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	BCE Reports its Fourth Quarter and Year-End Results
		BCE Inc.'s decision was based on a number of factors, including a revised business plan and outlook of the principal operating segment of Teleglobe with associated funding requirements, a revised assessment of its prospects, and a comprehensive analysis of the state of its industry.
		BCE recorded a gain of $1,042 million, relating primarily to the tax benefit from (i) reinstating non-capital losses that were previously used to offset the gain on sale of Nortel Networks shares in 2001; and (ii) applying a portion of the capital losses against the gain on the sale of the Directories business in 2002.
		BCE recorded a charge of $316 million in 2002 ($191 million in the second quarter and $125 million in the fourth quarter), representing a write-down of its investment in BCI to an estimate of its net realizable value.
	www.bce.ca /en/news/releases/bce/2003/01/29/69761.html (5180 words)

	BCE Inc. – 2003 Fourth Quarter Shareholder Report – MD&A
		BCE’s share of CGI’s revenues increased by 14.1% to $211 million for the quarter and by 19.7% to $849 million on a full-year basis mainly driven by its acquisition of Cognicase in January 2003.
		BCE Inc. used a portion of the cash on hand of $714 million at December 31, 2003 to redeem all of its outstanding Series P retractable preferred shares on January 15, 2004 for $351 million.
		BCE Inc. is currently funding, and may continue to fund, the operating losses of some of its subsidiaries in the future, but it is under no obligation to continue doing so.
	news.bce.ca /en/investors/reports/quarterly/bce/2003q4/report/bce_q4_03_2_e.html (18640 words)

	Detail Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		From 41 to 31 BC it served with Antony in the east and was at Actium in 31
		The legion served with Octavian from 40 to 31
		From 58 to 66 it served in Syria and from 66 to 70 in Judaea.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=HLAR1046 (2384 words)

	filmhist.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Third Punic War 149-146 BCE started because the Numidian king Masinissa provoked Carthage into a war not approved by Rome; Carthage was destroyed and razed by the Romans and Carthaginian territory became the Roman province of Africa.
		The Gracchi brothers (Tiberius and Gaius) began a reform movement to redistribute senatorial lands to the landless poor; Tiberius was slain in 133 BCE.
		In 31 BCE Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in the East.
	publish.uwo.ca /~kolson2/filmhist.html (1608 words)

	Ancient Roman Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		265 BCE: Rome initiates the Punic Wars with Carthage, an oligarchic empire stretching from the northern coast of Africa to the Strait of Gibraltar.
		52 BCE: Pompey is elected as sole consul by the Senate, and Caesar is declared an enemy of the Roman Republic.
		31 BCE: Rome - Antony and Cleopatra are defeated by Octavian, ensuring the prosperity of Greek ideals without threat from the eastern principles of despotism.
	www.crystalinks.com /romehistory.html (3100 words)

	[No title]
		Their conservative government consists of a kingship, resembling the traditional values of the patriarchal family; an assembly, composed of male citizens of military age; and a Senate, comprised of elders who serve as the heads of different community sects.
		Their major contributions to the Romans are the arch and the vault, gladiatorial combat for entertainment and the study of animals to predict future events.
		52 BCE: Rome - Pompey is elected as sole consul by the Senate, and Caesar is declared an enemy of the Roman Republic.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/ropage.htm (2946 words)

	The Flow of History: Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic era (336 BCE-31 BCE) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A new tribe, known as the Parthians, invaded from the northeast and kept chipping away at the Seleucid lands until all that remained were the lands around Antioch in Syria.
		The showpiece of the Ptolemaic kingdom was Alexandria, which was founded by Alexander in 330 B.C.E. and destined to be the greatest of all Hellenistic cities.
		In 3l B.C.E., in a naval battle at Actium off the coast of Greece, the combined fleets of the Roman general, Marc Antony, and Cleopatra were destroyed by another Roman, Octavian.
	www.flowofhistory.com /Reading25.AlexanderTheGreat.htm (3159 words)

	Overheads - LIT 102 - Spring 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		56 BCE: the conference at Luca: the Triumvirate was renewed.
		53 BCE: Crassus was defeated by the Parthians in the battle of Carrhae and lost his life.
		44 BCE the Ides of March: killed by a conspiracy of aristocratic partisans led by Cassius and Brutus.
	web.syr.edu /~dhmills/lit102/102ovrhd.htm (2083 words)

	Rom_pol.html
		About 500 BCE the monarchy, then Etruscan, was destroyed by an alliance of wealthy land-owning families, the patricians, who met together in the Senate, "body of old men," to pass laws and decide on peace and war.
		Those excluded from this privileged class, the majority, were the plebeians, who especially in the fourth century BCE struggled to gain their own representation, with limited success.
		Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE.), a key figure in the disintegration of the Republic, was in his enemies' eyes a man placed personal ambition before the interests of the state.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /mcl/classics/Secure/Rom_pol.html (712 words)

	Lowe Art Museum \| Greco-Roman Antiquities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Both themes that appear on this cup are borrowed: the hoplite, or armed infantryman, on the inside of the cup, and the betrothal scenes on the outer rim.
		Horses were a luxury in the 6th century BCE and were prized by the Greeks far above all else in nature but man. The subject on the opposite side of the bowl is Dionysos, the god of wine, surrounded by followers of his cult.
		The cutting through the neck precludes certainty as to whether the head was originally a bust or part of a life-size statue.
	www.miami.edu /lowe/art_greco_roman.htm (811 words)

	Legiones I
		It is also possible that the consul Caius Vibius Pansa raised Legio I with several others in 43 BCE, to support the senatorial forces in alliance with Octavian against Marcus Antonius, culminating in a clash at Mutina.
		The activities of Legio I are unclear during this period, but it seems reasonable to presume that the legion transferred across the Adriatic Sea with the great majority of Octavian's army to fight the Antonian forces at Actium.
		By 19 BCE, Augustus' general M. Vipsanius Agrippa was still unable to drive the stubborn Cantabri to submission.
	www.angelfire.com /or2/jrscline/legiones1.htm (1302 words)

	DATES
		Throughout the notes on this Webpage, BCE dates are always followed by the abbreviation " BCE" but CE dates only include the abbreviation when there is the possibility of confusion.
		It must have ended on December 31 of the year before YEAR ONE, and begun exactly one hundred years earlier.
		If we call the year before YEAR ONE "1 BCE," and the year before that "2 BCE," and so on, then the first century BCE began on January 1, 100 BCE and ended on December 31, 1 BCE.
	courses.wcupa.edu /jones/his101/misc/dates.htm (828 words)

	city: rome
		By 63 BCE Rome had become Ñprotectoræ of the client kingdom of the Hasmoneans, that is the land of Judea.
		In 31 BCE Octavian defeated the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra at the battle of Actium.
		By the fourth century BCE the city was enclosed with a defense structure, the Servian Wall, measuring over 10 feet thick.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/maps/arch/rome.html (1101 words)

	History of the Hellenistic and Roman World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Julius Caesar : Epilogue (43 - 31 BCE)
		Julius Caesar : Gaul (58 - 50 BCE)
		Julius Caesar : Insurrection (49 - 48 BCE)
	www.fenrir.dk /history/index.php?title=Julius_Caesar_:_Epilogue_(43_-_31_BCE) (705 words)

	Roman Calendar - September (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On this day in 31 BCE, the famous Battle of Actium was fought, in which Mark Antony was defeated by Octavian, the future Augustus.
		On this day in 175 BCE, the king of the Seleucid empire, Seleucus IV Philopator, who was the successor of Alexander, died.
		On this day in 57 BCE, after the senate had voted to restore him, Cicero entered Rome in triumph after returning from exile in Greece.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/w/x/wxk116/RomanCalendar/sep01.htm (550 words)

	Greek Gods
		Indo-Europeans, originally from central Asia, beginning in 4th millennium bce, migrated in all directions, and destruction of original settlements in Greece appears around 2100 bce.
		Around 800 bce, someone familiar with Phoenician writing invented the Greek alphabet by making a rough indication of a vowel accompany consonant sounds.
		31 bce Alexandria fell into Roman hands at death of Cleopatra VII, last of the ruling descendants of the generals of Alexander.
	www.wsu.edu /~delahoyd/ancient.greek.html (450 words)

	Writing Guide: Technical Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the study of ancient Egypt, for instance, "kingdom" refers to one of three distinct periods: the Old Kingdom (2700-2200 BCE), the Middle Kingdom (2000-1800 BCE) and the New Kingdom (1550-1000 BCE).
		Likewise, in discussions about ancient Rome "empire" means that period from 31 BCE to 476 CE, when a succession of "emperors" dominated Roman government.
		If you're speaking about the centuries preceding 31 BCE, the technical term for Roman government is "Republic." Thus, words like "kingdom," "republic" and "empire" need to be used carefully in certain historical disciplines.
	www.usu.edu /markdamen/WritingGuide/29techn.htm (291 words)

	Augustus and Tiberius
		Octavian divorced Scribonia (an older woman whom he had married because of her family ties to Sextus Pompey at a time when he needed Pompey's political support) on the very day, it is said, that she gave birth to his only child, a daughter (Julia).
		After the death of Agrippa in 12 BCE, Augustus married Julia to Livia's son Tiberius, who divorced a wife to whom he was devoted, Vipsania, to marry a woman whom he apparently disliked greatly.
		In 6 BCE, Tiberius refused Augustus's command that he be sent as a general to the eastern provinces; instead he retired to the Greek island of Rhodes.
	www.vroma.org /~bmcmanus/augustus.html (1948 words)

	Praetorian Guard
		The first credible example of bodyguard-type cohorts dates to 133 BCE, when Scipio Aemilianus organized 500 of his clients into a so-called "troop of friends." The practice of keeping a bodyguard unit, later termed a cohors praetoria, became standard as the Republic devolved into civil war.
		At the official inception of the Praetorian Guard by Octavian (Augustus) following his consolidation of power after Actium in 31 BCE, each cohors praetoria was an autonomous unit under the command of a military tribune -- a high-ranking member of the ordo equester, the mercantile class of the Roman oligarchy.
		BCE, Julius Caesar, for example, distinguished himself on the battlefields of Gaul by wearing a bright red cloak.
	www.angelfire.com /or2/jrscline/elitepraetorian.htm (7449 words)

	McManus Images Index Roman Coins: Republic and Principate
		In 390 BCE, the sacred geese of Juno warned (monere) the Romans about an impending attack by Gauls, hence her temple on the Capitoline was dedicated to Juno Moneta.
		denarius of Augustus, mint of Lyons, 2 BCE - 4 CE The obverse depicts Gaius and Lucius Caesar, grandsons adopted by Augustus, wearing togas and holding shields and spears, with religious symbols in the background.
		Cornelius Sulla Felix, whose authority is symbolized by a curule chair flanked by a lituus and a wreath, and Q.
	www.vroma.org /images/mcmanus_images/indexcoins.html (4659 words)

	Chapter 2°: footwear of the ancient Egyptians (abt. 3.500 BCE- 31 BCE)
		3.500 BCE), represent a man only wearing a penis sheath and sandals and from this period they used to place their feet in sand or in wet earth to obtain a form of mould to take measurements of their soles.
		The most commonly used material for making them was the papyrus in the form of woven fibres, abundant and therefore not inexpensive; their model hasn't changed much in the course of the millenarian era of ancient Egypt.
		In the tomb of Tutankhamon Pharaoh (died in 1.359 BCE) two life-size statues wearing gold sandals were found, while in a casket were papyrus and reed sandals.
	www.vannacalzature.it /Storia_inglese/egizi_inglese.htm (864 words)

	Ephesus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Founded by Athens as a colony in the 10th century BCE, its historical origins are clouded in myth.
		The city had also ceremoniously welcomed Antony and Cleopatra in the winter of 32-31 BCE, on their way to defeat at Actium in September of 31.
		He donated most of the columns for the temple that mad King Hesostratos burned in 356 BCE, the night Alexander the Great was born.
	www.abrock.com /Greece-Turkey/ephesus.html (2435 words)

	empire_history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The reign of Augustus: 31 BCE-14 AD 31 BCE The Battle of Actium.
		20 BCE The Romans come to a settlement with Parthia, and the Parthians return the Roman standards which had been lost at Carrhae by Crassus.
		31 AD: Sejanus, the Praetorian Prefect (head of the Praetorian guard, the only troops stationed at Rome), who had been basically ruling Rome in Tiberius' absence, is executed (since Tiberius was made to see what he had been doing).
	classics.uc.edu /hooker/cc112_2000/empire_history.html (1582 words)

	hesiod
		A Roman decorative frieze from the period of Augustus (31 BCE - 14 CE), from Gaul, it shows Zeus being suckled by Rhea on Crete, with the Curetes clanging their shields above him, to keep Kronos from hearing him cry.
		A red-figure oinochoe (wine-pouring jar) from Apulia (southern Italy), ca300 BCE, showing Zeus rushing in on a chariot to strike Typhoeus with a thunderbolt; Typhoeus has apparently been depicted as a hybrid, both a snaky-footed Giant and big-headed wind god.
		A silver relief plaque (Sicilian, ca530 BCE) showing the confrontation between Zeus and Typhoeus, who, as in the first vase-painting, has a snaky lower body and wings.
	www.uark.edu /campus-resources/achilles/hesiod/hesiod.html (651 words)

	Coin of Herod the Great: Star or Crest?
		In 40 BCE, Herod the Great was designated King of Judaea by the Romans, who had effectively ruled Judaea since Pompey’s conquest in 63 BCE.
		One such case is a Greek coin from Orthagoreia (figure 4) circa 350 BCE (Sear 1435,1436) which shows a star-like crest that is clearly attached to the helmet by a crest post.
		Thus the depiction of a helmet with a crest on Herod’s large bronze would be consistent with the depiction of helmets on ancient Jewish coins before, contemporaneous with, and after the issuance of Herod’s large coin.
	mysite.verizon.net /vze3xycv/HerodHelmet.htm (1653 words)

	ArtLex on Fresco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		40-30 BCE, Republican, Second Style (also called the architectonic style), fresco; room: 8 feet 8 1/2 inches x 10 feet 11 1/2 inches x 19 feet 7 1/8 inches (265.4 x 334 x 583.9 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY.
		31 BCE - 50 CE, mid-Augustan, Third Style (also called the ornamental or ornate style), fresco, height 73 3/4 inches (187.33 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY.
		North Italian Painter, first quarter 14th century, Two Angels, fresco; (the one shown) 23 3/8 x 31 1/2 inches (59.4 x 80 cm); (the second) 23 1/2 x 31 1/2 inches (59.7 x 80 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/f/fresco.html (421 words)

	CTCWeb Glossary: A (Achaean Confederacy to aveste)
		Cleopatra, was defeated by Agrippa at the battle of Actium in 31 BCE; he was made co-consul in 44 BCE; he married a politically active woman, Fulvia, who died in 40 BCE; Antony was part of the second triumvirate with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Octavian from 43-30 BCE.
		Plato who was concerned with natural phenomena; tutor of Alexander the Great; Aristotle began teaching in Athens in 335 BCE; during that same year he founded the Lyceum (Peripatetic school); author of the Poetics, The Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, among other works; when Aristotle dies in 322 BCE, Theophrates becomes head of the Lyceum.
		Persian invasion of 480 BCE, the original fortification of Athens' Acropolis were destroyed and were rebuilt in 478 BCE; the 5th century building program of Pericles resulted in the classical structures for which the Athenian Acropolis is famous; in 404 BCE the Acropolis was destroyed again by the Spartan and was rebuilt in 394 BCE.
	ablemedia.com /ctcweb/glossary/glossarya.html (3380 words)

	Roman-Jerusalem through Coins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 49 BCE The Roman Republican period ends with the conclusion of the civil war which breaks out between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great, the Roman general who conquered Jerusalem.
		When Julius Caesar is murdered in Rome in 44 BCE a new Triumvirate is formed whose most important members are Mark Antony who was a loyal lieutenant of Julius Caesar and Octavian, Julius Caesar's nephew (actually the Grandson of his sister).
		Agustus, (Octavian), 44 BCE to 14 CE Agustus, struck 19-18 BCE.
	mysite.verizon.net /vze3xycv/Jerusalem/confRomanRep.htm (376 words)

	The Glory of ROME
		Pompey, 49-48 BCE: Pompey murdered in Egypt, 48 BCE.
		Alliance to avenge the death of Caesar: Octavian, Anthony, Lepidus.
		The Roman Empire, 31 BCE-476 CE The creation of the Empire under Octavian: Caesar Augustus (31 BCE-14CE); reforms; the administrative structure
	www.gpc.edu /~proseman/HYCh5TOMKH.htm (357 words)

	Livius Picture Archive: the battle of Actium (31 BCE)
		Photos can be downloaded and used for non-commercial purposes, but you have to acknowledge Livius.
		After the violent death of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE, civil war broke out between on the one hand the assassins, republicans like Brutus and Cassius, and on the other hand the Caesarians, led by Marc Antony and Octavian.
		Marc Antony, shown here on a bust from the Budapest Museum of Fine arts, overcame the last republicans in 42 at Philippi, and started to reorganize the eastern half of the Roman empire.
	www.livius.org /a/battlefields/actium/actium.html (636 words)

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