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Topic: 3400 BC

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	Climate, Culture, and Catastrophe in the Ancient World
		This was the beginning of the Younger Dryas, (10500 BC) a millenium in which the circulation system of the North Atlantic went into a kind of planetary fibrillation, the African monsoons migrated southward, drying the desert.
		BP (6000-3500 BC) at which time the temperature is warming culminating in an era warmer than present, when equatorial weather patterns may have reached farther north than at present, and the westerly storms of the north would have been confined to latitudes higher than at present.
		By 4500 BC the favorable climatic conditions and stabilized lower alluvial plains favoring territorial control and mound building (4500 BC) among native Amercan groups in the lower valleys.
	www.stanford.edu /~meehan/donnellyr/summary.html (1440 words)

	3000bc
		BP (6000-4000 BC) at which time the temperature is warming culminating in an era warmer than present, when equatorial weather patterns may have reached farther north than at present, and the westerly storms of the north would have been confined to latitudes higher than at present.
		At about 3500 BC the lower Tigris and Euphrates alluvial plain was under extreme pressure from both rapidly rising sea and buildup of the Karun delta.
		The 3199 BC value is associated with an acidity peak in Camp Century ice cores dated at 3150 B,c demonstrating unquestionably that adverse weather conditions, probably due either to volcanic eruption or meteoric impact, occurred at this time.
	www.stanford.edu /~meehan/donnellyr/3000bc.html (5257 words)

	Kingdoms of North Africa - Ancient Egypt
		In the late sixth millennium BC farming villages appeared in the Nile Valley.
		From around 3500 to 3000 BC there were great and very sudden advances in craftsmanship and technology, which culminated in the working of copper, stone mace heads and ceramics.
		c.3100 BC The process of consolidating the single kingdom is completed by the founding of a new capital at Memphis, strategically situated at the junction of the Nile Valley and the Delta.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsAfrica/EgyptAncient.htm (1296 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Heritage \| The lake's progress
		The two kingdoms were subjugated in about 3400 BC when Menes unified Egypt, but while the Kingdom of the Harpoon was assimilated into the new empire, Tehenu's ties were weaker.
		In 525 BC King Cambyses of Persia defeated Pharaoh Psammetichus III at Pelusium, the ancient port on the north Sinai coast, and thus founded the 27th Dynasty.
		With the annexation of the rival province of Cyrenaica by the Ptolemies in 321 BC came an age of peace and prosperity for Mareotis.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2004/720/heritage.htm (2520 words)

	TIMELINE 4th MILLENIUM B.C. page of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE
		Stanford "3000 BC" notes 3500 BC: Mesopotamia; Tigris and Euphrates alluvial plain At about 3500 BC the lower Tigris and Euphrates alluvial plain was under extreme pressure from both rapidly rising sea and buildup of the Karun delta.
		Stanford "3000 BC" notes 3500 BC: Global; Holocene delta development worldwide The sequence of Holocene delta development worldwide is indicated as beginning at 6000 BC; by 3000 BC a transgressive sequence of deltaic deposits had developed as shown on the figure.
		Stanford "3000 BC" notes 3090 BC: Egypt; Egypt, Nile Earliest recorded flood recorded on a "Nilometer" in 3090 BC during the riegn of King Djer of the Early Dynastic period.
	www.magicdragon.com /UltimateSF/timeline4KBC.html (6353 words)

	www.npsumava.cz ~ Oficiální stránky Správy NP a CHKO Šumava
		A strong increase of Picea and Abies around 3100 BC was probably caused by abrupt short cooling of the climate.
		Between 3100 and 2200 BC the area of the Černé Lake was forested mostly by Picea, Abies, Alnus, Betula and Fagus.
		Nutrients introduced into the lake during an erosion around 2600 BC caused a rapid growth of algae Botryococcus sp., eutrophization and worsened the light conditions in the lake epilimnon.
	www.npsumava.cz /stranky.php?idc=451 (387 words)

	Mummy - MSN Encarta
		Mummies have been found in several regions of the world, including Egypt and other parts of North Africa, the Middle East, the Andes Mountains of South America, desert regions of Peru, western China, and peat bogs in Scandinavian countries.
		The Egyptians embalmed their dead because they believed that the deceased were reborn after death, and therefore needed bodies for existence in the afterlife.
		Several styles of mummification were used, depending upon the wealth of the deceased’s family, but even bodies with minimal embalming remained preserved for many years when buried directly in the hot, dry sand.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=1741500907 (1651 words)

	Ancient Greece
		Classical Period: the era the rise of the polis, of Athenian ascendancy, and of Greek architectural, literary, and artistic triumphs (700-300 BC).
		Aristophanes (457?-385 BC): greatest of the ancient comic dramatists and blistering opponent of the Peloponnesian War.
		Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC): protracted military struggle between Sparta and her allies and Athens and hers, with disastrous long-term consequences for Greek political power and culture.
	condor.depaul.edu /~dsimpson/tlove/greeks.html (874 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith
		By the Uruk phase in Mesopotamia, c 3400 BC, the fast wheel was already in use.
		It spread slowly, reaching Europe with the Minoans c 2400 BC, and Britain with the Belgae in the 1st century BC.
		It is also shown in Uruk pictographs, c 3400 BC, and on the Royal Standard of Ur.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?category=&where=headword&terms=wheel (612 words)

	Rmíz: The oldest fort with stone faced rampartand its significance in the Neolithic/Copper Age Moravian landscape.
		Oxidizable Carbon Ratio (OCR) soil dating method in Central Europe, and to gain the first insights into the local pedogenesis and "absolute" chronology, soil samples were taken during the test excavation.
		The Southern TRB was apparently gradually replaced by the Austro-Hungarian Baden culture, whose influences are observable as far away as Switzerland by 3400 BC.
		The site was abandoned after 3250 BC as indicated by washed in soil deposits capping the cultural soil deposits.
	www.comp-archaeology.org /OCR_first.htm (291 words)

	Hierakonpolis Online
		It is the ceremonial enclosure of King Khasekhemwy, the father of the first pyramid builder, Djoser, and a great builder in his own right, who embellished his massive structure with the first known granite architectural elements carved in the formal and characteristic Egyptian style.
		3100 BC, a huge, deep cutting into the underlying bedrock, with a side chamber sealed with a portcullis stone as would later be the case in the pyramids.
		While the funerary enclosure was a palace for eternity, this building, ornamented with the same niched brick pattern, is the only known example of an early palace of the living.
	www.hierakonpolis.org /firsts.html (991 words)

	Naval warfare
		For example, the Minoan civilization of Crete prospered as sea traders from around 3400 BC until the catastrophe of 1200 BC.
		Following the death of Alexander and the division of his empire, an arms race for control of the Mediterranean was touched off between the Antigenic dynasty in Macedonia and the Ptolemy’s in Egypt.
		A Roman innovation of the third century BC was a combination gangplank and grapple called a Corvus.
	members.tripod.com /thorbloodaxe/armies/naval_warfare.htm (1572 words)

	[No title]
		From about 4500 to 1000 bc, that is, 3500 years, story telling was used to pass down material for the first 5 books of the Bible.
		Thus in 1000 bc there was a vast accumulation of bits and pieces of stories which started to be written down at that time.
		The D source was found largely intact in the temple at Jerusalem in 621 bc, and so it was written somewhat before this date.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~chuckdag/bibcha02.html (2635 words)

	From Humans to 1854
		1000 BC [<>]: the Greek alphabet of (and glyphs for) consonants and vowels, derived from the Phoenician constonantal alphabet & glyphs [<].
		Meaning[<>], from 300 BC onwards: The Stoic school of philosophers was founded in Athens ca 300 BC [x].
		BC [<>]: Eubulides of Megara's masked man fallacy is concerned with referentially opaque contexts: 'You say you know your brother, but that masked man is your brother, and you did not know him' [x].
	www.cs.mun.ca /~ulf/csh/cshist1.html (6571 words)

	Marmaris History Turkey
		Marmaris history (Physkos) was first a Carian city dating back to 3400 BC, Carians who used Marmaris as a military base, reached their zenith at the antique city-centers of Mylassa (Milas), Halicarnassus (Bodrum), Chidus (Datca) and Caunos (Dalyan).
		Carian civilization was succeeded by the Egyptian, Austrian-Eolian (1224 BC), lonian (1044 BC) Dorian (1000 BC), Persian (546 BC), Maedonian (334 BC) civilizations and later came under rule of the Pergamon Kingdom, the Roman (228 BC).
		It was invaded by the Islamic Arabs, the Byzantines, and was captured by Menteseogullari in 1284 and the Ottomans in 1332.
	www.gofethiye.com /turkiye/marmarishistory.asp (164 words)

	Thracians, Ancestors of SwedesThracians, Ancestors of the Swedes
		Noah's flood is generally agreed to have occurred about 3400 BC (see Setterfield's chronology), and from here we find the beginnings of nations and empires (Egypt, Persia, Greek, etc).
		Herodotus (425 BC Greek historian) wrote: "The Thracian people are the most numerous of the world; the Thracians have several names, according to their specific regions, but their habits are more or less the same...and only their chronic disunity prevented them from being the most powerful of all nations."
		The tribes of Gomer are mentioned by the Jews in the 7th century BC as the tribes that dwelt in the "uppermost parts of the north".
	www.osterholm.info /thracian.html (1055 words)

	H107- Pre-Roman Europe & Etruscan Ceramics - Ceramic History Tutorials for Potters and Clay Artists
		By 1000 BC trade in metals and other goods across Europe had increased and was still growing.
		By the middle of the first millennium BC it is possible to chart with more accuracy the exact origins and styles of pre-Roman European pottery north of the Alps.
		In the 6th century BC the craft of modelled and moulded pottery and sculpture evolved rapidly as Etruscan cities grew wealthy with trade.
	www.ceramicstudies.me.uk /histx107.html (4261 words)

	Order of Nazorean Essenes
		Cyrus failed to subdue (and was killed) the Massagetae beyond the Oxus in 530 BC." (Phillips: 1965..pg 129)...[Sidenote: the Kalachakra initiation is never performed in the Northeast Sector of a community]....
		In 335 B.C. Alexander asked the Celtic envoys what they feared most..."That the sky might fall on their heads" came the reply.....Celts emerged as a distinct people in the 8th Century BC..
		Between 154 and 114 BC the Saka broke the Parthian defense lines and seized a region in eastern Iran known as Sakastan (Seistan)." (Kuznetsov: 1970..pg 568)..
	essenes.net /historicaltime.html (3030 words)

	Baden culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Approximate extent of the Corded Ware horizon with adjacent 3rd millennium cultures (after EIEC).
		Baden culture, ca 3700 BC-ca 3400 BC, an eneolithic culture found in central Europe.
		It is known from Moravia, Hungary, Slovakia and Eastern Austria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baden_culture (501 words)

	grapplingstyles
		Its history is believed to go back as far as 2000 B.C. It is believed that more than 2000 years before the Ch'in dynasty (221 B.C.), Shuai-chiao, then known as Chiao-ti, was first used as a battlefield art.
		Shuai-chiao's earliest recorded use was by the Yellow Emperor of China, 2697 B.C. against the rebel enemy Chih-yiu and his army.
		Japanese forms of grappling started around 500 B.C. According to the Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters, a book of legends from the year 712, which is the oldest extant example of Japanese writing), Takemikazuchi defeats Takeminakata in a grappling match on the shores of Izumo (today's Shimane Prefecture) for the control over the Izumo territory.
	www.kobukaijujitsu.com /grapplingstyles.html (3868 words)

	Scorpion King - History Forum
		We know that Naqada was founded by about 3600 BC, and that we already have the pictograph of the "red crown" at Naqada by 3500 BC.
		Hierakonpolis was founded by about 3400 BC, and thus there was at least 150 years of rivalry between the two proto-kingdoms.
		Thus probably by 3250 BC, Upper Egypt was the realm of Horus, ruling from Hierakonpolis.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=2871 (889 words)

	Hindunet: The Hindu Universe: Re: Year of Mahabharata, Pioneer Daily
		Thus as per archaeo-astronomical calculations, Mahabharata War was fought in 1478 BC and Dwarka city got submerged in 1443 BC.
		(i) The land for building Dwarka had been reclaimed from the sea between 16th to 15th century BC and a fortified city was built on boulder packing with outer gateway to the sea and inner gateway to Gomti.
		The inhabitants of all the excavated places had similar ethnic features, spoke similar languages, followed similar religious rites which were Vedic in nature, knew about horse and rice, had advanced knowledge of mathematics, made extensive use of copper and had discovered the use of iron.
	www.hindunet.com /forum/showthreaded.php?&Number=40181 (1095 words)

	Zodiac The Meaning of the Metal
		However, the smelting process was not known in other places until around 1200 BC when the Hittite empire fell.
		As early as 3500 BC it was already obtained by charcoal reduction of its ores.
		By 3000 BC knowledge of adding tin to copper to make bronze was already appreciated in Mesopotamia and Greece (the Bronze age).
	www.harvestfields.ca /astrology-zodiac/zodiac_meaning_of_metal.htm (638 words)

	Cadir Hoyük: The Hittite City of Zippalanda - P-2
		However, the quantity of Early Bronze II and II pottery sherds (3000-2000 BC) present appears to increase with depth.
		It is possible that the artifacts and the pottery finds are part of a fill of the mid-section of a large Hittite period wall (perhaps a city wall) that may be indicated by an exposed line of very large rocks.
		The area was further disturbed in the Late Iron Age (500-300 BC) since sherds of that period are mixed in construction fill with the sherds that date to the Early Bronze and Hittite periods.
	www.lightmillennium.org /2005_16th/spaley_cadirhoyuk_p2.html (1924 words)

	HELLAS:NET - Warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Following the death of Alexander and the division of his empire, an arms race for control of the Mediterranean was touched off between the Antigonid dynasty in Macedonia and the Ptolemies in Egypt.
		The object of naval fighting was to drive the ram into the side or rear of an enemy ship, puncture it, and then pull back, leaving a hole that resulted in the ship sinking.After 300 BC, grappling and boarding once again became important as ships increased greatly in size and became less maneuverable.
		One ship held the enemy in place on the anvil and the other struck the blow.During last millennia BC, the oar-powered warships gradually got larger and more powerful, and began mounting fighting towers and catapults on their decks.
	monolith.dnsalias.org /~marsares/warfare/history/naval.html (1591 words)

	4th millennium BC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		3100 BC - 2600 BC - Neolithic settlement at Skara Brae in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, is inhabited.
		3000 BC – Menes unifies Upper and Lower Egypt, and a new capital is erected at Memphis.
		According to Hindu mythology, the Epoch of the Kali Yuga occurred at midnight (00:00) on 18 February 3102 BC, the traditional death of Krishna.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/4th_millennium_BC (862 words)

	Ban Chiang - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The oldest graves found contain no bronze and are therefore from a neolithic culture; the latest ones are from the iron age.
		The first dates of the artifacts using the thermoluminescence technique resulted in 4420 BC-3400 BC dates, which would have made the site the earliest ever bronze age culture of the world.
		However with the 1974/75 excavation enough material for radiocarbon dating became available, which resulted in much later dates - the earliest grave was about 2100 BC, the latest about AD 200.
	www.stupidproxy.com /index.php?q=aHR0cDovL2VuLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS9CYW5fQ2hpYW5n (273 words)

	Timeline Index - People, Periods, Places, Events...
		The first dynasty started in 3000 B.C. with the reign of King Narmer.
		The "Silk Road," a 4000 mile-long network of interconnecting roads, or caravan tracts, served from ca.
		500 BC to 1500 A.D. as the major highway for transporting material...
	www.timelineindex.com /content/search.php?s=3400BC (358 words)

	Title: Urban legends , By: Lawton, Graham, New Scientist, 02624079, 9/18/2004, Vol
		By 3500 BC it had grown into a true city, covering around 2.5 square kilometres and housing a population estimated at 50,000.
		There was a particularly strong pulse of activity around 3400 BC, when people from the south colonised the entire region and displaced indigenous cultures, building cities in the image of Uruk.
		It seems as though the people of Tell Hamoukar were living in a city, independent of Uruk and possibly even unaware of its existence, at least 500 years before cities supposedly arrived in their area.
	www.hawaii.edu /geog_mr/ssci150online/06-early-cities/lawton.htm (2475 words)

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