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27th Amendment to the United States Constitution

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	Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sometimes referred to as the "Congressional Compensation Amendment of 1789," as the "Congressional Pay Amendment," and as the "Madison Amendment," it was intended to serve as a restraint on the power of Congress to set its own salary—an obvious conflict of interest.
		The proposed amendment was again largely forgotten until 1982, when a Texas college student, Gregory Watson, rediscovered it.
		The push for ratification began in earnest, and the amendment was finally ratified a decade later on May 5, 1992, when it was approved by the legislature of Alabama, the 38th state to assent, there being 50 states in the Union at the time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution (821 words)

	History
		As supporters of the Equal Rights Amendment between 1972 and 1982 lobbied, marched, rallied, petitioned, picketed, went on hunger strikes, and committed acts of civil disobedience, it is probable that many of them were not aware of their place in the long historical continuum of women’s struggle for constitutional equality in the United States.
		Amendment, which declared, "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." It had been 72 years from Seneca Falls to victory, and ironically, the most controversial resolution had been written into law first.
		Amendments: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." But the labor movement was still committed to protective workplace laws, and social conservatives considered equal rights for women a threat to the existing power structure.
	www.equalrightsamendment.org /era.htm (2306 words)

	Hidden History #2 -- Article V of the Constitution -- the Amendment Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This amendment was ratified on February 7, 1795 and declared bythe President to the Congress on January 8, 1798.
		The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution was proposed by both Houses of Congress in December 9, 1803.
		Amendment is that about the time the investigation into the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment was intruding into libraries, archives and every knook and cranny of Washington, D. C., an intensive effort was directed at dusting off an amendment that had stood dormant for over one hundred years.
	www.outpost-of-freedom.com /hh02.htm (2606 words)

	The Real Titles of Nobility Amendment FAQ
		Twelve states ratified the amendment, not enough to make it part of the Constitution under Article V of the Constitution, which requires ratification of "the legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress."
		Earle argues that the amendment's appearance in "Laws of the United States of America, From the 4th of March, 1789, to the 4th of March, 1815," prepared for the Congress, was already an anachronism.
		The publication of an amendment as part of the Constitution at best indicates that the publishers who compiled the book (not necessarily the state legislature) thought that it was part of the Constitution, and at worst that sloppy editors were at work.
	www.thirdamendment.com /nobility.html (4797 words)

	Ratification of Constitutional Amendments - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net
		However an amendment is proposed, it does not become part of the Constitution unless it is ratified by three-quarters of the states (either the legislatures thereof, or in amendment conventions).
		The first ten amendments, commonly known as a group as the Bill of Rights, were all ratified at once.
		The 27th Amendment, proposed on September 25, 1789.
	www.usconstitution.net /constamrat.html (416 words)

	The 27th Amendment to the Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This particular amendment was ratified by only six states (MD, NC, SC, DE, VT, VA) out of the eleven needed, and aside from the idiosyncratic action of the Ohio legislature in 1873, which ratified the proposal in protest of a controversial pay increase adopted by Congress, the congressional pay amendment had long been assumed dead.
		This amendment, submitted to the states in the 11th Congress (around 1811), said that any citizen who accepted or received any title of nobility from a foreign power, or who accepted without the consent of Congress any gift from a foreign power, by would no longer be a citizen.
		In 1861, an amendment prohibiting any future amendments to the Consttituion which would interfere with the domestic institutions of any state (slavery being specifically mentioned) was proposed and sent to the states.
	www.uwm.edu /~jnelsen/ushist/27amend.html (565 words)

	The 27th Amendment
		This Amendment offers a balanced solution that creates incentives for good lawmaking and against the current system that encourages vast numbers of new, badly drafted, laws.
		The amendment states, in effect, that to pass a new law, an old one must be repealed.
		At some point, a country has existed long enough to have matured in its governance system such that a tighter control over issuance of new laws is required than when the country was in its infancy.
	www.amendment27.blogspot.com (766 words)

	Proposed 27th. Amendment to the U.S. Constitution-1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This amendment to the Constitution relating to equal rights for men and women was proposed by the Ninety-second Congress on March 22, 1972, when it passed the Senate, having previously passed the House on October 12, 1971.
		The seven-year deadline for ratification of the proposed amendment was extended to June 30, 1982, by the Ninety-fifth Congress.
		The proposed amendment, was not ratified by three-fourths of the States by June 30, 1982.
	www.nps.gov /malu/documents/amendpro27-1.htm (154 words)

	H-T article on the Flag Protection Amendment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The US Congress is in the midst of deliberating whether to introduce the so-called "flag protection Amendment" to the states for ratification as the 27th Amendment to the Constitution.
		People who think the Amendment is a good idea should also consider that much of their use of the flag symbol might be ruled to be "desecration" by future courts and hence illegal.
		Don't forget, if the interpretation of the Amendment is broad enough to prevent opponents from using the symbol or variants thereof for purposes of protest, it is also broad enough to prevent people from using the symbol or variants thereof for purposes of promotion.
	www.cs.indiana.edu /~hagerp/flag-ed.html (804 words)

	BYU NewsNet - Bush supports constitutional amendment 'to protect marriage' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		That amendment, the 27th, was proposed in 1789 and ratified in 1992.
		For an amendment to be ratified, a member of Congress would have to introduce it as proposed legislation.
		The proposed amendment must then pass with a two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House, as well as pass 38 of the state legislatures.
	newsnet.byu.edu /story.cfm/48623 (416 words)

	Five reasons to vote No to the 27th Amendment
		(For example, the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. federal Constitution, by granting the power to intervene in any matter in which equality could be said to be at stake, effectively changed the character of the U.S. federal government from one of enumerated (limited) powers to one of universal powers.
		The fact that it allows a Minister's amendments to be accepted and passed into law without any debate does not seem to cause any loss of sleep to members of the majority because, being loyal to the Government, they would have voted for those amendments individually anyway.
		It is a constitutional prerequisite that any proposed amendment to the Constitution must have been considered and passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas; it is clear that this proposal has been passed without due consideration.
	www.iol.ie /~aecolley/27th-amendment.html (2059 words)

	FindLaw's Writ - Dean: The Telling Tale Of The Twenty-seventh Amendment
		Accordingly, Madison sought to adopt amendments that would assure the public's trust in the new government, bring the states of North Carolina and Rhode Island back into the Union, honor the promises the Federalists made in campaigning for the Constitution, and remedy the defects that the ratification debates had made apparent.
		Article V of the Constitution requires that three-fourths of the states must ratify any amendment for it to be part of the law of the land.
		Between submission to the states in 1789 and December 1791, the first proposed amendment (relating to Congressional apportionment) was ratified by ten states and rejected by one.
	writ.news.findlaw.com /dean/20020927.html (2850 words)

	Backgrounder
		This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several states, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the states by the Congress.
		This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several states, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the states by the Congress.
		In its ruling, the court held that the Twenty-First Amendment to the US Constitution did not authorize such a tax exemption, since the central purpose of the Amendment was not to empower States to favor their local liquor industry by erecting barriers to competition.
	www.wineinstitute.org /shipwine/backgrounder/backgrounder.htm (3385 words)

	Sodbuster - 27th Amendment - Joe Murray
		Instead of looking further on this web site, I sent an email saying: "Last time I looked there were only 26 amendments to the Constitution." I, then, looked further on the web site and, sure enough, there was the proof that there is a 27th amendment to the United States Constitution.
		This amendment was proposed and sent to the states for ratification over 200 years ago, along with the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments).
		There was no choice for 27 amendments, but there was one for 26.
	www.sodbuster.com /Opinions/joe/OPI052998JM.htm (695 words)

	Threats against members of our society generally fall into a category of speech deemed “fighting words” and are not ...
		In analyzing the debate over a constitutional amendment in Congress, it is obvious that several key members were vital to the survival and the ultimate failure of the bill.
		Proponents of the amendment argued this was a political maneuver before the November elections to protect those members who are against the flag amendment and have voted against such measures in the past.
		Although the prospect of enacting a constitutional amendment is a difficult one, it is not impossible.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /gvpt/gvpt339/flag339.html (5890 words)

	The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), proposed as the 27th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and intended ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), proposed as the 27th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and intended to outlaw discrimination based on sex, states that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United Stat
		The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), proposed as the 27th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and intended to outlaw discrimination based on sex, states that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States nor by any State on account of sex."
		The overriding purpose of the ERA was to give women explicit constitutional protection not afforded by the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.
	www.libarts.ucok.edu /history/faculty/roberson/course/1493/supplements/chp30/Equal%20Rights%20Amendment.htm (342 words)

	The Claremont Institute: The Forgotten, Newest Amendment
		The ink was hardly dry on the new Amendment before Congress received a cost-of-living pay raise without an intervening election, and the COLA was challenged in court as being contrary to the 27th Amendment.
		The 27th Amendment is likewise a specific constitutional prohibition on spending, but some members of the current Court have challenged the continuing vitality of the Flast exception and are therefore unlikely to vote to extend that doctrine to cover the current case.
		The stakes are particularly high, because the 27th Amendment was designed to provide a structural check on Congress by means of the political process — the very process that the Court has relied upon to deny standing in other contexts.
	www.claremont.org /projects/jurisprudence/011022eastman.html (1150 words)

	FindLaw: U.S. Constitution: Twenty-Seventh Amendment
		Referred to the state legislatures at the same time as those proposals that eventually became the Bill of Rights, the congressional pay amendment had long been assumed to be dead.
		[Footnote 2] A comprehensive, scholarly treatment of the background, development, failure, and subsequent success of this amendment is Bernstein, The Sleeper Wakes: The History and Legacy of the Twenty- Seventh Amendment, 61 Ford.
		[Footnote 3] The ratification issues are considered supra in the discussion of Article V. [Footnote 4] In the only case to date brought under the Amendment, the parties did not raise the question of the validity of its ratification; the court refused to consider the issue raised by an amicus.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /data/constitution/amendment27 (593 words)

	Government by the People, 18/E Chapter 2 -- We the People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		He found that only 6 of the original 13 states had ratified it, and that during the intervening years, only 3 more states had done so.
		After members of Congress tried unsuccessfully in 1989 to avoid public anger by delegating their decision to increase their own salaries to an independent commission, anti-Congress sentiment began to grow, and the ratification movement picked up steam.
		On May 7, 1992, the Michigan legislature became the 38th state to ratify the amendment.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/burns3/chapter2/custom5/deluxe-content.html (171 words)

	WGAL.com - Local News - The Amendment Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In general, an amendment must be approved by both the U.S. House and Senate by a two-thirds majority.
		There have been 27 amendments to the Constitution, including the first 10, the Bill of Rights, which were ratified on Dec. 15, 1791.
		Other amendments have dealt with social issues such as slavery, prohibiting the drinking of alcohol (later repealed) and lowering the voting age to 18.
	www.thewgalchannel.com /news/2870288/detail.html (263 words)

	CWC Library: Equal Rights Amendment Resource Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Although the amendment gained support in the 1930's and 1940's, until the late 1960's the National Woman's Party was the main advocate of the amendment.
		By 1979, thirty-five of the thirty-eight needed states ratified the amendment and the deadline for ratification was extended to 1982.
		She compares ERA to these previous amendments and concludes that ERA failed because "supporters did too little, too late of what is required for ratification of a substantive proposal".
	www.unc.edu /womenscenter/library/ERA.html (3095 words)

	Systems Information Resources: A Resource and Information Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is the first amendment to have a ratification time limit (7 years), and it will become the only one to be repealed.
		Ratification of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution (Woman's suffrage and their right to vote) represents the culmination of one of the oldest and most furiously fought social battles of all times.
		Although he is not first to measure attitudes, his method, called Likert scales, will become the most widely used method for measuring what people say they think and believe, a concept that will open up unprecedented lines of attitude research and measurement controversy during the next half century.
	www.2-sir.com /customers/Bustl.html (12988 words)

	[CTRL] The Real Titles of Nobility Amendment FAQ
		(See Ames at 189) Earle argues that the amendment's appearance in "Laws of the United States of America, From the 4th of March, 1789, to the 4th of March, 1815," prepared for the Congress, was already an anachronism.
		Clayton, Secretary of State, responded that no copy of the amendment, claiming to be part of the Constitution, had been deposited with the Department; the amendment did not appear in a copy of the Constitution printed under the direction of the Department of State in 1820.
		Prior to that date the amendment had received only 11 ratifications New Hampshire ratified on December 9, 1812, raising the total number of ratifications to 12 out of the needed 14.
	www.mail-archive.com /ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg33311.html (4452 words)

	Amending the Constitution: The Meaning of Article V
		First, amendment can take place by a vote of two-thirds of both the House of Representatives and the Senate followed by a ratification of three-fourths of the various state legislatures (ratification by thirty-eight states would be required to ratify an amendment today).
		Because any amendment can be blocked by a mere thirteen states withholding approval (in either of their two houses), amendments don't come easy.
		Four dissenters argued that the history of the 21st Amendment proved that it was meant to exclude regulation of alcoholic beverages from the normal prohibitions on state discrimination under the Commerce Clause--however misguided that policy might seem today.
	www.law.umkc.edu /faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/articleV.htm (1290 words)

	The 27th Amendment - Uncyclopedia
		The Twenty-Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, residing in the so-called Bill of Rights, was historically before the First Amendment, but was ratified by no one.
		Disambiguation This article is about the 27th ammendment to the United States Constitution.
		If you were after the book The Twentyseventh Amendment, you should be on that page instead of this one.
	uncyclopedia.wikicities.com /wiki/The_27th_Amendment (141 words)

	TalkLeft: The Constitutional Amendment Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Constitution provides that an amendment can be proposed either by Congress with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate, or by a constitutional convention called for by two-thirds of the state legislatures.
		The 25th Amendment, ratified in 1967, which set out rules for the transfer of presidential power to the vice president in case the president is unable to fulfill the duties of the office.
		As a comparison, the 14th Amendment was not written to prohibit sex discrimination, it was not applied for that purpose for over 100 years, and there are still 'strict constructionists' who believe that its guarantee of equal protection should not reach so far" (page 11).
	talkleft.com /new_archives/005422.html (3191 words)

	Truth-in-Taxation Hearing Questions
		Admit that the phrase "subject to their jurisdiction" as used in the Thirteenth Amendment means subject to both the jurisdiction of the several states of the union and the United States.
		We do not find anything in the article which suggests that an amendment once proposed is to be open to ratification for all time, or that ratification in some of the states may be separated from that in others by many years and yet be effective.
		The Sixteenth Amendment must be construed in connection with the taxing clauses of the original Constitution and the effect attributed to them before the Amendment was adopted.
	www.givemeliberty.org /bartlettresponse/draftquestions01-22-02.html (9134 words)

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