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Topic: 2680 BC

	Art in Ancient Egypt - Crystalinks
		In a narrow sense, Ancient Egyptian art refers to the canonical 2D and 3D art developed in Egypt from 3000 BC and used until the 3rd century.
		It is to be noted that most elements of Egyptian art remained remarkably stable over the 3000 year period that represents the ancient civilization without strong outside influence.The same basic conventions and quality of observation started at a high level and remained near that level over the period.
		This style of writing continued to be used by the ancient Egyptians for nearly 3500 years, from 3300 BC till the third century AD.
	www.crystalinks.com /egyptart.html (4326 words)

	Furniture - MSN Encarta
		The simplest work furniture, by contrast, made for ordinary members of society, tends to be more purely functional and therefore timeless; tables and chairs used by working people in 1800 bc are surprisingly similar to the tables and chairs used in farmhouses in ad 1800.
		The dry Egyptian climate and the elaborate burial practices of the ancient Egyptians both contributed to the preservation of their furniture, which includes stools, tables, chairs, and couches.
		1325 bc, Egyptian Museum) from the tomb of the New Kingdom pharaoh Tutankhamen.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563034/Furniture.html (765 words)

	Art of Ancient Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Expressed in paintings and sculptures, it was highly symbolic and fascinating — this art form revolves round the past and was intended to keep history alive.
		In a narrow sense, Ancient Egyptian art refers to the canonical 2D and 3D art developed in Egypt from 3000 BC and used until the 3rd century.
		This style of writing continued to be used by the ancient Egyptians for nearly 3500 years, from 3300 BC till the third century AD.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Art_of_Ancient_Egypt (1777 words)

	Silver - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mirrors which need superior reflectivity for visible light are made with silver as the reflecting material in a process called silvering.
		Silver has been coined to produce money since 700 BC by the Lydians, in the form of electrum.
		It is mentioned in the book of Genesis, and slag heaps found in Asia Minor and on the islands of the Aegean Sea indicate that silver was being separated from lead as early as the 4th millennium BC.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Silver (2216 words)

	mastaba - Encyclopedia.com
		The mastabas of the early dynastic period (3200-2680 BC), such as those of the I dynasty at Sakkara, were elaborate, having many storage or offering compartments, and were quite evidently close copies of contemporary houses.
		Better known are the mastabas of the Old Kingdom (2680-2181 BC), which were an elaboration of the predynastic burial-pit and mound form.
		The typical mastaba was generally rectangular in plan with a flat roof and inward-sloping walls, built of brick and faced with limestone slabs.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc.aspx?id=1E1:mastaba (124 words)

	Saturnian Cosmology - Part 8: The Old Kingdom and the fall of Absu
		The start of pyramids after 2600 BC in Egypt is duplicated elsewhere in the world: in Mesopotamia as high ziggurats (2600 BC or later), in China (undated), in the Andes on the Peruvian coast (2630 BC), and in Meso-America (after 1200 BC).
		It is tempting to suggest that the mountainous shape of the pyramids built after 2686 BC reflects the shape of the plasma tail seen eminating from Jupiter, and that the phrase "rising on your mountain" reflects the rising and setting of Jupiter in the night sky.
		In fact, after 2350 BC, when the Earth's orbit increased due to a close pass by Venus, the Absu disappeared from the southern sky (the 'flood of Noah'), and the Moon appeared nearby, the construction at Stonehenge was halted.
	saturniancosmology.org /noah.php (21721 words)

	Architecture - Search View - MSN Encarta
		The Assyrian city of Khorsabad, built of clay and brick in the reign of Sargon II (reigned 722-705 bc), was excavated as early as 1842, and much of its general plan is known.
		The acknowledged Doric masterpiece is the Parthenon (448-432 bc) crowning the Acropolis in Athens.
		The end (466 bc) of the Persian Wars and the challenge of new cities established (from 333 bc) by Alexander the Great stimulated Greek town planning, resulting in the rebuilding of Dorian cities.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761578082__1/Architecture.html (10707 words)

	27th century BC
		2630 BC - 2611 BC - Reign of Djoser, Pharaoh of Egypt.
		2630 - 2611 BC - Imhotep, Vizier of Egypt constructs the Pyramid of Djoser
		2680 BC -- Estimated date of completion of Great Pyramid of Giza
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/26/2600_BC.html (118 words)

	Kingdoms of North Africa - Ancient Egypt
		In the late sixth millennium BC farming villages appeared in the Nile Valley.
		From around 3500 to 3000 BC there were great and very sudden advances in craftsmanship and technology, which culminated in the working of copper, stone mace heads and ceramics.
		c.3100 BC The process of consolidating the single kingdom is completed by the founding of a new capital at Memphis, strategically situated at the junction of the Nile Valley and the Delta.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsAfrica/EgyptAncient.htm (1296 words)

	Egyptology
		During the Old Kingdom in Ancient Egypt (c2613-2100 BC) the king was revered as a god, and after death was buried in a pyramid, an imposing structure deemed worthy to reflect his divine status.
		This pyramid was built around 2480 BC and is 3m (9ft) shorter than Khufu's pyramid, although as it stands on higher ground than the Great Pyramid, from a distance it can appear bigger.
		Their argument is that weathering on the Sphinx could not have been caused by the effects of wind and sand as is usually theorised, they state that only rain over a sustained period of time could have caused the grooves evident on the body of the Sphinx.
	www.geocities.com /meret2001uk/pyramids.html (1852 words)

	History Before Christ
		With the cultivation of grains in river valleys, the age of agriculture begins.
		3500 BC First phonetic writing and formation of numbering system by Summerians, who also were among the first to use wagons for carrying goods and people.
		1446 BC The Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible) are written between 1446 and 1406 BC.
	www.didyouknow.cd /history/bc.htm (791 words)

	EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		By 305 BC, the Macedonian general Ptolemy I became the first in a long line of Ptolemaic rulers.
		During the 3rd century BC, Alexandria began to flourish as the jewel of the Ancient World.
		By the 8th century BC, the influence of Nubia on Egypt's southern border was being felt.
	www.thecabinetofcuriosities.net /services.html (795 words)

	Absolute Chronology of the Ancient World by Astronomy
		This volcanic activity is marked by a conjunction of Sun, Jupiter, Venus and Mars at the tail of Leo in August 4, 1627 BC.
		This was later the origin of "sparkling Aton" (it must have been a coronal eclipse, as Starry Night Pro seems to also show) applied later to Echnaton (Akhenaten), called King SAUL because his birth occurred with an eclipse in the kingly sign of the lion.
		In the 29th year of the reign of Ramses II at Abu Simbel - marking the reign of Ramses II - there is an entry uncertainly identified by the Egyptologists as an "earthquake" It is a solar eclipse.
	www.lexiline.com /lexiline/lexi760.htm (1602 words)

	Seven Wonders of the World - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Statue of Zeus at Olympia carved by the Greek sculptor Pheidias, 5th century BC in present Greece.
		The Mausoleum of Maussollos, the Persian satrap of Caria, 350 BC, at Halicarnassus, present Bodrum, Turkey.
		The Lighthouse of Alexandria (or Pharos), built by Sostratus of Cnidus, 3rd century BC, in present Egypt.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Wonders_of_the_World (374 words)

	Art in Ancient Egypt - Crystalinks
		Expressed in paintings and sculptures, it was highly symbolic and fascinating - this art form revolves round the past and was intended to keep history alive.
		It is to be noted that most elements of Egyptian art remained remarkably stable over the 3000 year period that represents the ancient civilization without strong outside influence.The same basic conventions and quality of observation started at a high level and remained near that level over the period.
		2580 BC, is the oldest and largest of the pyramids, and is the only surviving monument of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
	crystalinks.com /egyptart.html (4294 words)

	Ancient Egyptian history
		He made Memphis in the north and Abydos in the south as his capital cities, this important event marked the beginning of the dynastic period of the Pharaohs.
		Persian invaders occupied Egypt in the sixth century BC until 332 BC, when invasion by the forces of Alexander the Great brought an end to Persian rule.
		After his death, Ptolemy I took Egypt and in 306 BC declared himself Pharaoh, establishing Egypt's last dynasty.
	www.aldokkan.com /egypt/egypt.htm (328 words)

	about (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Famous landmarks nearby are the Great Sphinx (2565 BC or earlier) and three of Egypt's most famous pyramids - the Great Pyramid of Khufu (or Cheops), and the Khafre and Menkaure pyramids.
		Traditionally, the architect of the pyramid was HemInwo, a relative of Khufu.
		It was built to serve as the tomb of the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Menkaure.
	fancy.zecilia.se /giza/about.html (508 words)

	Seven Wonders of the Ancient World - History Essay 66
		Built high and behind tall walls (said to be 75 feet tall) finished with decorative glazed bricks, the gardens were served by an intricate irrigation system which required water to be lifted to the highest point in the gardens.
		Created circa 435 BC by Phidias, the greatest sculptor of ancient Greece, the statue - said to be 40 feet tall - was a magestic bearded figure seated upon a richly decorated and immense throne wearing a cloak itself covered with numerous sculpted decorations.
		This was a magnificent white marble structure presumed to have been in the Ionic peristyle, set on a massive and lofty base which contained the sarcophagus, surmounted by a stepped pyramid on the apex of which sat a four-horse chariot, the whole business said to reach 135 feet.
	www.naciente.com /essay66.htm (785 words)

	Pang / Locations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		They were constructed during the Golden Age of Athens (5th century BC) under the rule of the famous Athenian statesman Pericles.
		Famous landmarks located nearby include the Great Sphinx (2565 BC or earlier) and three of Egypt's most famous pyramids - the Great Pyramid of Khufu, or Cheops, and the Khafre and Menkaure pyramids.
		Archaeologists believe that the Formative period of Mayan civilization began as early as 1500 BC, but the peak of Mayan cultural achievement came during the Classic period, AD 300 to 900.
	www.ewtoo.org /~matt/pang/places.htm (1150 words)

	Your Produce Man - Produce News
		It is said to have been served on the tables of a Persian king in 400 B.C. and is mentioned by Theophrastus, the pupil of Aristotle who was the pupil of Plato who was the pupil of Socrates.
		Lettuce leaves are pictured on the walls of Egyptian tombs dating to around 2680 BC and appear to be of the Romaine or Cos type.
		The Greek historian Herodotus (484-425 BC) writes that lettuce was common at the tables of Persian Kings by 550 BC.
	www.yourproduceman.com /news_june21_04.html (2673 words)

	Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
		200-1786 BC Amenemhet I, Sesostris I, Amenemhet II, Sesostris II, Amenemhet III, Amenemhet IV Conquest of Nubia
		1570-1342 BC Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, II, III, IV, Akhenaton, Tutankhamun
		745-718 BC Nubian dynasty with invasion of Piankhi
	www.factophile.com /show.content?action=view&pageid=156 (96 words)

	CSP - 'The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age' by Richard Rudgley
		Beer was brewed by both the Predynastic Egyptians and by the early Sumerians, and both beer and wine have their origins in the Neolithic period, extending back to the fourth millennium BC and perhaps even earlier.
		During the period from about 3500 to 3000 BC, the Bronze Age cultures of the eastern Mediterranean area were consuming wine from metal vessels.
		In this cave the skeleton of a man (dating to 2680 BC) was found interred along with half a dozen bivalve shells containing lime, and his teeth were stained as those of any serious betel user should be.
	www.csp.org /chrestomathy/lost_civilizations.html (2424 words)

	the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World - Atlantis Rising
		At the beginning of the 15th century BC, for example, it was one of the four major powers of the Orient, the other three being the Egyptian, Mitanni, and Hittite empires.
		Beginning in the 9th century BC, the Chaldeans were destined to play an important political role in the history of the Orient; their rulers helped destroy the Assyrian Empire and, at least for a brief period, made Babylonia, or, as it gradually came to be known, Chaldea, the dominant power of Mesopotamia.
		In 357 B.C. the island was conquered by Mausolus of Halicarnassus (whose tomb is one of the other Seven Wonders of the Ancient World), fell into Persian hands in 340 B.C., and was finally captured by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C..
	forums.atlantisrising.com /ubb/Forum15/HTML/000153.html (19428 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Faulkner, The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead
		The Middle Kingdom (about 2040-1786 BC) was a time when funerary beliefs and practices were democratised, when a guaranteed afterlife, which before had been restricted to royalty and great noblemen, became open to all who could afford to acquire the relevant equipment.
		Funerary papyri of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty and later (after about 600 BC) are characterised not only by a new style of vignette with subdued use of colour but by a regularising of the order of chapters and a fixing of their total number at 192.
		According to one version, the all-important Chapter 64 was found 'in the foundations of the One-who-is-in-the-Henu-bark [that is, beneath the temple of the funerary god Sokaris] by a Supervisor of Wall-builders in the time of the Majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Semty, vindicated'.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exfauanp.html (3062 words)

	Forget the dog, chicken is man's best friend by Richard Blunt Issue 49
		It is probably the descendent of a wild asian bird, and historians have found references to its domestic descendant in the art and literature of India, China, and southeast Asia as early as 3000 BC.
		Egyptians were managing large flocks of chickens by the Second Dynasty (2890 to 2680 BC), but for some reason did not record much about their accomplishments in the breeding and keeping of chickens.
		It was sometime before the sixth century BC that the Egyptians and the Persians introduced the wonders of domesticated chickens to the Greeks.
	www.backwoodshome.com /articles/blunt49.html (3962 words)

	Study Aid #3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The earliest pyramid complex is at Saqqara built for the divine Pharaoh Zoser (Djoser) by Imhotep (c.2680-2630 BC).
		Architecture of the "Middle Kingdom" (2134-1786 BC) and "New Kingdom" (c.1550-1085 BC) witnessed a shift away from the building of monumental pyramids.
		Mortuary Temple of Nedhepetre Mentuhotep, c.2050 BC; and the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, c.1470 BC, Deir el-Bahari, architect: Senenmut.
	www.drexel.edu /academics/comad/Archsoc/Archsoc1/sa3.htm (319 words)

	1001 AM - 1500 AM or 2999 BC - 2500 BC
		Before 3000 BC, all dates are reasoned estimates only, and are subject to several centuries' margin of error, increasing with distance in time.
		The 'Carbon-14' method of computing the dates of organic matter from antiquity is of most service for the period before 3000 BC, and such dates carry a margin of error of plus or minus 250 years.
		Britannica gives a date of 2589 BC to 2566 BC for the reign of Cheops (Khufu), that is Khufu's reign began another 36 years later.
	www.hooper-home.net /CHRONO/From1001.htm (2310 words)

	The Historical Imhotep
		Their son was put under the care of the Queen's nurse while Imhotep locked himself in with his wife's body through the 40 days of mummification and burial preparation.
		Imhotep buried his beloved wife in the desert near Saqqara, and legend has it that he swore someday to return and raise a great building over her grave, which he did in 2630 (2680?) BC, when he was responsible for the construction of Egypt's very first pyramid!
		The pyramid was constructed of small stone blocks instead of the traditional mud bricks, and soared 200 feet in the air.
	www.sullivanet.com /mummy/historical-imhotep.htm (533 words)

	Little Humankind's History
		The latest layer of the local Bronze Age petroglyphs is typical for IE of the 2nd millennium BC.
		centuries of the second millennium BC and is thought as to be the an eastward movement of the Pit Grave Culture.
		This culture exists in the last century of the second millennium BC in the steppe zone extending from the Volga River to Siberia.
	www.lhhpaleo.religionstatistics.net /LHH%20other.html (9411 words)

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