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Topic: 4 Maccabees

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	Society of Biblical Literature
		For 4 Maccabees, the evidence that one possesses virtue, that one's reason had mastered one's passions, is the absence of the vices of gluttony and drunkenness.
		For the author of 4 Maccabees, the martyrs' bravery in the hour of death proves that reason can master the passions, that is, their bravery proves the validity of Stoic ethics.
		Likewise in 4 Maccabees, the martyrs' willingness to die bravely and without complaint proved that their reason had mastered their passions, that is, they were good Stoics.
	www.sbl-site.org /Article.aspx?ArticleId=334 (1933 words)

	4 Maccabees -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The book of 4 Maccabees is a (A sermon on a moral or religious topic) homily or (additional info and facts about philosophic) philosophic discourse praising the supremacy of pious reason over the passions.
		The work thus appears to be an independent composition to (An Apocryphal book describing the life of Judas Maccabaeus) 1 Maccabees and (An Apocryphal book describing the life of Judas Maccabaeus) 2 Maccabees, merely drawing on their descriptions to support its thesis.
		The book is generally dated between the first century BC and the first century AD, due to its reliance on 2 Maccabees and use by (A religious person who believes Jesus is the Christ and who is a member of a Christian denomination) Christians.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/4/4/4_Maccabees.htm (548 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Maccabees
		Maccabees, Books of Four historical books, the first two (I and II) of which are included in the Roman Catholic Deuterocanonical books of the Bible and the Protestant Apocrypha.
		Maccabees I and II are modelled on the Old Testament books of Chronicles and are a valuable historical source.
		History of a 'macabre' Chanukah tale: Martyrdom of Maccabees ensured their story would be preserved by the Catholic Church.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Maccabees (645 words)

	bible.org: ISBE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 3 Maccabees the cause of the action of Ptolemy IV was the failure of his project to enter the sanctum of the Jerusalem temple; this last perhaps a reflection of 2 Macc 3:9 ff, where it is related that Heliodorus was hindered from entering the temple by a ghostly apparition.
		That 3 Maccabees was composed in Greek is the opinion of all scholars and is proved by the free, idiomatic and rather bombastic character of the language in the Septuagint.
		The same end was contemplated in 2, 3 and 4 Maccabees and in a lesser degree in 1 Maccabees, but the author or compiler of the present treatise wished to produce a work which would appeal in the first instance and chiefly to Hebrew (or Arabic?) readers.
	www.bible.org /isbe.asp?id=5649 (3460 words)

	bible.org: ISBE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The contents of 1 Maccabees and 2 Macc 4-15 are in the main parallel, dealing with the same incidents; but the simple narrative character of 1 Maccabees, in contrast to the didactic and highly religious as well as supernatural coloring of 2 Maccabees, can easily be seen in these corresponding parts.
		There can be no doubt that 2 Maccabees was first of all composed, and that subsequently either the author or a later hand prefixed these letters on account of their affinity in thought to the book as it first existed.
		The record of events in 2 Maccabees ends with the brilliant victory of Judas over Nicanor, followed by the death of the latter; but it is strange that the history of the main hero of the book should be dropped in the middle.
	www.bible.org /isbe.asp?id=5648 (6667 words)

	Maccabees, Books Of, 1-2 - International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
		The contents of 1 Maccabees and 2 Macc 4-15 are in the main parallel, dealing with the same incidents; but the simple narrative character of 1 Maccabees, in contrast to the didactic and highly religious as well as supernatural coloring of 2 Maccabees, can easily be seen in these corresponding parts.
		There can be no doubt that 2 Maccabees was first of all composed, and that subsequently either the author or a later hand prefixed these letters on account of their affinity in thought to the book as it first existed.
		The record of events in 2 Maccabees ends with the brilliant victory of Judas over Nicanor, followed by the death of the latter; but it is strange that the history of the main hero of the book should be dropped in the middle.
	www.studylight.org /enc/isb/view.cgi?number=T5647 (6740 words)

	USCCB - The New American Bible
		Introduction, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51
		Introduction, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52
		Introduction, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48
	www.usccb.org /nab/bible (1120 words)

	Encyclopedia: 4 Maccabees
		The book of 4 Maccabees is a homily or philosophic discourse praising the supremacy of pious reason over the passions.
		The first advances the philosphical thesis, while the second illustrates the points made using examples drawn from 2 Maccabees (principally, the martyrdom of Eleazer and the Maccabeean youths) under Antiochus IV Epiphanes.
		The work thus appears to be an independent composition to 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees, merely drawing on their descriptions to support its thesis.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/4-Maccabees (696 words)

	RENOVARE - Readings - Perspective [July 2005]
		The author of 4 Maccabees regards the Torah as God's provision for the mastery of the passions, for keeping the passions in check and keeping the rational faculty—the faculty that knows the virtuous course of action—operating without impediments.
		Maccabees, it is Torah observance that exercises one in ways that enable one to achieve mastery of the passions, to make progress in virtue in both small and great ways.
		So it is for us, the author of 4 Maccabees counsels us, if we wish to live in the high places of our walk with God and our witness for God.
	www.renovare.org /readings_perspective_current_pg_4.htm (878 words)

	Catholic Apologetics International
		The writer of 4 Maccabees may also have intended this meaning when he writes: "[The reason of Eleazar] in no way turned the rudder of godliness until it sailed into the harbor of victory over death (7:3).
		It would make no difference if the writer of 4 Maccabees 7:3 said: (#1) "Eleazar did not turn the rudder of godliness until he sailed into the haven of immortal victory" or (#2) "Eleazar did not turn aside from God until he went to the afterlife." Both sentences mean the same thing.
		Moreover, the fact that 4 Maccabees was written around the same time as the gospel of Matthew means that the concept of using heos hou in places where the author had no intention of indicating cessation or continuation of action was a practice in common usage during this time!
	www.catholicintl.com /epologetics/articles/bible/svend-funeral-2.htm (1637 words)

	4 MACCABEES, NRSV APOCRYPHA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Although not a part of the canon of scripture of any religious community, 4 Maccabees is included in some important manuscripts of the Septuagint (the Greek Bible), and its particularly vivid, sometimes morbid, presentation of unflinching commitment to one's faith was a source of inspiration for Jews during the Hellenistic era.
		Written in Greek by an unknown author, 4 Maccabees has sometimes been assigned to the period 20-54 CE, when Cilicia was joined to Syria and Phoenicia as a single province, although it in fact could have been written at any time during the late first century BCE or the first century CE.
		While it is unlikely that 4 Maccabees was known to any New Testament authors, the book's interpretation of martyrdom is representative of the theological milieu in which early Christians attached atoning significance to the suffering and death of Jesus (e.g., Mt 26.28; Mk 10.45; Rom 3.24-25; Heb 9.11-14; 1 Jn 1.7).
	www.anova.org /sev/htm/ap/16_4maccabees.htm (10025 words)

	Book of Maccabees, Machabees
		The last book, 4 Maccabees, originally written in Greek probably about AD 25, is primarily a philosophical discussion of the primacy of reason, governed by religious laws, over passion.
		His son Judas, "the Maccabee," succeeded him (B.C. 166) as the leader in directing the war of independence, which was carried on with great heroism on the part of the Jews, and was terminated in the defeat of the Syrians.
		The second gives a history of the Maccabees' struggle from B.C. 176 to B.C. Its object is to encourage and admonish the Jews to be faithful to the religion of their fathers.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txs/maccabee.htm (580 words)

	구약성서(Old Testament) - 마카베오4서
		I Maccabees presents a historical account of political, military, and diplomatic events from the time of Judaea's relationship with Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria (reigned 175-164/163 BC) to the death (135/134 BC) of Simon Maccabeus, high priest in Jerusalem.
		The historical integrity of the book, which was compiled from official written sources, oral tradition, and eyewitness reporting, is attested to by the absence of almost all of the conventions of the Hellenistic rhetorical school of historiography and by its uncritical use by the later Jewish historian Josephus.
		II Maccabees focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 BC by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work.
	cyberspacei.com /jesusi/light/bib/4macc_intro.htm (586 words)

	Maccabees, Books Of, 1-2 (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) :: Bible Tools
		The victories due to heroism in 1 Maccabees are commonly ascribed to miraculous intervention on the part of God in 2 Maccabees (see 1 Macc 4:1 f.; compare 2 Macc 8:23 f.).
		Yet the comparatively lax attitude toward the Sabbath implied in 1 Macc 2:41 ff., involving the principle of Christ's words, "The sabbath was made for man, and not man for the Sabbath" (Mark 2:27), agrees with the Sadducee position against that of the Pharisees.
		In the list of martyrs (chapters 6 f.) no priest appears, but on the other hand, Eleazar, one of the principal scribes--scribes and Pharisees were then as in New Testament times virtually one party--suffered for his loyalty to the national religion, "leaving his death for an example" (6:18-31).
	bibletools.org /index.cfm/fuseaction/Def.show/RTD/ISBE/ID/5647/Maccabees-Books-1-2.htm (6894 words)

	[No title]
		The two Books of Maccabees, placed last in the Douai version of the Old Testament, contain independent accounts of events in part identical which accompanied the attempted suppression of Judaism in Palestine in the second century B.C. The vigorous reaction to this attempt established for a time the religious and political independence of the Jews.
		The Books of Maccabees, though regarded by Jews and Protestants as apocryphal, i.e., not inspired Scripture, because not contained in the Palestinian Canon or list of books drawn up at the end of the first century A.D., have nevertheless always been accepted by the Catholic Church as inspired, on the basis of apostolic tradition.
		4 When he reached Azotus, he was shown the temple of Dagon destroyed by fire, Azotus and its suburbs demolished, corpses lying about, and the charred bodies of those burned by Jonathan in the war and stacked up along his route.
	www.light1998.com /1_MACCABEES.txt (19564 words)

	4 Maccabees
		4 Maccabees is one of the earliest successful attempts of integrating philosophy and theology.
		4 Maccabees follows in the Catholic view of though originally not in the Vulgate, it has been included as Deuterocanonical and inspired since the Council of Trent and has remained so in the Anglican tradition.
		The work is drawn from 2 Maccabees and possibly from Jason of Cyrene the source of 2 Maccabees.
	ourworld.cs.com /tomofield/Apocrypha/Summaries/4macc.html (480 words)

	Mad Max & the Maccabees
		The unnamed author of 2 Maccabees explains that his work is actually a condensed version of a five-volume history written by a certain Jason of Cyrene (2:23).
		Although the idea of resurrection in 2 Maccabees differs in many ways from what we find in early Christian writings, nevertheless there is a common thread: the one who suffers righteously will be raised from the dead, and this resurrection will be his vindication.
		With the stories of the Maccabees echoing in their ears, the earliest Christians could hear the divine song of salvation as sung by Jesus, whose took upon himself the sin of the world in his passion, and who was vindicated through his resurrection from the death.
	www.markdroberts.com /htmfiles/resources/madmaxmaccabees.htm (2526 words)

	Maccabees What Really Happened The Views of Some Leading Scholars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Maccabees revolted in response to the persecutions imposed by the king and, according to Bickerman and others at least, at the instigation of radical Jewish Hellenizers.
		Thus the "pious," the Hasidim (the family of the Maccabees belonged to this group, and their later offspring included both the Pharisees and the Essenes), formed a new political movement which no longer permitted the aristocracy to treat the whole affair as if nothing was at stake but their rivaling claims to power.
		Thus ended the revolt of the Maccabees; the Syrian sovereignty was established once more, and freedom of religion was guaranteed for the Jews; the office of high priest, however, was left vacant.
	www.houseofdavid.ca /maccabee.htm (8469 words)

	Catholic Biblical Quarterly, The: Maccabean Martyrs as Saviours of the Jewish People: A Study of 2 and 4 Maccabees, The (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He holds that 2 Maccabees was composed around the year 124 B.C.E. in Jerusalem and that 4 Maccabees was written around 100 C.E. in Asia Minor.
		4 is a detailed close reading of the passages about martyrs in 2 Maccabees and the portrayal in 4 Maccabees of the martyrdoms in terms of an athletic contest between the martyrs and the Seleucid kings.
		Fourth Maccabees represents a more abstract political agenda, endorsing a specific Jewish way of life that could be realized in divergent political situations.
	www.24hourscholar.com /p/articles/mi_qa3679/is_199907/ai_n8870531 (1022 words)

	maccabees
		Written about 50 BC Third and Fourth Maccabees, also found in the Septuagint, were not included in St. Jerome’s Vulgate nor in the Catholic Bibles, and are usually classified among the Pseudepigrapha...
		Herod successively murdered all the relatives of the Maccabees and the line of the Maccabees became extinct in 7 B.C. However, in the time of Jesus, the Pharisees were the layman followers of Judas Maccabee, and the Sadducees were the priests followers of Simon Maccabee.
		The name, Maccabee, meaning "hammerer" or "hammer-like", was originally the surname of Judas, the third son of Mattathias, because of his valour in combating the enemies of Israel, but was later extended to all the descendants of Mattathias, and even to all who took part in the rebellion.
	biblia.com /bible/maccabees.htm (870 words)

	Book of First Maccabees
		First Maccabees was originally written in Hebrew and is usually dated 100 B.C. It begins with the the reign of Antiochus IV in 175 B.C, the rebellion of Mattathias in 167 B.C. and ends with the murder of Simon in 135 B.C. and the reign of his son, John Hyrcanus I in 134 B.C..
		Judas Maccabee is the central figure and the restoration of the Temple under Judas’ leadership is described as the high point of his career, the Hanukkah.
		The Second Book of Maccabees is not, as the name might suggest, a continuation of the First, but covers part of the same ground, from the time of the high priest Onias III and King Seleucus IV in 180 B.C. to the defeat of Nicanor's army in 161 B.C....
	biblia.com /jesusbible/maccabees1.htm (3089 words)

	MAACAH
		In 3 Maccabees the cause of the action of Ptolemy IV was the failure of his project to enter the sanctum of the Jerusalem temple; this last perhaps a reflection of 2 Macc 3:9 ff, where it is related that Heliodorus was hindered from entering the temple by a ghostly apparition.
		That 3 Maccabees was composed in Greek is the opinion of all scholars and is proved by the free, idiomatic and rather bombastic character of the language in the Septuagint.
		The same end was contemplated in 2, 3 and 4 Maccabees and in a lesser degree in 1 Maccabees, but the author or compiler of the present treatise wished to produce a work which would appeal in the first instance and chiefly to Hebrew (or Arabic?) readers.
	www.heraldmag.org /olb/Contents/dictionaries/0MISBE.htm (19651 words)

	An Early Protestant Bible Containing The Third Book Of Maccabees: With A List Of Editions And Translations Of Third ...
		One of the special features of this edition is, as was mentioned earlier, the presence of the text of the Third Book of Maccabees, which concludes the Old Testament (it is followed by the colophen »Veteris Testamenti finis«).
		Third Maccabees, written by an unknown author in a pseudoclassical style of Greek, purports to be a historical account of the persecution and miraculous salvation of Egyptian Jewry during the reign of Ptolemy IV Philopater (221- 205 B.C.).
		The text of 3 Maccabees is found in manuscripts of the Septuagint (A, V, and many minuscules).
	www.islamic-awareness.org /Bible/Text/Canon/protmetzger.html (2612 words)

	5 Maccabees
		Is 5 Maccabees an epitome of the Josippon, as Graf contended (p.
		It is tempting to dismiss so-called 5 Maccabees from the Pseudepigrpaha and assume it is derived from the late Jewish Josippon.
		5 Maccabees is a chronicle of Jewish history from Heliodorus' attempt to rob the Temple treasury in the early decades of the second century B.C. to the death of Herod the Great's two sons about 6 B.C.—with an interpolation relating Eleazar's role in translating the Septuagint, as well as other interesting expansions (viz.
	www.earlyjewishwritings.com /5maccabees.html (777 words)

	Old Testament Apocrypha - 마카베오 4서
		[4] it is also clear that it masters the emotions that hinder one from justice, such as malice, and those that stand in the way of courage, namely anger, fear, and pain.
		[4] No city besieged with many ingenious war machines has ever held out as did that most holy man. Although his sacred life was consumed by tortures and racks, he conquered the besiegers with the shield of his devout reason.
		[4] When the tyrant saw them, grouped about their mother as if in a chorus, he was pleased with them.
	cyberspacei.com /jesusi/light/apo/4macc.htm (10942 words)

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