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Topic: 3D radar

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Types and uses of radar

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History of radar

Active Electronically Scanned Array

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	Radar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Radar is used in many contexts, including meteorological detection of precipitation, air traffic control, police detection of speeding traffic, and by the military.
		In the transmitted radar signal, the electric field is perpendicular to the direction of propagation, and this direction of the electric field is the Polarization of the wave.
		Radar jamming refers to RF signals originating from sources outside the radar, transmitting in the radar's frequency and thereby masking targets of interest.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Radar (4580 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Radar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This long range radar antenna (approximately 40m (130ft) in diameter) rotates on a track to observe activities near the horizon.
		RADAR is an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging or Radio Angle Detection And Ranging.
		The radar may try to unify the targets, reporting the target at an incorrect height, or worse - eliminating it on the basis of jitter or a physical impossibility.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Radar (3545 words)

	ejge paper 2005 -0581
		While it is known in theory that radar measurements can be potentially used to detect the subsurface physical property changes associated with subsidence activity, there have been no publications to date that demonstrate the successful application of both borehole tomography and surface 3D radar techniques towards mine-related subsidence problems.
		Borehole radar was shown to be capable of providing insight into the nature and extent of subsidence-related fracturing in saturated, consolidated units existing at depths which were not able to be investigated (due to signal attenuation) using surface-based radar.
		Surface radar was been shown to be effective for quickly and accurately detecting subsidence-related disruption of the near-surface roadway structure at depths that were not able to be characterized (due to refraction interference and signal attenuation) using cross-hole radar.
	www.ejge.com /2005/Ppr0589/Ppr0589.htm (4505 words)

	3D Visualization: July 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		While laser radars are good at determining the speed of an object, their real strength is in measuring the exact distance (or range) to a point on an object.
		Laser radar (or LADAR) systems can also be used to build up a 3D image by scaning the target object, often collecting millions of precise range measurements to different points on the surface.
		This radar image was originally generated by Leica Geosystems and was provided to Splinex for development and testing of voxel visualization software.
	nvizx.typepad.com /nvizx_weblog/2005/07 (2664 words)

	European SIGNAL Online
		The radar can quickly sweep a section of sky in three dimensions and relay data to weapons platforms or to other sensors on a network.
		The Giraffe AMB is a three-dimensional (3D) C-band radar with integrated command, control and communications capabilities for use in tactical air defense and surveillance systems such as gap fillers and tactical air control.
		Radars are available with instrumented ranges of 30, 60, 100 and 180 kilometers.
	www.afcea.org /signal/europe2003/swedish.asp (990 words)

	Air-Search Radar
		The primary function of a height-finding radar (sometimes referred to as a three-coordinate or 3D radar) is that of computing accurate ranges, bearings, and altitudes of aircraft targets detected by air-search radars.
		Modern 3D radar is often used as the primary air-search radar (figure 1-27).
		The 3D radar system transmits several narrow beams to obtain altitude coverage and, for this reason, compensation for roll and pitch must be provided for shipboard installations to ensure accurate height information.
	www.tpub.com /neets/book18/79i.htm (627 words)

	TRML-3D
		The main radar system is a surveillance and target acquisition fully-coherent, multimode phased array capable of detecting and tracking small-size, fast and low flying aircraft and missiles.
		The radar range is greater than 200 kilometers and the scan time is between 2 to 15 seconds.
		Radar deliveries were scheduled for delivery to Malaysia in early 2008.
	www.deagel.com /pandora/trml-3d_pm00142001.aspx (359 words)

	T&A Survey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		To overcome these limitations a directional ground penetrating radar was developed with down hole transmitting signal generation at the transmitting end and down hole sampling at the receiving end.
		By using the 3D BHR technology during tunnel drillings they will be rapidly informed of the nature of the obstacles or geological boundaries in front of the TBM.
		Due to the unprecedented penetration of the directional radar signal, combined with its typical high resolution, it is able to investigate the first meters of the reservoir formation and build up a fully detailed 3D image of the surroundings of the borehole.
	www.ta-survey.nl /english/research/content_3dbhr.html (866 words)

	[No title]
		The solution to overcome these limitations was to build a directional ground penetrating radar with down hole transmitting signal generation, at the transmitting side, and down hole sampling, at the receiving side, all fitting in a single borehole which has acceptable borehole dimensions, transporting information digitally using widely available technology to make it highly extensible.
		The 3D BHR is also equipped with hard- and software to cope with the large data throughput, as a result of the 3D measurements, and the orientation and full 3D positioning during the measurements.
		Orientation is determined using angle encoders for the internal angle, caused by the motor, and sensitive low velocity gyroscopes for the external angle, caused by the rotation of the 3D BHR in the borehole.
	wwwtg.mp.tudelft.nl /~dps/p0102/artikelFirstBreak.doc (1853 words)

	Martello air defence search radar
		Height finding by radar is based upon the measurement of the angle of elevation of the target: thus 3D radars must ascribe an angle to every echo received.
		By comparison, the radiation from microwave radars is largely independent of ground effects and can be made to produce a more complete vertical coverage pattern: by various means, this pattern can have a beam structure enabling responses from different elevation angles to be identified.
		Typical 3D horn-stack radars have 'first side lobes' in azimuth in the range -20 to -25 dB depending on frequency, but Martello was designed to be around -30 dB over the entire operating band, with very low 'far-out' side lobes.
	www.radarpages.co.uk /mob/martello/martello3.htm (880 words)

	3-dimensional radar image animation
		Radar images at half-hourly intervals for the past 3 hours are normally displayed.
		A weather radar may occasionally pick up signals from sources other than rain and clouds, such as reflection from ground, hills and sea.
		The time of the radar image represents the time when the radar completes its scans.
	www.hko.gov.hk /wxinfo/radars/index.shtml (134 words)

	Sensors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar System (TRML-3D) from EADS Defence and Communications Systems is a self contained mobile 3D radar system with an integrated secondary radar system and operator workstations contained in one vehicle.
		The TRML-3D radar is a fully-coherent multi-mode phased array surveillance and target acquisition radar system designed for short and medium range detection and air defence.
		The 3D radar is capable of detecting, tracking, and classifying various types of targets with a particular emphasis on small, fast and low-flying aircraft, missiles and hovering helicopters.
	home.hccnet.nl /e.boukes/sensors.htm (190 words)

	Block of Granite study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A 3D geological modeler based on the interpolation of structural data (observations, measurements) and cross sections.
		The result is not simply a 3D display, but a digital model of 3D fracturing that can be then used, for example, to analyse hydromechanical properties.
		The principle of the geometric interpolation in the Geological Editor is based on 3D scalar field and its gradients cokrigging (Lajaunie et al, 1997).
	3dweg.brgm.fr /Models/BlocGranite (672 words)

	Emerging Construction Technologies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Applications for this technology include efficient and precise mapping of buried utilities on a large scale; inspection of the subsurface prior to construction; comparison of “as-builts” to construction plans; inspection of bridge decks and roadbeds; environmental monitoring and assessment; near-surface geological assessment; and “non-invasive” archeology.
		Each radar element in the array is a standard ultra-wideband GPR that broadcasts an impulse with a frequency spectrum from about 50 to 400 MHz (A system with higher-frequency elements, having a spectrum between 100 and 650 MHz, has also been tested.).
		The 3D radar images are used as one of the means to reconcile utility maps, to help reduce the number of testpits dug, to assist in finding clear lanes and ultimately to help rebuild the infrastructure faster.
	www.new-technologies.org /ECT/Other/3dgpr.htm (1124 words)

	Ladar systems for 3 D measuring and control
		Laser radar image of a scud robot on its ramp This application is military and here the RPV with an onboard laser radar fly over large areas and scanning the area.
		The 3D data can be transmitted to a remote placed operator who can make a far better control when he have a 3D view of what the robot do and its surrounding areas.
		Laser radar system for cavity shape control and airborne gimbal applications This very compact sensor is only 100 mm in diameter and it can scan and sense almost over a complete sphere.
	www.laseroptronix.se /ladar/ladareng.html (1817 words)

	RAC 3D: Intermediate Range Tactical 3D Surveillance Radar - ThalesRaytheonSystems
		The RAC 3D is a three dimensional, multi-mode, radar for the co-ordination of medium-range and short-range and very-short range Air Defense weapon systems.
		Associated with its integrated Command and Control (C2), the RAC 3D operates as a multi-mission system fully interoperable with higher levels of command such as national air defense or allied networks.
		The RAC 3D can also be used as a gap-filler system for low altitude air defense.
	www.thalesraytheon.com /index_us.php?ref=3drac (247 words)

	Multiple layer Graphics for AFM microscopy. Sample 3D images
		The complex trend of relation between the two different AFM modes is revealed in one 3D screen.
		Combined representation of the AFM height (shown as 3D digital elevation model, colored in accordance with height) and MFM magnetic field layers.
		3D Axis is scaled to the relative units.
	www.sciencegl.com /multiple_layers/multilayer.htm (361 words)

	Experimental radar provides 3D forest view
		Radar has come a long way since its initial development for range and direction finding in the run-up to World War Two.
		The new generation of airborne radar sensors go one better than ASAR because they include full quad-polarisation capability: this means their signal can be retrieved simultaneously in H and V polarisations, so that by sending alternating H and V pulses a full spread of combinations can be obtained, generating more information-rich imagery.
		Envisat's C-band radar has a wavelength of 5.8 centimetres, which is too short to pierce through a dense forest canopy.
	www.physorg.com /news2894.html (1588 words)

	Naval Technology - European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) - Naval Radars and Sensors
		The TRS-3D is a naval multimode 3D radar for surveillance and weapon assignments, an advanced addition to the C-band radar family.
		The radar antenna is made up of a planar phased array pencil beam array of 16 or 32 rows (optionally) of 46 radiators each.
		The TRS-3D is a multimode 3D radar for surveillance and weapons assignment.
	www.naval-technology.com /contractors/weapon_control/daimler (610 words)

	MITRE - News and Events - MITRE Publications - The MITRE Digest - Advanced Research - Recognizing Is Believing: ...
		In the movies, radar (or sonar) seems so simple: an operator sends out a signal, gets a blip on a screen, and learns exactly where the object he's seeking is located.
		"A radar at a single point returns information about where objects are in only one dimension, range, or distance from the radar," he says.
		With a single pulse in a single location, you have no idea what or where the object is, except that it's on the spherical shell of a given radius.
	www.mitre.org /news/digest/advanced_research/09_04/ar_3d_sensors.html (1567 words)

	Army Technology - Ericsson Microwave Systems - Defense Electronics and Microwave Communications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Our expertise ranges from integrating radar sensors and systems with command and control functionality to fusing sensor images and distributing them to operators and commanders via the net.
		The HARD radar operates in the X-band with a complex search beam pattern and multiple tracking beams in the target direction.
		The radar can be integrated in weapon systems and netted by a C³I system on battery level.
	www.army-technology.com /contractors/surveillance/ericsson (924 words)

	Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
		The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) obtained elevation data on a near-global scale to generate the most complete high-resolution digital topographic database of Earth.
		SRTM consisted of a specially modified radar system that flew onboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour during an 11-day mission in February of 2000.
		Version 2 is the result of a substantial editing effort by the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency and exhibits well-defined water bodies and coastlines and the absence of spikes and wells (single pixel errors), although some areas of missing data ('voids') are still present.
	www2.jpl.nasa.gov /srtm (381 words)

	3D Doppler: Eyewitness News Storm Team Weather (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		3D Doppler is designed to give you a three dimensional look at the weather coming into our region.
		As storms roll in, you'll see rain, snow and lightning coming out of the clouds to the ground instead of a flat, lifeless image seen everywhere else.
		A 3D approach to your weather provides you with a more realistic look at how weather evolves, moves and affects your life each and every day.
	www.wchstv.com /newsroom/wx/3Ddoppler.shtml (165 words)

	MASTER - T : Long Range Tactical 3D Surveillance Radar - ThalesRaytheonSystems
		Master-T is a robust, tactical 3D radar designed for air surveillance and air defense roles.
		Radar installation takes a maximum of 30 minutes with a crew of four.
		Ten minutes later, two high-definition color displays in the radar cabin provide a precise 3D air picture out to 440 km with 360° coverage.
	www.thalesraytheon.com /index_us.php?ref=mastert (214 words)

	Radar Analysis Software
		Radar data (cdr, stars, ntap, comdig, e-rit, rit, facfacs, rs3) can be combined with GPS data or other data relating to one or more aircraft.
		Radar data files that consisting entirely of skin paints can be easily reduced to single tracks; one for each aircraft.
		The 3D environment acts as avirtual reality and allows the user to view the data from any angle or to fly around inside the data.
	www.tacticalmapping.com /radardataanalysis.html (793 words)

	Inside3D
		Imagine that the world was suddenly shrunk to a much smaller size, the size of our 3D radar display.
		The new position vectors of the players in the shrunken world are added to the position vector of the origin of the radar display (surprisingly enough, its centre).
		Note that the size of the radar display does not have to be a perfect cube, like the world is. Each component (coordinate) of the players position vector is scaled separately, so for example you could make an almost flat, 2D display is you wanted to.
	www.inside3d.com /qctut/qctut-80.shtml (1087 words)

	CEAFAR (3D) Radar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		CEAFAR is a fixed, active phased array radar that incorporates the latest technologies to provide unrivalled performance, at a price that is competitive with modern 2D radars.
		The CEAFAR system is available in a number of configurations to meet operational, physical and budgetary requirements, and is suitable for use in a range of military and civil applications including ship self defence and air traffic control.
		CEAFAR is a coherent, modular, programmable and scaleable radar, that can be configured to vehicle transportable through to large shipboard applications.
	www.cea.com.au /products/phasedarray/ceafar.html (86 words)

	Ground-penetrating radar with 3D-images (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As part of his doctoral work, Egil Sverre Eide has developed a broadband ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system which produces high-resolution 3D-images.
		In addition, this kind of radar technology can be further developed for the detection of landmines.
		The new radar has been developed so as to be able to provide images with maximum resolution for up to two metres below the surface.
	www.ntnu.no /gemini/2000-06e/09_2.htm (174 words)

	Ladar 3D images and ideas about Geographical applications
		The Laser is scanned at high speed and position is known so in a post processing work the 3 D shape is done.
		This is a way to show 3D data generated from a laser radar system.
		3D cluster of 3D coordinates of a dam on the top of a road besife a forrest.
	www.laseroptronix.se /ladar/ladgeo.html (654 words)

	radarfilm
		Radar Film creates 3D character animation, Visual FX, Concept development for feature films, commercials and TV productions and our services also include directing, writing, and supervising.
		"RUMBO" is Radar Film's 3D animated feature film project, click here to see the teaser trailer and read more about the project.
		Radar Film was awarded with a "Robert" for best special effects 2005 on Fakiren from Bilbao.
	www.radarfilm.com (103 words)

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