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	Thirty Years War. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The war as a whole may be considered a struggle of German Protestant princes and foreign powers (France, Sweden, Denmark, England, the United Provinces) against the unity and power of the Holy Roman Empire as represented by the Hapsburgs, allied with the Catholic princes, and against the Hapsburgs themselves.
		In 1629, Denmark, by the Treaty of Lübeck, withdrew from the war and surrendered the N German bishoprics.
		The general results of the war may be said to have been a tremendous decrease in German population; devastation of German agriculture; ruin of German commerce and industry; the breakup of the Holy Roman Empire, which was a mere shell in the succeeding centuries; and the decline of Hapsburg greatness.
	www.bartleby.com /65/th/ThirtyYe.html (1366 words)

	The Thirty Years War: Home Page
		During the Thirty Years War the opponents were, on the one hand, the House of Austria: the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors Ferdinand II and Ferdinand III together with their Spanish cousin Philip IV.
		This phase of the Thirty Years War encompassed the years 1621 to 1624.
		This phase of the Thirty Years War encompassed the years 1625 to 1630.
	www.pipeline.com /~cwa/TYWHome.htm (1338 words)

	Thirty Years' War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The impact of the Thirty Years' War and related episodes of famine and disease was devastating.
		In the decades after the war, while Austria and its German allies were defending against the Ottoman Empire in the Great Turkish War (Battle of Vienna etc.), France under King Louis XIV used the occasion for aggressive expansion on both sides of the Rhine.
		After the Mantuan War, between France and the Habsburgs in Italy, the northern half of the Italian peninsula was in the throes of a bubonic plague epidemic (see Italian Plague of 1629-1631).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thirty_years_war (4577 words)

	30 Years' War (World)
		Last year's Born Alive Infants Protection Act, passed unanimously even by the Democratic-controlled Senate, sought to end the practice in some hospitals of leaving live babies to die after failed abortions.
		Thirty times in 30 years the high court has revisited the issue of "reproductive rights," frequently revising its logic without ever completely reversing the ongoing death sentence it issued in 1973.
		For much of the past 30 years, the legal disappointments seemed almost as frequent as the abortion procedure itself.
	www.leaderu.com /common/30yearswar.html (2224 words)

	War of the Roses
		War of the Roses 1455 - 1485 England became engulfed in a civil war between the houses, of York and Lancaster.
		Twelve years later King Edward IV died, his successor being his 13 year old son Edward V was overthrown by his uncle The Duke of Gloucester, and assumed the crown as Kind Richard the third.
		In the Final battle of the Civil war in 1485 at Bosworth, King Richard was killed and the thrown was taken by The Earl of Richmond King Henry VII.
	www.medieval-art.com /war_of_the_roses.htm (3475 words)

	The 30 years war
		The thirty years war was actually thirty years long, unlike some of those inaccurately named wars.
		The second phase of the thirty years war overlapped the Bohemian phase.
		In 1635, the French declared war on Spain while it was still sending military and financial aid to the Protestants and the remaining Swedes.
	www.lakesideschool.org /studentweb/worldhistory/reformation/The30yearswar.htm (991 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		Religious animosity, especially among non-German adherents of the contending Protestant and Roman Catholic factions, broadened the war and was a substantial factor in its later stages.
		The war, which was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history, may be divided into four phases, usually styled and dated as follows: Palatine-Bohemian (1618–25), Danish (1625–29), Swedish (1630–35), and French (1635–48).
		In its final phase, the war became an imperialist conflict for hegemony in western Europe between the Habsburgs and France, which was still under the leadership of Richelieu.
	www.historychannel.com /thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=224034 (2009 words)

	War and Gender
		Goldstein concludes that killing in war does not come naturally for either gender, and that gender norms often shape men, women, and children to the needs of the war system.
		About ten lines down is “gender and war,” with the notation “most interesting of all; will ruin career – wait until tenure.” Fortunately, other political scientists in those years – almost all of them women – were not so timid in developing feminist scholarship on war.
		I have never been in a war or served in the military, though I was born in the shadow of World War II and turned 18 during Vietnam – as a peace activist.
	www.warandgender.com (1303 words)

	Saigon, 30 Years Later - By Vivienne Walt - Slate Magazine
		Exactly 30 years have passed since the day the helicopters lifted frantic evacuees from the roof of the U.S. Embassy in Saigon.
		But war is still the major emotional draw in a burgeoning tourist industry, as much a factor as the required school outings for Vietnamese children.
		In one photograph shot by Sean Flynn four years before the American photographer was killed in Cambodia at age 29, a Viet Cong suspect is hanging from a tree.
	www.slate.com /id/2117538 (1433 words)

	Intercollegiate Studies Institute - ISI Books - America's 30 Years War
		The author documents how America's founding principles of rule of law, individual rights, the guarantee of property, and a common American identity are being gradually replaced by government mandated group rights, redistribution, and multi-culturalism.
		The thirty year war is being fought between those who promote liberty, rights for the individual and a continued need for moral guidance on the one side, and those who believe that the supreme power is human reason which, operating through a central authority, can and will create the perfect world on the other.
		While the picture is not rosy, America has every chance of winning, if the intentions of the two sides are exposed, and the consequences weighed.
	www.isi.org /books/bookdetail.aspx?id=40e4df85-7557-439a-8189-530d05e0f563 (249 words)

	30 years after war, Vietnam suffers toxic legacy
		Hey Jude, the lack of economic development endured by Vietnam as the opportunity cost for 30 years of Communism has not polluted Vietnam more than enough to make up for a little toxic waste left over from the War.
		On April 30, 1975, the Vietnam War ended with the capture of Saigon by Communist forces and the surrender of General Duong Vanh Minh and his cabinet in the Presidential palace.
		Vietnam never received war reparations payments from the U.S. for the massive loss of life and destruction, yet an agreement reached in Paris in 1993 required Hanoi to recognize the debts of the defunct Saigon regime of General Thieu.
	www.guerrillanews.com /forum/thread.php?id=21571 (487 words)

	Term Paper on Consequences of the 30 Years War
		Consequences of the 30 Years War From the change of warfare, to the vast changes in government and dominance, the Thirty Years War had clearly resulted in many changes and effected many areas of life.
		The end of the Thirty Years War was marked by the Peace of Westphalia.
		Germany was of the greatest effected because the war was mostly fought on its land.
	www.swiftpapers.com /essay/Consequences_of_the_30_Years_W-5366.html (194 words)

	The Lion of the North -- Swedes and Scots save Germany for the Reformation!!
		In this picture he is presenting his 5 year old daughter Christiana to the Diet and admonishing them to respect her as queen in the event that he did not return.
		The gold was used to finance the war on the saints, the Vikings, the Normans, the dreaded Inquisition, the Spanish Armada, the St.
		Alexander Erskine was minister of war to Gustavus Adolphus and represented Sweden at the conference that resulted in the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) ending the Thirty Years' War.
	www.reformation.org /lion-of-the-north.html (1494 words)

	The Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
		War was resolved upon in May 1625, in April 1626 Mansfeld was defeated in the Battle of Dessau, in August 1626 Christian's Danish Army in the Battle of Lutter am Barenberge.
		The Swedish army carried the war from one region into another, in May 1639 appearing off Prague, their itinerary less dictated by the desire for conquest than by ravaging the countryside to feed her (growing) army.
		In the last decade of the war, foreign interest kept the war going; both France and Sweden had not suffered aby damage at home and could afford to continue a war economically fought at the expense of Germans.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/17cen/xxxywar.html (2207 words)

	HISTORY: The Vietnam War - 30 years on - 23 April 2005
		April 30 this year marks the 30th anniversary of communist North Vietnam's conquest of South Vietnam, symbolised by the image of a Soviet-built T-54 tank smashing through the gate of the Presidential Palace in Saigon.
		After 30 years of peace, intellectuals, artists, Buddhist monks, Catholic priests, religious followers, tribal people, and even communist veterans are subject to summary arrests, torture, killing, harassment and imprisonment for their peaceful demands for freedom.
		During Easter last year, 280 Christian highlanders were killed in a peaceful mass prayer protest for religious freedom and for the return of their ancestral lands appropriated by the authorities.
	www.newsweekly.com.au /articles/2005apr23_v.html (2543 words)

	DefenseLINK News: 30 Years After War's End, U.S., Vietnam Focusing on Mutual Interests (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thirty years ago tomorrow, the last U.S. helicopter lifted off the roof of the U.S. Embassy in Saigon, South Vietnam, marking the official end of the Vietnam War.
		But 30 years after the war's end, the two countries have reached an unprecedented level of cooperation, U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam Michael Marine told participants at the March 17 Texas Tech 5th Triennial Vietnam Symposium in Lubbock, Texas.
		Two Army officers missing from the Vietnam War since 1971, Col. Sheldon Burnett and Warrant Officer 3 Randolph Ard, were positively identified and their remains were returned to their families for burial.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Apr2005/20050429_814.html (919 words)

	The Thirty-Years-War (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since Charles V, backed by the power of Spain, had been unable either to strengthen his authority at the expense of the territorial princes or to wipe out Protestantism, it was natural that his immediate successors preferred to leave the constitutional and religious issues alone.
		On May 23, 1618, a year before Ferdinand was named emperor, the Bohemian leaders unceremoniously threw two imperial officials out of a window in the palace at Prague.
		In his nineteen years as king, be had proved himself to he as able an administrator as Maximilian of Bavaria and as careful a military organizer as Wallenstein.
	mars.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/30yearswar.html (2932 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Asia / Vietnam revels in its future 30 years after war, much to celebrate
		On April 30, 1975, communist tanks barreled through the palace gates in what was then Saigon, capital of South Vietnam.
		Memories of the war and its aftermath are little more than anecdotes in history books for most Vietnamese who were born after it ended.
		Despite Vietnam's remarkable recovery from the devastation of war, most of its 82 million people, many of whom are farmers, remain poor.
	www.boston.com /news/world/asia/articles/2005/05/01/vietnam_revels_in_its_future_30_years_after_war_much_to_celebrate (738 words)

	First World War.com - Feature Articles - Life in the Trenches
		Indeed, the Great War - a phrase coined even before it had begun - was expected to be a relatively short affair and, as with most wars, one of great movement.
		The First World War was typified however by its lack of movement, the years of stalemate exemplified on the Western Front from autumn 1914 until spring 1918.
		However stalemate - and trench warfare soon set in - and the expected war of movement wasn't restored until towards the close of the war, although the line rippled as successes were achieved at a local level.
	www.firstworldwar.com /features/trenchlife.htm (1781 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Thirty Years War was a series of wars fought by various European nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries.
		From the Thirty Years War that ended in 1648 to the devastation of World War II, Alsace was a pawn in an intermittent tug-of-war between the various incarnations of modern-day France and Germany.
		The Thirty Years War began as a religious civil war between the Protestants and Roman Catholics in Germany that engaged the Austrian Habsburgs and the German princes.
	www.lycos.com /info/thirty-years-war--thirty-years-war.html (405 words)

	WJLA - Vietnam Fetes 30 Years Since War's End (Site not responding. Last check: )
		On April 30, 1975, North Vietnamese tanks barreled through the gates of the palace, the heart of the U.S.-backed Saigon government.
		Memories of the war and its aftermath are little more than anecdotes in history books for the majority of the country's population who were born after it ended.
		Though the country's reunification of North and South occurred 30 years ago, the task of reconciliation still looms large.
	www.wjla.com /headlines/0405/224748.html (835 words)

	Ending 30 Years of War: The Peace of Westphalia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The end of the Thirty Years' War was in 1648; it was a war which rampaged in waves, like tornadoes, for 30 years, involving many European countries, including Germany, the Hapsburg Empire, France, Sweden, Bohemia, and Denmark.
		After 30 years, there was enormous destruction--on average, 40% of the population and wealth, taken together, in Germany, were destroyed.
		These negotiations lasted for four years, during 1644-48, and in the end, Protestants, Catholics, monarchies, and republican forms of government, were treated as having equal status in negotiations and in the treaty....
	www.aboutsudan.com /democracy/peace_process/helga_on_westphalia.htm (639 words)

	Spectrezine Vietnam War - Thirty Years Later, by Ted Glick
		On this day, 30 years ago, the United States hurriedly completed the withdrawal of all its military troops from Vietnam as the Vietnamese independence movement entered and took control of the city of Saigon, since renamed Ho Chi Minh City.
		A poor and primarily peasant society defeated the greatest military power in the world in a war that went on for close to two decades.
		Within the Democratic Party there is organizing taking place that is beginning to win victories, as at a recent California Democratic convention, in a campaign to pressure the party leadership to call for an end to the occupation and the setting of a date for troops to leave.
	www.spectrezine.org /NorthAmerica/glick.htm (794 words)

	::Thirty Years War::
		Phillip III of Spain attempted to continue the foreign policy aspirations of his father, Phillip II, which essentially meant that Spain had to be kept on a war footing.
		Phillip III and his advisors knew this and it is known from Spanish documentation that as early as 1618, Madrid had decided to renew the war against the United Provinces so that this threat was eradicated.
		In 1609, Charles Emmanuel expelled the Spanish garrison in Savoy and one year later, Savoy and France agreed to attack Lombardy but the assassination of Henry IV ended this.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /30YW_western_europe.htm (1281 words)

	The Thirty Years' War
		It was a century in which monarchs increased the size of their armies and increased taxes to pay for it, a burden on a population already barely surviving.
		In 1625 the war widened with the invasion of Germany by the king of Denmark and Norway, Christian IV, who expressed his support for Protestant princes.
		The war that people called the Great War ended in 1648 with a negotiated settlement, the Peace of Westphalia - thirty years after the war's inception, with France and Spain continued to war for ten more years.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h25-war.html (1443 words)

	30 Years War \| BoardGameGeek
		This is a different game from the class "Quad" game that SPI came out with earlier, which dealt with individual battles.
		30 YEARS WAR is a game of the conflict fought from 1618 through 1648 in Europe.
		The game may be played by two, three or four individuals or groups, each representing one or more "Major Powers." The objective of each player is to gain dominance over Europe.
	www.boardgamegeek.com /game/10256 (142 words)

	30 years of War - Independent Online Edition > Ulster (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Their rebellion was not itself a success, but sparked a war that led to the British withdrawal from what is now the Republic five years later.
		But it was not to be the last such atrocity: every year that followed brought destruction and deaths, amounting to 3,700 killings in all.
		The IRA's political wing, Sinn Fein, was in the early years little more than a propaganda outlet, but it grew in importance after the emotive hunger strikes of 1981, when Bobby Sands and nine other republican prisoners starved themselves to death in the Maze prison.
	news.independent.co.uk /uk/ulster/article302286.ece (1329 words)

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