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Topic: 3rd century BCE

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	Tapestry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A 16th century Flemish mille-fleur tapestry in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
		In the 14th and 15th centuries, Arras, France was a thriving textile town.
		By the end of the 16th century, the Northern Netherlands became the most important producers of tapestries, and Delft and Amsterdam became the most important tapestry cities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tapestries (459 words)

	Ancient Districts of Anatolia and Asia Minor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the 7th and 6th centuries BCE the cities of Ionia were involved in a series of wars with the kings of Lydia, to whom Ionia yielded a nominal submission.
		Early in the 1st millennium BCE it is believed to have comprised the greater part of the Anatolian Peninsula, but at the time of the Persian invasion in the 6th century BCE it was limited to the districts known as Lesser Phrygia and Greater Phrygia.
		On his overthrow in 66 BCE by the Roman general Pompey the Great, the kingdom was divided, the western portion being joined to the province of Bithynia in a Roman province known as Pontus and Bithynia and the eastern region being assigned to native princes.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/ancient_districts.htm (2731 words)

	Arutz 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Greece: 29 for the 5th century BCE; 42 for the 4th century BCE; 26 for the 3rd century BCE; and 3 for the 2nd century BCE.
		Rome: 12 for the 4th century BCE; 63 for the 3rd century BCE; 33 for the 1st century BCE; 5 for the 1st century CE; and 14 for the 3rd.
		Europe: 2.5 casualties for the 12th century; 4 for the 13th century; 7.5 for the 14th century; 9.5 for the 15th century; 15 for the 16th century; 45 for the 17th century; 40 for the 18th century; and 17 for the 19th century.
	www.israelnationalnews.com /print.php3?what=article&id=4171 (655 words)

	Islam and Muslims Contemporary Issues - Religion and Religious Issues and Judaism - Its Culture and History - Part 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Until about the 3rd century BCE the papyri of the Egyptian Jewish community were written in Aramaic; after that, with the exception of the Nash papyrus in Hebrew, all papyri until 400 CE were in Greek.
		In a work on the analogical interpretation of the Law of Moses, Aristobulus in the 2nd century BCE anticipated Philo in attempting to harmonize Greek philosophy and the Torah, in using the method of allegory to explain anthropomorphisms in the Bible, and in asserting that the Greek philosophers were indebted to Moses.
		The Wisdom of Solomon, dating from the 1st century BCE, shows an acquaintance with the Platonic doctrine of the preexistence of the soul and with a method of argument known as sorites that was favoured by the Stoics (Greek philosophers).
	islamic-paths.org /Home/English/Issues/Religion/Jewish/History_05.htm (2639 words)

	Buddhist symbolism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Anthropomorphic symbolism appeared from around the 1st century CE with the arts of Mathura and the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, and were combined with the previous symbols.
		Other early aniconic symbols include the trisula, a symbol use since around the 2nd century BCE that combine the lotus, the vajra diamond rod and a symbolization of the three jewels (The Buddha, the dharma, the sangha).
		Although the Buddha was not represented in human form until around the 1st century CE (see Buddhist art), the Physical characteristics of the Buddha are described in one of the central texts of the traditional Pali canon, the Digha Nikaya, in the discourse titled "Sutra of the Marks" (Pali: Lakkhana Sutta) (D.iii.142ff.).
	www.punweb.com /article/Buddhist_symbolism (628 words)

	Parthia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and 224 CE.
		It was not until the second century BC that the Parthians profited from the increasing Seleucid weakness and gradually captured all of their territories east of Syria.
		By 129 BCE the Parthians were in control of all the lands right to the Tigris River, and established their winter encampment at Ctesiphon on the banks of the Tigris downstream from modern Baghdad.
	www.free-download-soft.com /info/avi-to-mpeg.html (756 words)

	3rd Century B.C.E.
		Rome in the 3rd Century B.C.E. In the 3rd century bce, Rome began to expand its influence beyond peninsular Italy.
		Taras (or Tarentum), which at the end of the fourth century was larger than Rome, objected to the Roman practice of sending fleets against pirates to aid Thurians, neighbors of Tarentum who had appealed to Rome for help.
		So, starting in 260 B.C.E., the Romans built a fleet of 140 ships, modelled on a captured Punic warship, and introducing corvi (ravens), grappling devices which locked two ships together and permitted the Roman sailors (who only recently had been soldiers) to fight like they were on land.
	abacus.bates.edu /~mimber/Rciv/3rd.cen.htm (951 words)

	Mauryan_empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He was assassinated in 185 BCE during a military parade by the commander-in-chief of his guard, the Brahmin general Pusyamitra Sunga, who then took over the throne and established the Sunga dynasty.
		The assassination of Brhadrata and the rise of the Sunga empire led to a wave of persecution for Buddhists, and a resurgence of Hinduism.
		It also triggered the 180 BCE invasion of northern India by the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius, who went as far as Pataliputra and established an Indo-Greek kingdom that was to last close to two centuries until around 10 BCE, and under which Buddhism was able to flourish.
	www.partsquote.com /search.php?title=Mauryan_empire (762 words)

	Yuezhi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Some time after 126 BCE the Yuezhi, possibly disturbed by further incursions of rivals from the north, moved south to Bactria, that had been conquered by the Greeks under Alexander the Great in 330 BCE, and since settled by the Greek dynasties of the Seleucids and the Greco-Bactrians for two centuries.
		As they settled in Bactria from around 125 BCE, the Yuezhi became Hellenized to some degree, as suggested by their adoption of the Greek alphabet and by some remaining coins, minted in the style of the Greco-Bactrian kings, with the text in Greek.
		During the 1st and 2nd century, the Kushan Empire expanded militarily to the north and occupied parts of the Tarim Basin, their original grounds, putting them at the center of the lucrative Central Asian commerce with the Roman Empire.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/Y/Yuezhi.htm (2284 words)

	Avdat
		At the beginning of the 1st century BCE the city was abandoned, probably as a result of the conquests of Alexander Yannai, who in 103 BCE captured the Mediterranean coast and disrupted the spice trade.
		The second and third centuries CE were a period of great prosperity for the city, especially the middle of the 3rd century, when the Romans incorporated the former Nabatean empire into a defense chain of the southern border of their Empire.
		At the end of the third century CE a fortress was built on the eastern half of the acropolis hill.
	mosaic.lk.net /g-avdat.html (1656 words)

	Velathri (Volterra) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The first signs of the Etruscans in Velathri were during the early 7th Century BCE, with inscriptions found on artifacts and steles.
		From that time until the 4th Century BCE, Velathri's territory spread to the west as far as Elba, rich in iron deposits, to the north as far as the Arno, to the south as far as the territories of of Vetulonia and Russellae while to the east it bordered on Faesulae, Arezzo and Chiusi.
		The city was loyal to Rome during the social war and in 90 BCE Julius Caesar granted Voltaterrae the right of Roman Citizenship as token of gratitude.
	www.mysteriousetruscans.com /felathri.html (484 words)

	Ancient synagogues in Bar'am and Capernaum
		From the 3rd century there were decorated: "In the days of Rabbi Yochanan, they began to paint on the walls and he did not rebuke them for it (Jerusalem Talmud, Abodah Zarah 3.3)." A women's gallery did not exist until much later.
		After all these were centuries of religious fights, especially the Roman rule which held Israel in its grip During all this, Jewish people continued living in Israel.
		But now archaeologists argue that the correct date is late fourth century, because pottery and coins from the 4th century have been found under the floor.
	www.jewishmag.com /44mag/synagogues/synagogues.htm (1164 words)

	Avdat
		Avdat (or Oboda) was established as a road station along the route in the 3rd century BCE.
		In the middle of the 3rd century the Romans incorporated the former Nabatean empire into a defense chain of the southern border of their Empire.
		Avdat was resettled in the Bysantine Period, in the beginning of the 6th century CE.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/Avdat.html (1400 words)

	China_Empire
		Subsequently split into two: The Southern Xiongnu was subsequently assimilated by the Han civilization and eventually led the "Five Barbarian Tribes" (wuhu) in invasion of northern China in 4th century CE; the Northern Xiongnu was defeated by the Han forces in the 2nd century CE, and subsequently migrated westward.
		Maodun (pronounced Modu): 174 BCE "sanyu" (king-chieftain) of the Xiongnu Confederation at its peak of power in the early Han period.
		After reaching peak in northern India in the 3rd century BCE, Buddhism became less dominant in India but began to spread to Central Asia and to Southeast Asia.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~ckk/China_Empire.html (960 words)

	CMS newsletter no' 26 - december 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The first millennium BCE in the Mediterranean Sea was marked by intense maritime activity involving three main maritime peoples: the Phoenicians, the Etruscans and the Greeks.
		Roman harbors constructed between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE are diverse in location, technology, plan and size.
		All Roman harbors were built in the period between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE.
	maritime.haifa.ac.il /cms/newslett/cms26/cms26_15.htm (1920 words)

	HISTORY OF CAESAREA
		At the end of the 2nd century BCE it was incorporated into the Hasmonaean kingdom by Alexander Jannai.
		Excavations close to the aqueduct show remains of a synagogue and tombstones from the 2nd to the 4th centuries.
		In the 3rd century the scholar Origen established the famous school of Caesarea.
	www.travelnet.co.il /israel/TelAviv/tel12-CAESAREA-History.htm (420 words)

	Lighthouses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Later, records exist from the 7th century BCE of a lighthouse at Sigeum, likely the first regularly-maintained beacon.
		Sostratus of Cnidus built the Pharos of Alexandria, one of the wonders of the ancient world, during the reign of Ptolemy II (3rd century BCE).
		First used at the end of the 19th century, they consist of liquid petroleum injected into a vaporizer, where the liquid is heated and vaporized.
	www.tesarta.com /www/resources/library/lighthouse.html (1535 words)

	amaravati (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Indeed, the history of the Amaravati stupa parallels the flourishing of Buddhism in India, from the reign of the Buddhist Mauryan emperors of the 3rd Century BCE to the 14th century CE.
		The founding of the stupa in the 2nd century BCE follows the reign of King Ashoka, when Buddhism had already established a strong presence in Andhradesha.
		Their reign, from the 2nd to the 3rd century CE, marked the high period of the monument.
	www.kalachakra06.com /amaravati/significance.htm (1006 words)

	Evolution of Telugu Character Graphs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Century BCE script found on the urn containing a portion of Buddha's mortal remains.
		Centuries, Rashtrakutas who ruled from Maharashtra and parts of northern Karnataka dominated the Telugu land for brief periods of time.
		Century CE, they were mentioned as being the vassals and chieftains under the Satavahana rule.
	www.geology.ohio-state.edu /~bhattiprolu/personal/telugu/script1d.html (2388 words)

	The Great Stupa of Sanchi
		It is part of an entire complex of structures, mostly stupas, built between the 3rd Century BCE and the 12th Century AD.
		The reconstruction consisted of a stone casing, a terrace with a double flight of steps, balustrades, a paved processional path and an umbrella and railing -- all built of sandstone.
		A stupa was built on the spot in the 3rd Century BCE.
	rogershepherd.com /WIW/solution12/stupa.html (1180 words)

	Cloudband : Magazine : Exhibitions : BAHRAIN'S UNKNOWN HERITAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Bahrain was first perceived as being of great archaeological interest in the 19th century, when it was recognised by H.C. Rawlinson as being the ancient Dilmun of the Sumerian creation myths, the blessed and pure land, celebrated for its sweet waters, its agriculture and its prosperity.
		These objects span the history of Dilmun from the 3rd millennium BCE down to the post-Hellenistic period, when the island was known under its Greek name of Tylos.
		A dramatic effect is created by the grouping of stone sculptures from the 2nd century BCE - 3rd century CE, ranging from abstract Nephesh stelae to derivatives of Roman and Parthian relief sculptures, along with two sculptures that have parallels from northern Palestine.
	www.cloudband.com /magazine/articles4q00/exh_king_bahrain_0900.html (889 words)

	GoshenMapFaqus
		The 3rd century BCE Egyptian historian, Manetho, wrote a history of Egypt for his Ptolemaic overlord in Greek and this was used by the 1st century CE Jewish historian Flavius Josephus to "prove" the antiquity of his people.
		This nome, attested first in Egyptian texts of the 8th century BCE lay on the border of the eastern delta in the region of modern Faqus and Saft el-Hinna.
		380-362 BCE at Saft el Henneh which he argued was ancient Pa-Sopt, and that an inscription on the shrine mentioning the land of Kes or Qes, was referring to the Septuaginta's Gesem, the Masoretic text's Goshen (cf.
	www.homestead.com /bibleorigins*net/GoshenMapFaqus.html (2655 words)

	AncientScripts.com: Pahlavi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		3rd century BCE to 9th century CE The Pahlavi script was used to record the Pahlavi or Middle Persian language that was spoken in pre-Islamic Iran between 3rd century BCE and 9th century CE.
		The most notable variants are those from the Arsacid (256 BCE to 226 CE) and the Sassanian (226 to 652 CE) dynasties, which might had actually represented slightly different dialects.
		The Pahlavi script continued to be written for the next 300 years, but it was slowly phased out by an Arabic-derived alphabet modified for Persian.
	www.ancientscripts.com /print.cgi?f=pahlavi.html (370 words)

	RamesesMapAvaris
		(3rd Century BCE) the Exodus of the Hebrews was from a city called Avaris, which had been the capital of Asiatic invaders called Hyksos.
		Instead they claim that by the 3rd century BCE Jews had settled in considerable numbers in Egypt and that Manetho learned from "second-hand sources" hostile to the Jews of their mention in their holy scriptures of lepers being amongst Israel in the wilderness and Moses' leprosy.
		Many scholars understand that the priests at Jerusalem during the course of the 9th-6th centuries BCE were responsible for bringing together the oral traditions of their ancestors and setting them down in written form as the Hebrew Bible as we have it today.
	www.bibleorigins.net /RamesesMapAvaris.html (8627 words)

	Read about 3rd century BC at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research 3rd century BC and learn about 3rd century BC here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Read about 3rd century BC at WorldVillage Encyclopedia.
		Research 3rd century BC and learn about 3rd century BC here!
		(4th century BC - 3rd century BC -
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/3rd_century_BC (97 words)

	3rd century BC -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		(A fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC; is 1,500 miles long and averages 6 meters in width) Great Wall of China begun
		(Greek geometer (3rd century BC)) Euclid, geometer (c.
		(Greek mathematician and astronomer who estimated the circumference of the earth and the distances to the moon and sun (276-194 BC)) Eratosthenes accurately calculates diameter of the (The 3rd planet from the sun; the planet on which we live) Earth
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/3/3r/3rd_century_bc1.htm (694 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This very rare collection covers four centuries of Jewish life, taking into consideration that the oldest textiles and marriage certificates belong to the 16th century CE.
		Historical evidence of the presence of Jews in Greece from late antiquity (3rd century BCE) until the 19th century, is presented through documents, inscriptions and books.
		Traditional costumes, covering the period from the mid 18th century until the mid 20th century, illustrate the dress code of the Romaniote and Sephardic Jews.
	www.jewishmuseum.gr /collection.htm (601 words)

	Miscellenous ancient coins
		From around 180 BCE the Indian territory was invaded as far as Pataliputra by the Greco-Bactrian ruler Demetrius, with the long-term effect of confining the Sungas to the eastern part of India.
		The Kingdom of Kuninda was an ancient central Himalayan kingdom from around the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century, located in the modern state of Uttaranchal in northern India.
		The Kuninda kingdom disappeared around the 3rd century, and from the 4th century, it seems the region shifted to Shaivite beliefs.
	www.ancientcoins.ca /india.html (2127 words)

	Antiqua Medicina: Healer Cults and Sanctuary
		Beginning in the sixth century BCE, health resorts, or sanctuaries, known as Asklepia (because they were presided over by the god of healing Asclepius) sprang up all over the Mediterranean.
		The fashion of incubation seems not to have really caught on until the fourth century when the great healing centers as Cos and Epidauros were established.
		No trace of the sanctuary of Asclepius in Rome exists, but the cult was immensely popular as evidenced by the terra cottas depicting parts of the human body, often at greater than life size, that were dedicated by the afflicted at healing sanctuaries.
	www.med.virginia.edu /hs-library/historical/antiqua/new-healercults.shtml (1100 words)

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