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	ANCIENT EGYPT 3100 BC - 31 BC
		3100 B.C. and continued until 31 B.C. when the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra lost the Battle of Actium to Rome's Octavian (Caesar Augustus).
		Historical novel set during the reign of Thutmose III (1490-1436 B.C.), this fascinating tale provides a detailed look at the culture of ancient Egypt.
		Historical novel set in ancient Egypt about 700 B.C. when King Hezekiah of Israel and Sennacherib of Assyria were at odds.
	ourfathershouse.biz /shopsite_sc/store/html/page2.html (653 words)

	Africa - MSN Encarta
		In about 3100 bc the two kingdoms were united by Narmer, king of Upper Egypt, who thus founded the earliest dynasty of Ancient Egypt.
		The Great Pyramid of Giza was built in about 2500 bc as a tomb for Khufu, the second king of the Fourth Dynasty (about 2575 to 2467 bc), and is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the World that survives intact today.
		By 1500 bc their copper-working techniques and furnaces were well developed and the technology had spread to other copper-bearing areas of the southern Sahara.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572628_23/Africa.html (1805 words)

	Climate, Culture, and Catastrophe in the Ancient World
		This was the beginning of the Younger Dryas, (10500 BC) a millenium in which the circulation system of the North Atlantic went into a kind of planetary fibrillation, the African monsoons migrated southward, drying the desert.
		BP (6000-3500 BC) at which time the temperature is warming culminating in an era warmer than present, when equatorial weather patterns may have reached farther north than at present, and the westerly storms of the north would have been confined to latitudes higher than at present.
		By 4500 BC the favorable climatic conditions and stabilized lower alluvial plains favoring territorial control and mound building (4500 BC) among native Amercan groups in the lower valleys.
	www.stanford.edu /~meehan/donnellyr/summary.html (1440 words)

	Hierakonpolis Online
		3100 BC After the golden mask of King Tutankhamen, it is probably the most reproduced image from Ancient Egypt.
		It is the ceremonial enclosure of King Khasekhemwy, the father of the first pyramid builder, Djoser, and a great builder in his own right, who embellished his massive structure with the first known granite architectural elements carved in the formal and characteristic Egyptian style.
		3100 BC, a huge, deep cutting into the underlying bedrock, with a side chamber sealed with a portcullis stone as would later be the case in the pyramids.
	www.hierakonpolis.org /firsts.html (991 words)

	History of Ancient Egypt - Crystalinks
		In the late 20th century archaeologists discovered evidence of human habitation before 8000 BC in an area in the southwestern corner of Egypt, near the border with Sudan.
		Scientific analysis of the remains of their culture indicates that by 6000 BC they were herding cattle and constructing large buildings.
		Around 3100 BC a king unified the whole of the Nile Valley between the Delta and the First Cataract at Aswan, with the center of power in Memphis.
	www.crystalinks.com /egypthistory.html (4350 words)

	Plazma's Ages - Egyptian Culture
		Agriculture was brought to the Nile Valley prior to 5000 BC by immigrants from the highlands of Palestine.
		Between 3100 BC and 1300 BC, the Egyptians struggled with Nubians and Kushites up the Nile to the south.
		Around 1300 BC the Nubians suffered an important defeat and were neutralized as a threat for about 500 years.
	www.angelfire.com /biz7/plazma/aoeegyptian.html (1303 words)

	What happened in 3114BC? The turning-point in human history about 3100 BC: The Beginning of the First Great ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		About 3100 BC there was suddenly a change to more primitive ages compared to the preceding Uruk period.
		Stonehenge I (the original astronomical one) was built near 3100 BC, as was Newgrange.
		At least the period from 3000 BC to 2350 BC seems to have been much wetter in Mesopotamia, and the Nile more generous, than the extremely dry period beginning in 2200 BC.
	www.kolumbus.fi /tilmari/yr3100bc.htm (1961 words)

	Campaign for the New Time
		The long count, of course, appears to be a purely chronological phenomenon, marking the count of days between August 13, 3113 BC and December 21, AD 2012.
		The beginning of the thirteen baktun count, August 13, 3113 BC, 4 Ahau, 13.0.0.0.0, is as precise and accurate as one can get for a beginning of history: the first Egyptian dynasty is dated to ca.
		3100 BC; the Hindu kali Yuga, 3102 BC; and most interestingly, the division of time into 24 hours of 60 minutes each and each minute into 60 seconds, also around 3100 BC, in Sumeria.
	www.tortuga.com /foundation/campaign/docs/book/g3.html (825 words)

	Ancient Egypt
		Archaeological sources indicate the emergence, by the late Gerzean period (about 3200 BC), of a dominant political force that was to become the consolidating element in the first united kingdom of ancient Egypt.
		Although the Middle Kingdom (2134-1784 BC) is generally dated to include all of the 11th Dynasty, it properly begins with the reunification of the land by Mentuhotep II, who reigned 2061-2010 BC.
		Native rule was reestablished early in the 26th Dynasty by Psamtik I. A resurgence of cultural achievement, reminiscent of earlier epochs, reached its height in the 26th Dynasty.
	www.nileriver.com /nile/nileinfo/ancient.htm (2510 words)

	History and Culture of Lesvos (Lesbos) island, Greece
		During the 7th century BC the kings were gradually driven out and replaced by oligarchies or tyrants.
		However, in the battle of Lade in 494 BC, the Persians were victorious and the inhabitants of Lesbos, like the rest of the Greeks in Asia Minor, were completely subjugated to the conquerors.
		In 369 BC Lesbos entered the Second Athenian League, but fell to the Persians again in 357 BC; they again placed their friends in positions of power.
	www.greeknet.com /history1.htm (1395 words)

	TIMELINE 3rd MILLENIUM B.C. page of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE
		Since 2,500 BC: "climates fairly similar to the present (except about [600 BC] relatively wet/cold event of unknown duration in many areas)." "A quick background to the last ice age" c.
		Principal Kings of Egypt 2,450 BC: The civil war between the the city-states of Sumer entered a period in which the city-state of Lugash was predominant, under King Eannatum.
		Her form was matchless in symmetry, so that her every gesture, in the saddle or on the throne, was womanly, dignified, and graceful, while each dress she wore, from royal robe and jeweled tiara to steel breast-plate and golden headpiece, seemed that in which she looked her best.
	www.magicdragon.com /UltimateSF/timeline3KBC.html (3814 words)

	Linklines
		609 BC Destruction of Assyrian empire, by the Medes and the Persians.
		600 BC The life of the Persian teacher Zoroaster, who said that the whole world was a battleground between good and evil.
		450 BC The construction of the enormous statue of Zeus in Olympia, Greece.
	www.redshift.com /~bonajo/linklines.htm (2864 words)

	Saturnian Cosmology - The Old Kingdom and the fall of Absu
		The start of pyramids after 2600 BC in Egypt is duplicated elsewhere in the world: in Mesopotamia as high ziggurats (2600 BC or later), in China (undated), in the Andes on the Peruvian coast (2630 BC), and in Meso-America (after 1200 BC).
		It is tempting to suggest that the mountainous shape of the pyramids built after 2686 BC reflects the shape of the plasma tail seen eminating from Jupiter, and that the phrase "rising on your mountain" reflects the rising and setting of Jupiter in the night sky.
		This is a change from the period before 3100 BC when there seems to have been no elite among people (as determined by grave goods) and the political structure was limited to individual cities in Sumer, or nomes (districts) in Egypt.
	saturniancosmology.org /noah.php (21614 words)

	The 30 Dynasties of Egypt
		Rulers of the Fourth Dynasty: Sneferu (2613 - 2589), Khufu aka Cheops (2589 - 2566 BC), Radjedef (2566 - 2558 BC), Khafre aka Cheophren (2558 - 2532 BC), Menkaru aka Mycerinus (2532 - 2504 BC) and Shepseskaf (2504 - 2500 BC).
		Rulers of the Sixth Dynasty: Teti (2345 - 2333 BC), Pepi I (2332 - 2283 BC), Merenre (2283 - 2278 BC) and Pepi II (2278 - 2184 BC).
		This period of instability lasted from 1730 to 1580 BC and was brought to an end by a Theban family, one of whom (Ahmose) finally expelled the Hyksos to start the 18th Dynasty and the rise of the New Kingdom era.
	mstecker.com /pages/egyptdyn_fp.htm (1545 words)

	Chronology
		Toward the end of this time, around 3250 to 3100 BC, a period sometimes referred to by Egyptologists as Dynasty 0, there were kings in Upper (Southern) Egypt with Narmer being of particular prominence.
		By the 8th century BC, the influence of Nubia on Egypt's southern border was being felt.
		In the early 7th century BC, the country was ruled by Taharqa who began to have problems with the Assyrians and their expansionist policies.
	www.egyptreservation.com /CHRONOLOGY.htm (1977 words)

	Europa: The History of the White Race: Chapter Eight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Only in the year 2060 BC was Egypt again politically united and once again rose to its old Kingdom splendor, although never again managing to build anything of the size of the Great Pyramids of Giza.
		In 1296 BC Egypt conquered Nubia and built a series of massive forts to protect Egypt's southern borders against the Nubians, with the most famous of these being the fort at Buhen, which had walls which were 111 meters high and 4.5 meters thick.
		This 100 year dynasty saw a number of mixed race rulers from 730 BC to 633 BC, all claiming to be pharaohs and attempting to revive some of the older practices, such as mummification.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/fowles/500/hwr8.htm (4190 words)

	Ancient Nubia: Map and History of Rulers
		Taharqa's twenty six year reign (690-664 BC) stands out from any other in the Third Intermediate Period by the extent of the building program he implemented in the first sixteen years of his reign, and the extent of the fighting with the Assyrians in the later years.
		By 653 BC, Nubian 25th Dynasty dominance of Egypt was at an end, and also the old dynastic culture that the Nubians tried to restore.
		Nubian dignitaries in the Tomb of Huy, 1320 BC
	www.homestead.com /wysinger/mapofnubia.html (3182 words)

	Egyptians
		Around 3100 BC, King Menes of Upper Egypt conquered Lower Egypt (centered on the lowland river delta) and established the First Dynasty.Between 3100 BC and 1300 BC, the Egyptians struggled with Nubians and Kushites up the Nile to the south.
		Around 1300 BC the Nubians suffered an important defeat and were neutralized as a threat for about 500 years.Egypt’s Dynasty XIII, 1783 to 1640 BC, was very weak.
		A series of weak kings and civil wars over succession to the throne also eroded their strength.In 728 BC Egypt was conquered by Nubia and held for 60 years.
	www.angelfire.com /empire2/unkemptgoose/Egyptians.html (1351 words)

	[No title]
		3500 BC Cosmetic Palette in the shape of a ram, from Nagada, c.
		3100 BC *Palatte of King Narmer, from Hierakonpolis, c.
		3000 BC The mastaba of Queen Merytneit, at Saqqara, c.
	www.unc.edu /~egatti/Art36/slide_lists/Egyptian/pre_egypt.doc (156 words)

	What happened in 3114BC? The turning-point in human history about 3100 BC: The Beginning of the First Great ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		2200 BC and 2345 BC there are other events during the Holocene that are so widely global and difficult to explain by only the Earth's own mechanisms that a cosmic explanation must evidently be taken into account.
		Aftermath of this may be the 2807 BC ocean impact described by Bruce Masse in Peiser et al.: Natural Catastrophes (Oxford, 1998).
		What the sudden change indicates is a mystery, but a rise by 15 degrees C in at most some decades, a rise that has remained permanent within some degrees during the last 11,700 years, indicates a catastrophe literally of cosmic dimensions.
	personal.eunet.fi /pp/tilmari/tilmari3.htm (2389 words)

	Hieroglyghs in Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A Section of the Papyrus of Ani, circa 1320 BC There is still a missing link between the origin of Egyptian hieroglyphs and the start of writing with cuneiform to the north.
		Sumerian symbols were initially ideographic, at least until the Akkadians around 2300 BC, while hieroglyphs and their shorthand form, hieratic, are solidly phonetic with some logograms used mainly to disambiguate the alphabetic sequence.
		Mesopotamia was actively keeping economic records in clay before 3100 BC when the Egyptians started carving and painting stone with written data.
	www.cs.uwf.edu /~cop3835/timeline/hieroglyphic.htm (246 words)

	Lecture 2
		Union of Upper and Lower Egypt: Narmer, warrior from south, 3100-3000 BC Because of its geography, Egypt was much more politically unified than Mesopotamia..
		It was built of local limestone and raised to a height of 60 meters (195 feet).
		Most of these workmen were not foreign slaves - but ordinary free Egyptians - who owed manual labor to the pharaoh as part of their taxes.
	www.luc.edu /faculty/ldossey/egyptiansweb.htm (1294 words)

	[No title]
		\par \par }{\b Political unification and invention of writings: 3100 BCE \par }{Union of Upper and Lower Egypt: Narmer, warrior from south, 3100-3000 BC \par Because of its geography, Egypt was much more politically unified than Mesopotamia..
		3100 BC is also the time when the first }{\b hieroglyphic}{ writing appears; \par appears without the preliminary stages we see in Mesopotamia (seals), so }{\ul idea }{of writing (though not the script) probably came from Mesopotamia.
		\par First known pyramid: Pyramid of pharaoh Zoser (2770 BC) \par It was built of local limestone and raised to a height of 60 meters (195 feet).
	www.luc.edu /faculty/ldossey/egyptians-assyrians.doc (1736 words)

	THE CHRONOLOGY OF ANCIENT EGYPT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Eighteenth Dynasty 1570 - 1293 BC Nineteenth Dynasty 1293 - 1185 BC Twentieth Dynasty 1185 - 1070 BC Third Intermediate Period: 21st - 24th Dynasties 1070 - 664 BC.
		The 21st - 24th Dynasties is known as the Libyan Period, and the system adopted by the Libyan rulers and modified by the later 25th Dynasty Kushites was generally effective.
		This second occupation was a period of suppression and rebellion resulting in the Egyptians welcoming the rule of the Macedonian leader Alexander.
	www.egyptologyonline.com /chronology.htm (724 words)

	California Diving News - Dive Gear Review: TUSA B.C.
		With BCs this is not difficult, but the Liberator BC also make the tank blend into your flesh.
		The cummerbund is not as wide as in other BCs but this seems to allow for more flexibility when it comes to position on the body.
		The shoulder straps are ordinary (dual adjustable and quick release) but for the exception of the joining with the tank via the strap at the top of the shoulders.
	www.saintbrendan.com /cdnfeb01/gearvw2.html (998 words)

	Egypt: History - Predynastic Period
		In a transition period of a thousand years (about which little is still known), nearly all the archetypal characteristics appeared, and beginning in 5500 BC we find evidence of organized, permanent settlements focused around agriculture.
		Somewhere around 4500 BC is the start of the "Old" Predynastic, also known as the Amratian period, or simply as Naqada I, as most of the sites from this period date to around the same time as the occupation of the Naqada site.
		The third stage of the Predynastic period is dated to around 4000 BC and is labeled the Gerzean period or Naqada II.
	www.touregypt.net /ebph5.htm (1802 words)

	Chronology of the Great Pharohs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In the 7th millennium BC, Egypt was environmentally hospitable, and evidence of settlements from that time has been found in the low desert areas of southern, or Upper, Egypt; remains of similar occupation have been discovered at Nubian sites in modern Sudan.
		The Predynastic period, which ends with the unification of Egypt under one king, is generally subdivided into three parts, each of which refers to the site at which its archaeological materials were found: Badarian, Amratian (Naqada I), and Gerzean (Naqada II and III).
		Once Amenhotep I, who reigned 1551-1524 BC, had full control over his administration he was co-regent for five years he began to extend Egypt's boundaries in Nubia and Palestine.
	www.osirisweb.com /egypt/egypt2.html (3556 words)

	The Two Lands: Archaic Egypt
		From 3900 to 3100 B.C., the villages along the Nile valley grew in wealth and power.
		Two of these villages became particularly powerful and wealthy, so much so that it is not an exaggeration to think of them as cities.
		And it would be some of the first of these divine kings, the earliest kings of the Old Kingdom, that would build the greatest monuments to the institution of the Egyptian king ever seen.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/EGYPT/TWOLANDS.HTM (688 words)

	History of Roofing
		According to archeologists, in 3100 BC writing started and history was put down on tablets for everybody to read.
		Ceramic tiles, another familiar roofing product, was created around 10,000 BC by the Chinese and shortly after in the Middle East.
		Later, in 100 BC the Aztec and Myans built pyramids in South America.
	www.coloradoflatroof.com /history.html (601 words)

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