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Topic: 312 BCE

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	Appius Claudius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Appius Claudius Sabinus Inregillensis, a consul in 495 BCE
		Appius Claudius Caecus (PW 91), a censor in 312 BCE
		Appius Claudius Caudex (PW 102), a consul in 264 BCE
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Appius_Claudius (115 words)

	History of Iran: Seleucid Empire
		In 301 BCE, Antigonos was defeated by a coalition of other generals, and Seleucus became master of Syria as well, and in 281 BCE he took Asia Minor and the wars of the Diadochs ended.
		At the age of eighty Seleukos was murdered by a fugitive Egyptian prince, but the throne passed on to Antiochus I (281-261 BCE), his son by Persian noblewoman Apamea, and after that to his son Antiochus II (261-246 BCE), who ruled as Great Kings from Samarkhand to the Aegean Sea.
		In 140 BCE, the Seleucid king Demetrios II deciced that enough was enough and summoned whatever resources he had to check the Parthian advance.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/seleucids/seleucids.php (1832 words)

	Chronology Of Jubilees
		If the current year (44-43 BCE) did correspond to the cited 2nd year of the land-use agreement then it might be possible to interpret this passage to mean that the respective year did correspond to a 7th year (as celebrated by the Jews).
		Assuming that a jubilee-year was celebrated in 121 BCE, then each 7-year-cycle of the two calendar systems (solar and lunar) would have continued to overlap together (between autumn and spring) for the distance of another 49-years.
		It is here of special interest that both the jubilee-year of 571-570 BCE (the time of Ezekiel's vision) and the jubilee-year of 30-31 CE (the time after the crucifixion) may have occurred in alignment with a revolution of this respective long-time-cycle (of 600-years).
	www.israelofgod.org /jubileelink.htm (7329 words)

	Chronology of Jubilees Background about Jubilee years and when they happened. Believersweb.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The year 135-134 BCE (or the year 177 of the Seleucid Era) was noted to be a 7th year in the writings of Flavius Josephus.
		Because a jubilee year would hypothetically have been celebrated in the year 422-421 BCE (autumn-to-autumn), it is clear that the year when Ezra arrived at Jerusalem (autumn-to-autumn of 458-457 BCE) would have corresponded with a Sabbatical year of the 50-year cycle (the 2nd Sabbatical of the cited jubilee cycle).
		It is here of special interest that both the jubilee year of 572-571 BCE (the time of Ezekiel's vision) and the jubilee year of 29-30 CE (the time after the crucifixion) may have both occurred in alignment with a revolution of this respective long-time-cycle of 600 years.
	www.believersweb.org /view.cfm?ID=1000 (5957 words)

	11. Intro Sumerian Kinglist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		After 1,000 BCE (Early Neo Babylonian ages) the timeline of all Scholars is mostly the same, with a difference of at most a few years.
		The Early Dynastic period ran from 2900 BCE to 2370 BCE and it is this period for which we begin to have more reliable written accounts although some of the great kings of this era later evolved mythic tales about them and were deified.
		Around 2500 BCE: King Lugalanemundu of Adab extends Sumer to cover the area from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea, bordering the Taurus mountains in the north, and the Zagros mountains in the east.
	www.earth-history.com /Earth-11.htm (9912 words)

	The Significance of 70 Years
		Even through Jehoiachin was not in office and was not transported to Babylon until the year 597-596 BCE (at the epoch of a 70th year--as cited) it may have been that the author of Ezekiel reckoned the year of Jehoiachin's captivity' as coinciding with the time of the initial Babylonian conquest of Judea.
		This means that the occurrence of the nearest 7th year (according to 70-year chronology) could have begun in either the spring of the year 162 BCE (not in autumn of the year 163 BCE) or it could have began in the spring of the year 163 BCE (not the autumn of the year 163).
		It is of special significance that the year 37 BCE (the year when King Herod ascended to the throne of Jerusalem) is indicated to have been the year of a conjunction of both cycles--of 70 years and of 49 years.
	www.creation-answers.com /seventy.htm (17768 words)

	Timebase Multimedia Chronography(TM) - Timebase 2000-01
		771 BCE The Chou dynasty in China is forced to abandon its western capital in Hao, of the Wei River Valley and move its seat eastward to Loyang due to the threat of a barbarian invasion.
		400-300 BCE The Celts settle in the Danube-Sava basin.
		312 BCE Seleucus Nicator, one of Ptolemy's generals in Syria, establishes a kingdom ranging from Syria in the west to India in the east (approximately the scope of the ancient Assyrian or Babylonian Empires) and founds the Seleucid empire.
	www.humanitas-international.org /showcase/chronography/timebase/b-c-e.htm (5647 words)

	Epochs and Eras
		In the fourth century BCE, Egyptian astronomers began to use an era based on the reign of the Babylonian king Nabonassar, which came to power in 747 BCE.
		In Syria the year began in autumn, thus the era is in autumn 312 BCE, while in Babylon the first year of this counting began in spring 311 BCE, half a year later than in Syria.
		This Era (the Capitolinian Era) begins with the year 752 BCE and was used in lists of consuls, which began their terms on 15 March, the civil year beginning on 1 January already.
	www.ortelius.de /kalender/era_en.php (1664 words)

	BBC - Religion & Ethics - History of Paganism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The word Pagan, meaning local, was first used by Christians in around 312 CE to describe people who continued to worship the indigenous deities.
		Between 4000 BCE and 1500 BCE we begin to see more evidence of religious activity in the form of great stone structures.
		And around 3,000 BCE (500 years before the Egyptians built the Pyramids) standing stones like those at Stonehenge in England and Carnac in Brittany, were built.
	www.bbc.co.uk /religion/religions/paganism/history (398 words)

	History1
		Between 215-206 BCE, Rome, allied with the Aetolian League, Sparta, and Pergamum, defeated Philip V, king of the Macedonian kingdom, and his ally, the Achaian League, forcing Philip to agree to peace on terms favorable to the Romans and its allies (First Macedonian War).
		In 223 BCE, Antiochus III the Great succeeded his brother Seleucus II Calinicus as king; his first significant act as ruler was to begin a military campaign against the Ptolemaic Kingdom, known as the Fourth Syrian War (219-17 BCE).
		Antiochus III was killed in 187 BCE in the attempt to plunder a temple in Elymais.
	www.abu.nb.ca /Courses/NTIntro/InTest/Hist1.htm (7709 words)

	Iranologie.com: Arsacid Empire, Chapter I
		In 312, Seleukos, as the head of Egyptian navy, defeated Antigonos and his son, Demetrios Poliorketes in the Battle of Gaza and returned to his position as the ruler of Babylonia.
		In 305-204 BCE, Seleukos undertook a campaign in the east to consolidate his power and managed to subdue Zrankia, Bactria, and the rest of the east, an indicator that Alexander probably never managed this.
		Further to the west, in 247 BCE the ruling classes in the satrapy of Parthia chose a tribal ruler of the Parni as their new king.
	www.iranologie.com /history/arsacid/chapter1.html (1980 words)

	The Priesthoods of the Religio Romana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Beginning in 212 BCE the Pontifex Maximus came to be elected in a special manner by the minor pars populi.
		In particular is the famed case of September 57 BCE when they heard Cicero’s arguments for rebuilding his house on land that had been consecrated as a shrine to the goddess Libertas.
		Established in 196 BCE with originally three epulones, later increased to ten, this collegium was responsible for organizing the banquets of public festivals and games, especially the epulum Jovis, which was the feast held for Senators after the sacrifices made on the festivals of Jupiter Optimum Maximus.
	societasviaromana.org /Collegium_Religionis/priesthoods.php (6171 words)

	SELEUCID EMPIRE
		Antiochus IV, 175-164 BCE, Tetradrachm, AR, 16.9g, 1 1/16" dia., AR, Ake mint, Judas Maccabee defeated Antiochus IV and cleansed temple.
		Following an abortive attack on Ptolemaic Egypt he lost the northern part of his Kingdom to the usurper Alexander Zebina, and in 125 BCE was murdered in Tyre.
		Was driven from Antioch in by cousin Antiochus X in 94 BCE.
	members.bellatlantic.net /~vze3xycv/RulersCoins/seleucidPic.htm (1921 words)

	Ptolemy-Jerusalem through Coins
		After the death of Alexander In 323 BCE, Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals was appointed Satrap of Egypt.
		In 321 BCE, Seleukos I was allotted the Satrapy of Babylon.
		Seleukos I solidified his rule in Syria in 312 BCE and controlled most of Alexander's empire while Ptolemy ruled Jerusalem, Judaea and Egypt.
	members.verizon.net /vze3xycv/Jerusalem/confPotlSelu.htm (621 words)

	Bridging World History: Audio Glossary: Unit 5: Early Belief Systems
		Chinese religion that encourages spontaneity and the development of connections to the Dao, the force balancing the universe.
		Influenced by the Vedic traditions and texts, Jains strive for an intense ethical life to gain release from reincarnation.
		Chinese philosopher who taught that men are born evil and must be taught how to live ethically, sometimes through punishments, 312 - 235 BCE (Warring States period).
	www.learner.org /channel/courses/worldhistory/unit_glossary_5.html (277 words)

	A CHRONOGRAPHY OF POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICT
		53 BCE Parthians defeat the Romans at Carrhae (Harran) in northern Syria and Crassus is killed.
		52 BCE The Han Chinese empire succeeds in subjugating Turkish-speaking nomands from the northern steppes.
		312 Constantine is said to have a vision of a burning cross before a crucial battle and afterwards converts to Christianity.
	www.humanitas-international.org /perezites/archive/timeline.htm (19687 words)

	l10nf01 No Frames Link Page
		By 168 BCE the forced assimilation imposed on the Jewish people by the Greeks had reached such proportions that there was a real danger that Judaism would die out completely.
		In an effort to gain credibility with the masses, he married the last female descendant of the Maccabees--only to eventually kill her in a fit of rage.
		However, in 198 BCE, Ptolemy lost control of Israel to the Selucids, who were centered in Syria and whose attitude toward the Jewish people would soon turn most threatening indeed.
	www.aish.com /seminars/tunneltour/nf/l10nf01.htm (2139 words)

	BBC - Religion & Ethics - History of Paganism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		And it was not until Christianity became the state religion in Rome that the term Paganism was first used to describe the polytheistic religions.
		It was with Constantine’s rule over Rome (in 312) that Paganism's hold began to dwindle and Christianity flourished.
		The Christians had begun as a small Jewish sect but rapidly adopted many of the teachings of the Mystery religions, gaining converts amongst Pagans (whom they called Gentiles).
	www.bbc.co.uk /religion/religions/paganism/history/312.shtml (527 words)

	Jordan - History - The Mysterious Nabateans
		It appears that a nomadic tribe known as the Nabateans began migrating gradually from Arabia during the sixth century BCE.
		The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE augured a period of relative anarchy for the Romans in Jordan, and the Parthian kings of Persia and Mesopotamia took advantage of the chaotic situation to attack.
		King Aretas IV, who ruled from 9 BCE to 40 CE, built a chain of settlements along the caravan routes to develop the prosperous incense trade.
	www.kinghussein.gov.jo /his_nabateans.html (919 words)

	The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Pre-Seleucid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Considering the wide variety of styles and artistic qualities in which this coin is found, we feel it was quite possible that the coins were issued both before and after Alexander's presence in Bactria.
		This coin bears a monogram that was used later by the Seleucids, and therefore may well have been issued by Seleucos I to pay his troops during the period from 323 to 312 BCE, when he was struggling to consolidate his power.
		A specimen of this enigmatic coin was found in the excavations at Ai-Khanoum in northern Afghanistan.
	home.comcast.net /~pankajtandon/galleries-greek-preSeleucid.html (330 words)

	H340K Traditional China Syllabus
		BCE), attributed to Zisi; "Meaning of Sacrifices" (Ji yi, n.d.); "Evolution of Rites" (Li yun, n.d.); and "Record of Music" (Yue ji, n.d.).
		BCE), attributed to Shang Yang 商鞅 (385-338 BCE); Han Feizi 韓非子 (250?
		BCE), Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn Annals (Chun qiu fan lu 春秋繁露).
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~rhart/courses/traditionalchina (1467 words)

	Week 2 Readings
		From its intake to the Salinae at the Porta Trigemina, its channel has a length of 11,190 paces [16.6 km], of which 11,130 paces run underground, while above ground sixty paces are carried on substructures and, near the Porta Capena, on arches....
		One hundred and twenty-seven years later, that is in the six hundred and eighth year from the founding of the City [145 BCE],...
		50 BCE], which is entitled "Concerning Waters." And would that we were not having daily experience by actual infringement of the law that all these misdemeanors are committed just as flagrantly now as then.
	e3.uci.edu /clients/bjbecker/SpinningWeb/week2c.html (5712 words)

	Diotima
		Appius Claudius Caecus (censor 312 BCE, consul 307 BCE and 296 BCE) commissioned Rome's first aqueduct, as well as the building of the Via Appia, the road linking Rome and Capua.
		A Carthaginian fleet defeated Publius Claudius Pulcher at Drepana in 249 BCE (cf.
		Gaius Fundanius was consul in 243 BCE, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus in 238 BCE.
	www.stoa.org /diotima/anthology/aulgell_10.6.shtml (402 words)

	Amazon.com: Art of Leadership by Sun Tzu - A New-Millennium Bilingual Edition of Sun Tzu's Art of War: Books: Sun-Zi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The work by Sun Tzu (circa 535-483 BCE), in the form of 13 essays, was termed by him, simply, as Thirteen Essays.
		The work is a treatise on leadership -- by one who aspires to be a leader in war management, for the eyes of a leader in state governance.
		This informative and engaging work argues that the fundamental and unifying principle of leadership on or off the battlefield is professionalism, and that leadership in war management must be separated from leadership in state government.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/096378529X?v=glance (927 words)

	Tracking Down the Roots Chronology
		Had stormwater drain systems in the streets; drains were constructed of sun-baked bricks or cut stone.
		Many of the drains from 2000 BCE are still in beneficial service today on Crete.
		To make pipe, sheets of lead were cut in ten-foot-wide strips and bent around a wood mandrel and joined by solder.
	www.sewerhistory.org /chronos/early_roots.htm (1674 words)

	Middle East on the Matrix: Scenes From Ancient Persia
		The names of the great Persian rulers have survived through the millennia: Cyrus the Great (reigning from 558 to 529 BCE) conquered immense territories from the Mediterranean coast to modern Pakistan and built the ancient city of Pasargad.
		Darius I (522 to 486 BCE) added to the empire in the east, secured control over Egypt and built the great city of Persepolis, but was stopped by the Greeks at the famous battle of Marathon in 490 BCE.
		His son, Xerxes (486 to 465 BCE), avenged his father's defeat by capturing and burning Athens, only to later watch the destruction of the Persian fleet at Salamis in 480 BCE and the beginning of the gradual disintegration of Persian greatness.
	www.on-the-matrix.com /mideast/AncientPersia.asp (563 words)

	Appius Claudius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		His ancestor had come to Rome about 504 BCE, bringing his entire gens with him.
		Another ancestor, Decemvir Appius Claudius Crassus, a licentious individual, caused a revolt that led to the fall of the Decemvirs.
		Claudius was elected to serve with Gaius Plautus as censors of Rome in 312 BCE.
	www.vroma.org /~jjahnige/ap_claudius.html (510 words)

	Persia: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History
		In 92 BCE?, Mithridates II was able to conclude the first treaty between Parthia and Rome establishing the Euphrates as a mutual boundary.
		Tables 2 and 3 give the dates of events of the early Sasanian period as they can be established on direct numismatic or literary evidence in the differing chronological systems of Nöldeke, Henning, and Taqizadeh.
		Ardashir I, son of Papak and a descendant of Sasan, was the ruler of one of the several small states into which Persia had gradually been divided.
	www.juyayay.com /outline/persia (3623 words)

	* The House of Ptolemy: Egypt Under Roman Rule *
		Historical Overviews of Greco-Roman Egypt (30 BCE - 312 CE)
		The complete titulature in transliterated hieroglyphics for the Roman rulers of Egypt from 30 BCE to 395 CE.
		The Ecole Chronology Project supplements the Ecole Initiative by providing a two-dimensional (temporal and geographical) model of events, persons, places, etc. that are pertinent in some way to early Church history.
	www.houseofptolemy.org /house001.htm (2811 words)

	EARLY PERSIA
		Zarathustra "wrote" seventeen great hymns which outlined a tradition of devotion to god – a tradition where inspired teachers expressed their conception of god and the relationship of the people to god -–may pre-date the Iranian environment, as some of the teachings seem more Central Asian in "tone"?
		century BCE, Persians led by Hakamanish (Achæmenes in Greek), legendary founder of Achaemenid Dynasty
		Seleucus of Babylon ruled most of western Iran, while eastern Iran was increasingly under a rebellious Parthian rule – little Seleucid unity - struggle between the Seleucid and Parthian spheres of influence, ca.
	faculty.winthrop.edu /haynese/syll/notes/331/PERSIA.html (972 words)

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