Bronze Age, specifically through horse riding and wagon technology (Kuz’mina 1998).
		Critics of this stance have noted that the overriding image of the “nomadic pastoralists” that occupied the steppe region during pre-history is primarily based on an historical understanding of nomadic migration and interaction, rather than on detailed archaeological reconstructions (for discussion see Renfrew 2002).
	www.silk-road.com /newsletter/2004vol2num1/bronzeage.htm (3125 words)

	The Modern Magazine for Persian Weddings, Cuisine, Culture & Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		1712 BCE), Hammurabi's son, and deafeted the Babylonians.
		In 742 BCE the land may have been divided into separate principalities, with the central power fairly weak, and the other powerly under the rule of an unknown king.
		In the next 100 years Elamites desperately tried to interfere in Mesopotamian affairs, usually as allies of Babylon, against the Neo-Assyrian expansion.
	www.persianmirror.com /culture/history/elamite.cfm (626 words)

	Mesopotamia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is uncertain whether the Sumerians were native to Mesopotamia or if they migrated into the region from the east or south sometime after 4000 BCE.
		Damiq-ilishu (1816 to 1794 BCE) ruled as the last king of Isin.
		Naplanum was king of Larsa from 2025 to 2005 BCE, but it was Samium (1976 to 1942 BCE) who established Larsa as a rival power to Isin.
	www.b17.com /family/lwp/places/mesopotamia.html (1331 words)

	Ancient Civilizations
		New Invaders (circa 518 BCE to 320 BCE)
		The first emperor of the Maurya dynasty was Chandragupta, who began to expand an existing empire after Alexander's defeat in 322 BCE.
		By 250 BCE, his descendants had conquered most of the Indian subcontinent.
	greetingindia.tripod.com /ancient.html (798 words)

	Lecture 1
		Stone monuments around the world include MÈnec lines of menhirs at Carnac, France (c2500 BCE), and dolmen tomb in Kang Hwa Gun region of Korea.
		Ditch and banks (henge) with an internal pallisade c 3000 BCE, erection of a central timber structure, itself replaced c 2500 by double bluestone circle, followed by sarsen circle and trilithons, and then the re-erection of the bluestones as an inner circle.
		Mount Pleasant, Dorset, c 2500; Houses, Skara Brae, Orkney Islands, Scotland, c 2500 BCE; Silbury Hill, c 2750 BCE; Great Cursus, c 3500 BCE, Henge, Knowlton Rings, c 2500 BCE; the Sanctuary, Overton Hill, 2900-2300 BCE; henge and stone circle, Avebury, 3000-2500 BCE.
	arch.ced.berkeley.edu /courses/arch170/past/98fall/08-27-98.html (265 words)

	Neolithic Art
		Various artistic expressions developed as people required permanent dwellings (architecture), furniture and utensils (wood crafts and pottery), a fixed location for gods and goddesses (temple building and religious objects) and secure places for the bodies of the deceased (tombs, ossuaries and urns).
		Terracotta "goddess" figure from the Jordan Valley, c.6000 bce.
		3000 bce - 700 bce, Bronze Age in Europe from the end of the Stone Age in Europe.
	www.accd.edu /sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Neolith1.htm (314 words)

	Goddesses represented by Iota Iota Iota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Inanna was one of the primary deities of Sumer, a civilization that flourished from around 3500BCE to 2500 BCE.
		She was known as the queen of the land, the source of the earth's life blood.
		Ishtar was the great goddess of Babylonia, a civilization located in the south of present-day Iraq from around 1800 to 1000 BCE.
	www.clubs.psu.edu /triota/goddesses_represented_by_iota_io.htm (185 words)

	Sewer History: Photos and Graphics
		The Mesopotamian civilization flourished in the Euphrates River area (in modern-day Iraq, Iran, and Syria) from 4000-2500 BCE.
		Knee and t-joints made about 4000 BCE Found in the excavation of the Temple of Bel at Nippur, Babylonia.
		Babylonia is often referred to as the birthplace of pipe.
	www.sewerhistory.org /grfx/wh_era/meso1.htm (142 words)

	http://www.public.iastate.edu/~tart/arth280/prehistoric.html
		Here is a relief in a grotto wall that takes advantage of the formation’s natural contours, which may have suggested the form to its makers.
		Sheep and goats, the are domesticated between 9,000 and 6,000 in the Mesopotamia.
		Ceramic wares are common in the Paleolithic from around 15,000 BCE on.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~tart/fall2003arth280website/prehistoric.html (4251 words)

	An Introduction to Chinese History
		The subsequent Majiayao period (c.3500-1500 BCE) has been termed ‘a golden age of painted pottery.’ Just like all other periods of Chinese history, the widespread finding of pots, together with other items, reveals the extensive trade networks which linked communities with their neighbours and in which it was possible for adaptation to take place.
		The first known dynasty is that of Fuxi (c.2852 BCE), although it is only when we get to the Xia (2205-1776 BCE), Shang (1766-1122 BCE) and Zhou (1122-256 BCE) dynasties that we can begin to be certain about dates.
		The Qin (221-207 BCE), Han (206-9 CE and 25-220 CE), Xin (9-23 CE) and Three Kingdoms (220-80 CE) dynasties are known for their relentless civil wars and the rise in the autocratic powers of emperors.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/east_asian_history/102797 (576 words)

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