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Topic: 26th Amendment

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26th Amendment to the United States Constitution

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	Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This amendment prohibits both the federal government and the state governments from using an age greater than 18 as a qualification for voting.
		Congress and the state legislatures felt increasing pressure to pass the Constitutional amendment because of the Vietnam War, in which many young men who were ineligible to vote were conscripted to fight, and died.
		The 26th Amendment was formally certified by President Richard Nixon on July 1, 1971.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution (396 words)

	Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Twenty-sixth Amendment of Bunreacht na hÉireann, the constitution of the Republic of Ireland, permitted the state to ratify the Nice Treaty.
		It was effected by the Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1998, which was approved by referendum on 19th October 2002 and signed into law on the 7th November of the same year.
		The Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution was one of a number of amendments that have been made to expressly permit the state to ratify changes to the founding treaties of the European Union (others have been the Tenth, Eleventh and Eighteenth Amendments).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland (614 words)

	Constitutional Amendments and the Right to Vote
		amendments was facilitated by the reluctance of either party (at least in the political endgame) to oppose a suffrage expansion that was likely to occur (sooner or later) anyway ñ since such opposition could cost votes in the future.
		amendment, preceded by the enfranchisement of women in various states, was the culmination of seventy years of organizing, of tireless efforts to mobilize women and enlist the support of men, to lobby and arm-twist legislators, to show strength in the streets.
		amendment in its narrow form had not been ratified in the late 1860s, it is not clear that a ban on racial discrimination in voting would ever have been incorporated into the constitution.
	www.fairvote.org /righttovote/Keyssar.htm (4998 words)

	TAP: Vol 6, Iss. 23. Constitutional Amendmentitis. Kathleen M. Sullivan. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		And the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, which abolished slavery and gave African Americans rights of equal citizenship, were essentially foisted on the southern states by the Reconstruction Congress as a condition of readmission to the union in the wake of the Civil War.
		The last amendment to emerge from Congress and be ratified was the 26th Amendment, which lowered the voting age in 1971.
		Amendments that embody a specific and controversial social or economic policy allow one generation to tie the hands of another, entrenching approaches that ought to be revisable in the crucible of ordinary politics.
	www.prospect.org /print/V6/23/sullivan-k.html (4480 words)

	[No title]
		Amendments may be proposed either by the Congress, by two-thirds votes of the House and the Senate (of those present and voting, provided a quorum is present), or by a convention called by Congress in response to applications from the legislatures of two-thirds (34) or more of the states.
		All amendments proposed since then, with the exception of the 19th (Women's Suffrage) and the proposed child labor amendment, have included a deadline either in the body of the amendment proposed to the states, or in the joint resolution transmitting the amendment to the states to be ratified.
		Some states require amendments to be ratified by the same margin as a proposed amendment to their state constitutions; others only require a majority of the legislators present and voting (provided a quorum is present).
	countingcalifornia.cdlib.org /crs/ascii/97-922 (812 words)

	United States House of Representatives - Amendments to the Constitution
		The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Mississippi, December 4, 1865.
		The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-ninth Congress, on the 13th of June, 1866.
		The twenty-first amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 20th day of February, 1933, and was declared, in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, dated on the 5th day of December, 1933, to have been ratified by 36 of the 48 States.
	www.house.gov /house/Constitution/Amend.html (2086 words)

	Notes on the Amendments - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net
		The ratification of the 13th Amendment was a major victory for the North, and it was hoped that with the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment, the effects of slavery in the United States would quickly diminish.
		The last of the Reconstruction Amendments, the 15th Amendment was designed to close the last loophole in the establishment of civil rights for newly-freed fl slaves.
		Anthony later used the 15th Amendment as rationale for voting in a New York election, and though she was tried and fined for voting, the ordeal proved an impetus for the eventual guarantee of voting rights for women.
	www.usconstitution.net /constamnotes.html (4176 words)

	Making Civics Real: Workshop 2: Essential Readings
		Afterward, the proposed amendments had to be ratified by either three-fourths of the state legislatures or by conventions in three-fourths of the states.
		Congress was persuaded to approve the amendment in 1919, and it was ratified on August 26, 1920.
		No doubt Nixon's decision to publicly endorse the amendment was based on the popularity of the action--indeed, all states had ratified the amendment by July 1--and the recognition that adoption of the amendment enabled approximately 11 million new voters to participate in the national elections of 1972.
	www.learner.org /channel/workshops/civics/workshop2/readings/youthvoting.html (1147 words)

	USS Clueless - Marriage amendment
		If the amendment process was solely under control of the Federal government, then the government could use the amendment process to eliminate all the limits on Federal power that the Founders had included in the Constitution, and become a tyranny.
		The 26th Amendment, giving 18 year olds the right to vote, was proposed to Congress in January of 1971, approved by Congress in March, and was ratified by June.
		Amendment Ten: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
	denbeste.nu /cd_log_entries/2003/08/Marriageamendment.shtml (4240 words)

	Additional Amendments to the Constitution
		ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of, the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.
		No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State.
		This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
	www.constitution.org /afterte_.htm (1557 words)

	P.O.V. - CHISHOLM '72 . Chisholm in Context: A Brief Guide to 1972 (The 26th Amendment) \| PBS
		Before the passage of the 26th Amendment, most states required voters to be 21, while all men over 18 were eligible to be drafted into the army.
		The 26th Amendment was approved by the senate on March 10, 1971, and was quickly ratified by state legislatures.
		Three fourths of the state legislatures must approve an amendment before it is ratified, and the 38th and 39th states (Oklahoma and North Carolina) ratified the amendment on July 1.
	www.pbs.org /pov/pov2005/chisholm/special_context_26th.html (476 words)

	The 26th Amendment to the Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		To avoid the necessity of creating separate systems for state and federal elections, Congress in 1971 proposed the 26th amendment and it was ratified almost immediately by the states.
		The philosophy of 26th amendment sprang from protest over the military draft during the Vietnam War.
		But just as the 26th amendment serves to uphold justice in the area of voter qualification, so must young people uphold justice with their votes.
	www.ylcf.org /willglaser/writings/amendment26.htm (464 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Amending the Constitution involves federal, state votes
		The Constitution provides that an amendment can be proposed either by Congress with a two-thirds majority vote in the House and Senate or by a constitutional convention called for by two-thirds of the state legislatures.
		• The 25th Amendment, ratified in 1967, which set out rules for the transfer of presidential power to the vice president in case the president is unable to fulfill the duties of the office.
		The two most recent amendments that received congressional approval but failed to be ratified by states were the Equal Rights Amendment and the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2001864684_amend25.html (357 words)

	Constitutional Amendmentitis
		The most recent amendment -- the 27th, which bars congressional pay raises until after the subsequent election -- is actually a relic of the founding era.
		For example, the term limits amendment reflects relatively recent anti-incumbent fever also manifest in the decisions of 23 states since 1990 to enact congressional term limits by popular initiative -- which were struck down by the Supreme Court last May as unconstitutional.
		The balanced budget amendment that came within one vote of passing last March (and will likely come up again) ignored Madison's warning by imposing, for the first time, a set of supermajority rules upon ordinary policymaking within the legislative branch.
	www.monitor.net /monitor/1-12-96/amendmentitis.html (4593 words)

	By the People: Election 2004 . Savvy Voter \| PBS
		This amendment, ratified by state legislatures in 1971, lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 in all federal, state and local elections.
		Passage of the 26th Amendment also lowered the "age of majority" (the age where persons are considered legal adults) in all states.
		The logic for passage of this amendment was that if 18-, 19- and 20-year-olds were old enough to be drafted and sent to fight in Vietnam, they were old enough to vote for the leaders who made policy and military decisions.
	www.pbs.org /teachersource/inventory/redir/http://www.pbs.org/elections/kids/lessons/lesson_plan14.html (1464 words)

	PSc 100 American Government: Study Guide for Exam 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Electoral College was amended by Amendment XII (in 1804) to have the candidates for president/vice president run on tickets.
		Amendment XII states that,"...no person constitutionally eligible for to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States." There were other provisions included in Amendment XII.
		Eighth Amendment (The answer is "a." This is one of the most controversial and complicated areas of constitutional law.
	www.umt.edu /polsci/greene/agstudy1.htm (936 words)

	PmWiki \| JessicaLeBlanc / Chapter2
		In 1869, the 15th amendment was proposed and the ratified in 1870.
		The 17th amendment was proposed in 1912 and ratified in 1913.
		The 24th amendment was proposed in 1962 and the ratified in 1964.
	falcon.tamucc.edu /~wiki/student/student.php/JessicaLeBlanc/Chapter2 (285 words)

	Re: Voting Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The 26th amendment was meant to deflect such criticisms.
		One of the arguments in favor of the 15th amendment, ratified in 1870 and extending suffrage to African Americans, was the service of fl soldiers in the Civil War.
		There is always a strong argument to be made that if you are willing to risk your life for a government, you should have a say in formation of that government through the vote.
	uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu /Dshaffer/_hist1221/0000027a.htm (141 words)

	Martin County Development Review Staff Report Log No: 567 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Growth Management Department requests that the DRC recommend approval of the proposed 26th Amendment as meeting the criteria for a Minor Amendment and to recommend the Board of County commissioners accept the changes to the Preliminary and Final Development Plans for Tract CM-1 the existing administrative office building in the Mariner Sands PUD(r).
		The DRC is asked to recommend that the Board of County Commissioners consider the proposed 26th Amendment and the Preliminary Development Plan as a minor amendment.
		Upon authorization by the DRC, the proposed 26th Amendment and draft Resolution of Revised Final Development Plan Approval will be scheduled for the March 9, 1999, Board meeting to secure the Chairman's signature in conjunction with the 26th Amendment to the PUD.
	www.martin.fl.us /GOVT/depts/gmd/gmd/drc/567.html (1527 words)

	AP article just before Senate vote (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The House last June approved, 312-120, a broader amendment that gives Congress and the states the power to determine what is unlawful desecration of the national symbol.
		The 26th Amendment, passed in 1971, lowered the voting age to 18.
		Hatch argued that the flag amendment is needed to overturn two Supreme Court rulings, in 1989 and 1990, that flag-burning was a protected First Amendment right.
	www.esquilax.com /flag/news4.html (555 words)

	Alliance for Regional Stewardship E-News -- June 2004
		No amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified so quickly following congressional approval than the 26th Amendment, which lowered the age of voting eligibility from 21 to 18.
		In that year he introduced a constitutional amendment to lower the voting age to 18 in response to the Roosevelt administration's extension of draft eligibility to 18-year-olds.
		While the 26th Amendment enfranchised youth, it did nothing to streamline or reconcile the conflicting and diverse voter-registration rules and procedures of the various states.
	www.regionalstewardship.org /ARS_enews/Septmeber2004/Article6.php (1024 words)

	Research Starters: Suffrage
		Used in some states to disfranchise poor fl voters, it was outlawed in federal elections by the Twenty-Fourth Amendment (1964) and at the state level by a 1966 Supreme Court decision.
		By the time of the Civil War the principle of unrestricted white male suffrage was established, and it was mentioned in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
		American women did not win their struggle for suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, but unlike African Americans, they did not then have to continue the fight against state attempts to circumvent the law.
	teacher.scholastic.com /researchtools/researchstarters/women (838 words)

	Ch4USConstitution
		All 27 amendments to the Constitution are by the former
		Amendment, ratified in 1870, extended the right to vote to fls and former slaves.
		This amendment is an exception to the prohibition, found in Article I, Section 9, of direct taxes unless in proportion to the population of the various States and gives the
	members.aol.com /jinx78550/Ch4USConstitution.html (2737 words)

	National Youth Rights Association - Voting age is unconstitutional?
		The 26th Amendment modifies the peculiar 14th; now the "equal protection" anomalous arbitrary characteristic age is set at 18 years.
		The Constitution does not require a particular voting age, but the 26th Amendment implies that if any state chooses to enforce one (it's left to the states to decide because of the 10th), it can be no higher than 18.
		The 26th Amendment MODIFIED the 14th, in changing that (now) "requirement" (and more explicitly stated as such in the 26th) to be reduced to 18 years of age -- It is the EFFECTIVE Amendment.
	www.youthrights.org /forums/printthread.php?t=137 (1732 words)

	26th Amendment of the Constitution Bill: Second Stage Speech by Minister Cowen, Part 2 - 04 September 2002 - Department ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is because we believe enlargement is in the interests of the Union, of the candidate countries, and of Ireland that the Government has decided to hold a second referendum.
		Falling back on their next line of defence, the No lobby then claimed that the Government could not be trusted to deliver on its promise to hold a referendum on any move by Ireland to join a common EU common defence alliance.
		In putting forward this proposal, the Government have not only changed the question which is being put before the people, but we have surely eliminated the last remaining doubts not only removed any reasonable outstanding doubts that the Nice Treaty poses a threat to Irish neutrality.
	foreignaffairs.gov.ie /Press_Releases/20020904/1022.htm (1741 words)

	isu_71
		But after the Twenty-sixth Amendment became part of the U.S. Constitution in the summer of 1971, both the Republican president who came to office promising to end the Vietnam War and the radical antiwar activist, who in 1968 preferred a pig to any of the human presidential candidates, urged newly-enfranchised 18-to-20-year-olds to register and vote.
		Randolph is known as the “Father of the Twenty-sixth Amendment.” He first spoke in favor of the amendment during World War II and was on hand to see the amendment become part of the Constitution in 1971.
		In the November 1970 election, voters in Massachusetts, Minnesota and Montana acted to lower the voting age to nineteen; in Maine and Nebraska the voting age was dropped from twenty-one to twenty and in Alaska it went from nineteen to eighteen.
	www.users.muohio.edu /brownc1/isu_71.htm (12473 words)

	AllPolitics - Twenty-five Years of 18-Year-Old Voting - June 28, 1996
		Before the 26th Amendment most of these college students would not even have been able to vote.
		But the legacy of the 26th Amendment is mixed.
		But election expert Curtis Gans of the Center for the Study of the American Electorate says that, despite the disappointment, the 26th Amendment has had a major impact on American politics during its first 25 years.
	www.cnn.com /ALLPOLITICS/1996/news/9606/28/18.year.old.voting/index.shtml (855 words)

	Miller encourages 18-year-olds to register, vote (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Secretary Miller, who is Michigan’s chief elections officer, made her remarks during a general assembly celebrating the 30th anniversary of the ratification of the 26th amendment to the U.S. Constitution that gave 18-year-olds the right to vote.
		Michigan was among 42 states that ratified the 26th amendment in record time.
		Secretary Miller’s appearance at Port Huron Northern was part of a national celebration of the 26th amendment being sponsored by the Close Up Foundation’s First Vote, the country’s largest, classroom-based voter registration and civic education program for high school students.
	www.michigan.gov /sos/0,1607,7-127-1640_9150-43933--M_2001_4,00.html (486 words)

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