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Topic: 281 BCE

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	BCE Reports its Fourth Quarter and Year-End Results
		BCE Inc.'s decision was based on a number of factors, including a revised business plan and outlook of the principal operating segment of Teleglobe with associated funding requirements, a revised assessment of its prospects, and a comprehensive analysis of the state of its industry.
		BCE recorded a gain of $1,042 million, relating primarily to the tax benefit from (i) reinstating non-capital losses that were previously used to offset the gain on sale of Nortel Networks shares in 2001; and (ii) applying a portion of the capital losses against the gain on the sale of the Directories business in 2002.
		BCE recorded a charge of $316 million in 2002 ($191 million in the second quarter and $125 million in the fourth quarter), representing a write-down of its investment in BCI to an estimate of its net realizable value.
	www.bce.ca /en/news/releases/bce/2003/01/29/69761.html (5180 words)

	The Significance of 70 Years
		Even through Jehoiachin was not in office and was not transported to Babylon until the year 597-596 BCE (at the epoch of a 70th year--as cited) it may have been that the author of Ezekiel reckoned the year of Jehoiachin's captivity' as coinciding with the time of the initial Babylonian conquest of Judea.
		This means that the occurrence of the nearest 7th year (according to 70-year chronology) could have begun in either the spring of the year 162 BCE (not in autumn of the year 163 BCE) or it could have began in the spring of the year 163 BCE (not the autumn of the year 163).
		It is of special significance that the year 37 BCE (the year when King Herod ascended to the throne of Jerusalem) is indicated to have been the year of a conjunction of both cycles--of 70 years and of 49 years.
	www.creation-answers.com /seventy.htm (17768 words)

	Maurya Empire Summary
		However, the prospect of battling Magadha in a major war was one of the factors that caused the refusal of Alexander's troops to go further east: he returned to Babylon, and he re-deployed most of his troops west of the Indus river.
		He was assassinated in 185 BCE during a military parade, by the commander-in-chief of his guard, the Brahmin general Pusyamitra Sunga, who then took over the throne and established the Sunga dynasty.
		The assassination of Brhadrata and the rise of the Sunga empire led to a wave of persecution for Buddhists, and a resurgence of Hinduism.
	www.bookrags.com /Maurya_Empire (3766 words)

	History of Iran: Seleucid Empire
		In 301 BCE, Antigonos was defeated by a coalition of other generals, and Seleucus became master of Syria as well, and in 281 BCE he took Asia Minor and the wars of the Diadochs ended.
		In 140 BCE, the Seleucid king Demetrios II deciced that enough was enough and summoned whatever resources he had to check the Parthian advance.
		Seleucus I the Victorious 306-281 BCE (Satrap from 312)
	www.iranchamber.com /history/seleucids/seleucids.php (1832 words)

	The Hellenic-Ionian Leagues: The First European Confederations
		The third century BCE became a century of confederacies, including the Ionian League; the Boetian League, dominated by Thebes; the Aetolian League, which had a strong primary assembly for the entire confederacy and involved three arenas: cities, tribal districts, and the confederacy as a whole; in effect, a federal constitution.
		It was revived in 281-280 BCE and rapidly consolidated its power vis-a-vis Macedonia and the city-states surrounding it.
		In 245 BCE he was elected the general of the league's armies and became its dominant figure.
	www.jcpa.org /dje/articles/hel-ion-eurconfed.htm (1345 words)

	Anatolia: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Idriaeus (351-344 BCE)- he died of disease and was succeeded by his sister and wife Ada (who later became Queen of Alinda), but she was expelled by her brother Pixodarus, who threw in his lot with the Persians inviting in a Persian Satrap Othontapates (Orontobates?) This satrap was ruling when Alexander arrived in 334.
		In 500 BCE the tyrant of Mylasa was Oliatus, son of Ibanollis.
		In 167 BCE they revolted from the Rhodians and were soon thereafter declared free by the Romans once more.Under the Pax Romana Mylasa flourished and brought under her control in the name of 'Sympolity' the cities of Euromos, Chalcetor, Hydae, Olympos and Labraynda, and their citizenry were alloted to her own tribes.
	www.juyayay.com /outline/anatolia (9235 words)

	Gela * People, Places, & Things * Greek Mythology: From the Iliad to the Fall of the Last Tyrant
		The city was rebuilt circa 337 BCE after Dionysius II was expelled from the island by the Greek commander, Timoleon, who made Syracuse his capital and, with the aid of Greek mercenaries, secured the eastern portion of Sicily as a Greek enclave.
		After Timoleon’s death, the rule of Syracuse was entrusted to an oligarchy of six hundred citizens; in 311 BCE, after twenty five years of oligarchic government, the tyrant, Agathokles (Agathocles), came to power and, as revenge for assisting the oligarchy in his oppression, Agathokles had thousands of the inhabitants of Gela put to death.
		Circa 281 BCE Gela was razed by pirates and the surviving citizens moved to the city of Phintias (modern Licata); Gela remained mostly uninhabited until 1233 CE when it was renamed by Frederick II as Terranova di Sicilia; the city again became Gela in 1928.
	messagenet.com /myths/ppt/Gela_1.html (432 words)

	A CHRONOGRAPHY OF POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICT
		771 BCE The Chou dynasty in China is forced to abandon its western capital in Hao, of the Wei River Valley and move its seat eastward to Loyang due to the threat of a barbarian invasion.
		400-300 BCE The Celts settle in the Danube-Sava basin.
		281 The Holy Lance (Helige Lanz) is said to have passed to Mauritius, a Roman tribune and commander of the Theban Legion.
	www.humanitas-international.org /perezites/archive/timeline.htm (19687 words)

	Turkey Substates
		Artemisia is said to have returned to Halicarnassus and ruled till her own son was of age, her kingdom prospering from her good relations with Persia.
		Artemisia's popularity and fame was such that many of the wives of the Kings of Halicarnassus were named after her till well into the 4th century BCE.
		BCE 43-28 Regent Dowager Queen Polemakratia of Asten and Odryseem (Thrakia).
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /turkey_substates.htm (787 words)

	Pergamum Kingdom
		Due to a childhood injury, having have lost his manly powers, Philetaerus never got married and had no son, so decided to adopt his nephew Eumenes as his heir to the throne of his small kingdom that he was just building.
		Although Eumenes I (263-241 BCE), has never used the title of King, he is regarded as the first king in the line of Attalid dynasty who ruled the Pergamum Kingdom for five generations.
		Eumenes in alliance with Romans swept the Seleucid army at the battle of Magnesia in 190 BCE, and following the peace treaty of Apameia in 188 BCE, Pergamum was given a large portion of the lands ruled by the Seleucids earlier.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/pergamum_kingdom.htm (1605 words)

	I, Daniel by Robert Riggs
		In 301 BCE, Seleucus joined a successful confederacy against Antigonus I, the newest King of Macedonia, and as a reward, Seleucus was granted a large part of Asia Minor and the whole of Syria.
		Futhermore, the line of commercial traffic that went along the Nile to and from Alexandria, had a rival in the line of trade that went from the Persian Gulf across Arabia to Gaza, and it was to the advantage of the King of the South to control both.
		This 'Scientific and Artistic Commission of Egypt' was responsible for the discovery of the Rosetta Stone (sculpted in honor of Ptolemy V Epiphanes in 195 BCE) that made it possible to decipher the written languages of ancient Egypt.
	bci.org /prophecy-fulfilled/id2.htm (11494 words)

	Kharoshti Script - (The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies - CAIS)©
		The history begins circa 250 BCE when the Indo-Greeks in Bactria revolted against their Seleucid masters and formed an autonomous empire free from the suzerainty of an overlord.
		25 BCE -10 CE in North Afghanistan) coins were minted with the Greek legend on the obverse and the Kharoshti script on the reverse.
		150-100 BCE) temporarily independent of the Punjab area in the Pathankot region of the Beas river valley to the borders of Nepal.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Languages/kharoshti_script.htm (2058 words)

	EPHESUS
		The Persians were eventually defeated in the region in 466 BCE, when Ephesus became a tributary of Athens.
		After the tragic fire in 356 BCE (tradition holds that Herostratos set that temple aflame to make a name for himself), the city took a long time to recover.
		They were defeated by the Romans at Magnesia (189 BCE) and Ephesus was turned over to control by Pergamum, until in 133 BCE Ephesus came under direct Roman rule.
	www.enjoyturkey.com /Tours/Interest/Biblicals/ephesus.htm (1295 words)

	Manetho (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		He was a Greco-Egyptian priest born at Sebennytos in the Nile Delta, and lived during the reign of Ptolemy I and Ptolemy II, approximately 300 BCE and a contemporary of Berosus (Chaldean chronologist).
		Manetho divided Egyptian history into dynasties which were essentially ruling houses, of which 30 are recognized and used today, dating from unification around 3100 BCE up until the death of the last native Egyptian ruler Nectanebo II in 343 BCE.
		Lysimachus fought Antigonus; Ptolemy and Seleucus fought at Ipsus (301 BCE); and Seleucus defeated Lysimachus at Corupedion (281 BCE).
	www.lebtahor.com /chronology/manetho.htm (503 words)

	Benjamin - The Migration of the Yuezhi through Sogdia - Transoxiana Eran ud Aneran
		In 132 BCE the Kunmo led a powerful force of mounted Wusun archers into the region which attacked and routed the no doubt surprised and dismayed Yuezhi, forcing them to once again uproot and resume their long march to the west.
		Even as early as the last three decades of the second century BCE Kangju proved to be an ideal buffer for the Yuezhi between their new homeland north of the Amu Darya, and the Wusun and Xiongnu to the north and east.
		As a result of their defeat by the Wusun in 133/2 BCE, and after almost three decades of residency in the Ili Valley, the confederation of the Da Yuezhi was forced to resume its migration westwards, moving initially into the Ferghana Valley.
	www.transoxiana.org /Eran/Articles/benjamin.html (8390 words)

	Smyrna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Strangers or refugees from the Ionian city of Colophon settled in the city and finally (traditionally in 688 BCE) by an uprising Smyrna passed into their hands and became the thirteenth of the Ionian city-states.
		In 688 BCE the Ionian boxer Onomastus of Smyrna won the prize at Olympia, but the coup was probably then a recent event.
		Finally, Alyattes III (609 â” 560 BCE]]) conquered the city and sacked it, and though Smyrna did not cease to exist, the Greek life and political unity were destroyed, and the polis was reorganized on the village system.
	www.zdnet.co.za /wiki/Smyrna (1895 words)

	Smyrna - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The region was settled as of the beginning of the third millennium BCE.
		In 688 BCE the Ionian boxer Onomastus of Smyrna won the prize at Olympia, but the coup was probably then a recent event.
		Finally, Alyattes III (609 — 560 BCE]]) conquered the city and sacked it, and though Smyrna did not cease to exist, the Greek life and political unity were destroyed, and the polis was reorganized on the village system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Smyrna (1871 words)

	Rome: Total War @ The Wargamer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The people known to history as the Parthians were in fact nomads known as the Parni who moved into the province of Parthia from Central Asia during the reigns of Seleucus I (312-281 BCE) and Antiochus I Soter (281-262 BCE).
		It was only later, during the reigns of the Parthian kings Mithridates I (171-128 BCE) and Artanbanus II (128-124 BCE) that the Parthians seized most of the Seleucid territories in Mesopotamia and the east.
		It was not until 20 BCE that Augustus was able to put a pro-Roman king on the Parthian throne (supported by a Roman army) and forge a peace treaty.
	www.wargamer.com /microsites/rome_total_war/factions_page4.html (1476 words)

	Stoicism
		Its founder, Zeno (c 336-264 BCE) (not to be confused with the Eleatic Zeno), discussed philosophical ideas at the agora in the Stoa Poikile, Painted Colonnade, or porch and thus his followers came to be called Stoics or "philosophers of the porch".
		Later Stoics of the Hellenistic period, including Cleanthes of Assos (c 331-233 BCE) and Chrysippus (c 281-208 BCE), developed Stoicism as a systematic body of doctrine, complete with a system of logic, epistemology, and cosmology.
		He denied the Stoic principle of conflagration, the idea that periods of history ended with a fire that consumed everything, and doubted the validity of divine rationality, which put the Stoic belief of predetermined fate in question.
	www.geneseo.edu /~harrison/humn1_html/stoicism.html (1599 words)

	The Prophecy of Daniel 11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In 240 BCE, the king of the North, Seleucus II, attempted to invade Egypt in response to the humiliation he had suffered at the hands of Ptolemy III.
		In 170 BCE, when Antiochus IV felt secure about the state of his own kingdom, he decided to take Egypt by force in what came to be known as the Sixth Syrian War.
		Worsening the situation was the fact that, in 32 BCE, Antony divorced his Roman wife, Octavia (the sister of Octavius) and ceded many of the eastern Roman territories to Cleopatra and their children.
	users.aristotle.net /~bhuie/Daniel11.htm (10123 words)

	Ethnic Identity
		From the third century BCE on, "Galatai," and in Latin, "Galli," are vaguely equated in the sources with the Keltoi.
		It is clear from Livy and others that the Celts continued to be a terrifying and aggressive foe throughout the fourth century BCE in Italy, keeping Rome in a state of tumultus (Rankin 1996, 107 ff.).
		His defeat by Seleukos in 281 BCE unleashed an unprecedentedly chaotic spate of jockeying for power among the Hellenistic dynasties; his successors were relatively inexperienced militarily, and the Celtic leaders, "Brennos" and Akichorios, did not hesitate to take advantage of the virtual collapse of the Greeks' northern defenses.
	www3.iath.virginia.edu /Barbarians/Essays/model.html (8167 words)

	Raia Images Index II
		Coin: Agrippina the Younger: gold aureus, Rome, 50/54 CE Obverse (here): head of Agrippina, the sister of Emperor Claudius Caligula; she was the fourth wife of Claudius, whom she killed so that her son Nero could become emperor (he in turn killed her); inscribed with her name and the imperial honorific "Augusta."
		Obverse: bearded Quirinus, a local deity worshiped on the Quirinal Hill, was the patron of Rome and identified with Romulus; Reverse (not shown): Ceres with a snake.
		Concordia (?): bronze with silver inlaid eyes, Rome, 1st century CE Concordia is seated on an elaborate, large throne, wearing a coronet, and missing her left arm; she was the personification of harmony and accord (cf.
	www.vroma.org /images/raia_images/index2.html (1543 words)

	Antiochus I Soter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He was half Persian, his mother Apame being one of those eastern princesses whom Alexander the Great had given as wives to his generals in 324 BC.
		On the assassination of his father Seleucus I in 281 BC, the task of holding together the empire was a formidable one, and a revolt in Syria broke out almost immediately.
		With his father's murderer, Ptolemy Keraunos, Antiochus was soon compelled to make peace, abandoning apparently Macedonia and Thrace.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antiochus_I (392 words)

	AP Art History
		By the sixth century BCE, a group of people known as the Etruscans controlled a large and powerful empire near the coast of Italy, around what is now Rome.
		The Etruscans successfully ruled until they were overthrown by the Romans in 281 BCE.
		Republican sculpture was characterized by a rise in the number of official and private images.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /llefler/ch6ah.htm (762 words)

	Astrology and Judaism in Late Antiquity - Hellenistic Scientific Astrology
		The planets were usually listed according to the times each took to go through the zodiac once (their sidereal periods) on the correct assumption that this corresponded to their distance from the earth./74/ Plato's _Timaeus_ gives the earliest example, where the planets, from outside in, are: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Moon.
		This was later called the "Egyptian order."/75/ By at least the second century BCE another order, known as the "Chaldaean," became standard: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon./76/ The difference is that Mercury and Sun have traded places./77/ It makes no difference mathematically, because Sun, Mercury, and Venus all have the same sidereal period.
		All known examples have been collected and translated by Neugebauer and van Hoesen./176/ The oldest known example is a relief from the monumental tomb of Antiochus I of Commagene, at Nimrud Dagh in the foothills of the Taurus mountains (see figure 19).
	www.smoe.org /arcana/diss2.html (7968 words)

	Alexander the Great-Jerusalem through Coins
		Alexander the Great left Macedon in 334 BCE to begin his campaign against the Persian Empire, he defeated King Darius III in Syria in 333 BCE.
		Zeus seated left, holding eagle and scepter sickle and M before, monogram under throne.
		This portrait of Alexander was made 42 years after his death in 281-280 bce, Lysimachia mint.
	members.bellatlantic.net /~vze3xycv/Jerusalem/confAlexTG.htm (413 words)

	sel king list (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		son of Seleucus II Antiochus III the Great (reigned 223-187 BCE)
		son of Antiochus IV Demetrius I Soter (reigned 162-150 BCE)
		alleged son of Antiochus IV supported by Attalus II of Pergamon and Ptolemy VI Demetrius II Nikator (reigned on and off from 145-125 BCE)
	www.utexas.edu /courses/macedonia/sel_king_list.htm (74 words)

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