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Topic: 4000 Hipparchus

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	Hipparchus (astronomer) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hipparchus is believed to have died on the island of Rhodes, where he spent most of his later life--Ptolemy attributes observations to him from Rhodes in the period from 141 BC to 127 BC.
		Hipparchus was the first to show that the stereographic projection is conformal, and that it transforms circles on the sphere that do not pass through the center of projection to circles on the plane.
		Hipparchus ranked stars in six magnitude classes according to their brightness: he assigned the value of one to the twenty brightest stars, to weaker ones a value of two, and so forth to the stars with a class of six, which can be barely seen with the naked eye.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hipparchus_(astronomer) (5891 words)

	Hipparchus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hipparchus (cavalry officer) - an ancient Greek cavalry officer, commanding a hipparchia (unit of of about 500 horsemen); two such units can be commanded by an Epihipparchos
		An asteroid named in his honour; see 4000 Hipparchus;
		A dialogue ascribed to Plato; see Hipparchus (dialogue).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hipparchus (161 words)

	Hipparchus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The outburst of a new star in 134 BC is stated by Pliny to have prompted the preparation of his catalogue of 1080 stars, substantially embodied in Ptolemy's Algamest.
		Hipparchus founded trigonometry, and compiled the first table of chords.
		Scientific geography originated with his invention of the method of fixing terrestrial positions by circles of latitude and longitude.
	www.nndb.com /people/842/000103533 (176 words)

	Hipparchus (c. 190-120 BC) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hipparchus or Hipparchos of Nicaea did his observations from Rhodes between 146 and 127 BC.
		He was the first astronomer who compiled a catalog of 850 stars; this work was perhaps triggered by the observation of a "New Star" (Nova) in the constellation Scorpius in 134 BC (according to Roman historian Pliny).
		To remarkable acuracy, he obtained measurements of the value of precession, the length of the year, and (from eclipse observations) the distance of the Moon.
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/Bios/hipparchus.html (126 words)

	Space Exploration - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Evidence of the dream exists in myth and fiction as far back as Babylonian texts of 4000 bc.
		In the 7th and 6th centuries bc, the Greek philosophers Thales and Pythagoras noted that the Earth is a sphere; in the 3rd century bc the astronomer Aristarchus of Samos asserted that the Earth moved around the Sun.
		Hipparchus, another Greek, prepared information about stars and the motions of the Moon in the 2nd century bc.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761556756___6/Space_Exploration.html (880 words)

	Hipparchus - WikiGadugi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hipparchus, hia tsutsataquu Latinization hia agoi Hipparchos, yelique unegutsidv:
		Hipparchus (anadisvhihi ayeli tsulvwisdanehi) - hilvhiyui agoi anadisvhihi ayeli tsulvwisdanehi, wulisgediyv hipparchia (saquuha gvwaduwidv 500 horsemen); tali yadvhna saquuha yelique nasquv adanetselv navi Epihipparchos
		asteroid dagovgi hawinaditlv utseli honour; agowadvdi 4000 Hipparchus;
	chrp.wikigadugi.org /wiki/Hipparchus (115 words)

	Planetary Exploration Timelines: Prehistory to 1698 - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		Between years, the Egyptians feast for a five-day period of celebration known as "the yearly five days." The five days of partying are not part of the 360-day year, which means that the Egyptians really use a 365-day system.
		~135 B.C.E. Hipparchus estimates the distance from the Earth to the Moon and discovers that the vernal (spring) equinox occurs when the Sun is in a slightly different part of the zodiac each year.
		The book is a catalogue of 1,022 stars (177 more stars than in Hipparchus' 850-star catalogue) and remains the primary astronomy text for 14 centuries.
	planetary.org /explore/topics/how_it_works/timelines/timeline_to_1698.html (2251 words)

	Astro History
		The oldest known recording of a lunar eclipse took place at Ur more than 4000 years ago.
		Hipparchus compared his own observations with earlier ones to discover precession, the slow change in the direction of the Earth's polar axis.
		He also made what was probably the first catalog of the positions and brightnesses of the stars.
	www.messiermarathon.com /astro_timeline.htm (3831 words)

	Mr. Bozzuto TeacherWeb Hist of Astonomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		4000 BC Early peoples thought that the world is flat with a crystalline sky overhead.
		He republished the star map of Hipparchus and named the classical constellations with the names they are still known by in the West.
		1718 By accurately comparing the positions of stars with those on Hipparchus' star map, Edmund Halley shows that a small number of the stars had changed position in the 2000 year period since that map was made.
	teacherweb.com /ct/eastridgems/bozzuto/hf4.stm (8260 words)

	The moon
		The distance to the moon is around 4000 kilometres.
		Hipparchus understood the Earth was round because during a lunar eclipse he saw that the Earth's shadow was round.
		Hipparchus was unable to figure out what caused the phases of the Moon.
	www.moon-phases.com /moon.html (363 words)

	Mithraism
		Indeed, the constellations common in the sky from about 4000 BC to 2000 BC were Taurus the Bull, Canis Minor the Dog, Hydra the Snake, Corvus the Raven, and Scorpio the Scorpion, all of which may be identified in the fresco from Dura-Europos, a standard Hellenistic iconography.
		Further support for this theory is the presence of a lion and a cup in some depictions of the tauroctony: indeed Leo (a lion) and Aquarius ("the cup-bearer") were the constellations seen as the northernmost (summer solstice) and southernmost (winter solstice) positions in the sky during the age of Taurus.
		The precession of the equinoxes was discovered, or at least publicized, by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus in the 2nd century BC.
	www.crystalinks.com /mithra.html (4048 words)

	Feature
		Although there are no written records of the creating of Stonehenge, built over 4000 years ago in England, its alignments show its purposes apparently included the determination of seasonal or celestial events.
		There are no written records of the creating of Stonehenge, built over 4000 years ago in England, but its alignments show its purposes apparently included the determination of seasonal or celestial events, such as lunar eclipses, solstices and so on.
		Temporal hours were of little use to astronomers, and around 127 CE Hipparchus of Niceae, Greek astronomer and mathematician, working in the great city of Alexandria, proposed dividing the day into 24 equinoctial hours.
	www.dailynews.lk /2005/12/31/fea06.htm (1692 words)

	Other Ancient Astronomers
		This is 200 years before the first western catalogue (by Hipparchus).
		In A.D. 310, Astronomer Royal Qian Luozhi had a bronze celestial globe made with stars that were color-coded as to their source.
		Hipparchus is credited with discovering precession around 150 B.C., and it took Chinese astronomers another 400 years to recognize it around A.D. Even then, though, they did not recognize it as a continuous phenomenon, and it was called an "annual difference."
	burro.astr.cwru.edu /stu/advanced/pre20th_ancients_others.html (1174 words)

	Trigonometry
		It has some relationship to geometry, though there is disagreement on exactly what that relationship is; for some, trigonometry is just a subtopic of geometry.
		Hellenistic mathematician Hipparchus circa 150 BC compiled a trigonometric table for solving triangles.
		Ancient Sinhalese, Sri Lankans had used trignometry when constructing Weva (reservoirs) in the Anuradhapura kingdom, where trignometry was used to calculate the gradient of the water flow.
	articles.gourt.com /?article=Trigonometry (1579 words)

	Blackbody Exercises
		Repeat the above steps for temperatures of 4000 K and 8000 K. What can you say about the curve that would be displayed for a 3000 K body, when displayed with these two?
		Keep in mind that magnitudes measure in reverse, that is to say small numbers indicate brighter stars.
		Magnitudes were discussed briefly when we discussed Hipparchus.
	wind.cc.whecn.edu /~marquard/astronomy/blackbody.htm (665 words)

	ASP: Editorial: The Border
		The subject of astrometry, the measurement of stellar positions in the sky, is the oldest discipline in astronomy.
		It was the Greek astronomer Hipparchus who around 150 BCE produced the first systematic catalogue of stellar positions.
		To put this degree of precision in perspective, consider that the human Hipparchus was able to measure stellar position to about one degree, which corresponds to the angular height of a man seen from 100 meters.
	www.astrosociety.org /pubs/mercury/9803/hyades.html (4089 words)

	[No title]
		In the 1990’s the Hipparchus satellite was put up by the ESA to do parallax work.
		Since Hipparchus was looking at the stars with his eyes, this is called the apparent magnitude.
		It is orange-red and has a surface temperature of about 4000 K and a luminosity of about 1.3 x 1029 W. That means that the temperature is about.7 and the luminosity is 330 times our suns.
	www.gc.maricopa.edu /appliedscience/dfweb/112notes/chap17.doc (2739 words)

	AST 101 - SPRING 1998 - Course Pack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hipparchus, the ancient Greek astronomer, had discovered this slow, westward precession of the equinoxes around 120 B.C. Its cause, however, was to remain unknown for more than 18 centuries until Isaac Newton gave the physical explanation of why the equinoxes move.
		The changing appearance of the sky with the observer's changing position confirms that the Earth is essentially spherical in shape and leads to a system for locating positions on its surface.
		A modified Gregorian calendar has been proposed in which the years exactly divisible by 4000 will be ordinary years, giving an average length of 365.24225 days.
	jabiru.pa.msu.edu /pages/teach/PACK101-98.html (7842 words)

	Aries (Star Chart)
		The zodiacal symbol represents the head and horns of the animal.
		Around 4000 B.C. the Sun was in this constellation on the winter solstice, which for some cultures marked the beginning of the year.
		By 1800 B.C. because of the apparent shifting of the sky due to precession, the Sun came to be in Aries at the beginning of spring, which was true in Europe until the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar at the end of the 16th century.
	www.mazzaroth.com /InsertFive/AriesStarChart.htm (587 words)

	Astronomy of the Ancients
		For example, the ancient Egyptians were the first to establish the excellent estimate of 365 days per year in their calendar, and they did this between 5000 and 4000 BC.
		The Greek astronomer Hipparchus made many important contributions to astronomy, including the first measurement of precession, a process whereby the positions of the stars in the sky gradually change over many thousands of years.
		To do so, Hipparchus found a temple in Thebes, Egypt built in 3200 BC with a known orientation to the star Spica.
	www.definity-systems.net /~apw/astro/ancient.html (2097 words)

	Selenography jerak.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It took until approximately 450 BC however, before the phases of the Moon and the phenomena of the lunar eclipses could be explained correctly.
		At approximately the same time that the phases and eclipses were being understood, the Greek astronomer Hipparchus (astronomer), using observations and mathematical formulae, measured the distances to the Moon as well as the sun with surprising accuracy.
		Clearly, the age of scientific observation of the Moon was slowly picking up interest.
	www.jerak.org /en/Selenography (1370 words)

	[No title]
		This object is about 4000 light years distant and 60 light years across.
		M-20 RA 18hr 02.3min Dec -23 02 Mag 6.3 Size 28' The Trifid Nebula is also named for the shape of the dark lanes that cut in front of the nebulosity.
		So it is also at about 4000 light years, it is about 20 light years across.
	www.stargazing.net /BerkeleyAstro/images/pubobj.txt (4300 words)

	[130.06] Latitude for the Observer of Ptolemy's Catalog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A substantial portion of these claims rest on the catalog of 1028 stars purported to be observed by Ptolemy in Alexandria (latitude 31.2 north).
		Also, I have determined the seasonal extinction coefficients (both median and best possible) for the eastern Mediterranean in ancient times based on 4000 in situ observations from 9 sites in modern and premodern times, measures of modern pollution components, and global models.
		Three criteria have been used to determine the latitude of the observer of the star catalog: First, the limiting magnitude (at the 50% level) as a function of declination can be compared against my model to derive the latitude.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v31n5/aas195/937.htm (336 words)

	Science and the Bible (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In 1945 oceanographic study found thousands of huge springs in the ocean, about 4000 years after God told Job, people believe it.
		This was found to be true in 1964 almost 4000 years later.
		The discharge of lightning, particularly lightning bolts that go from the ground up to clouds, changed the electrical polarity of the tiny droplets that come together to make drops.
	home.kc.rr.com /seekandsave/Science.html (1727 words)

	KryssTal : History of Astronomy
		4000 BC Early peoples think that the world is flat with a crystalline sky overhead.
		The Sun is thought to be a god that rode across the sky in a chariot, travelling beneath the Earth at night.
		Hipparchus and names the (48) classical constellations with the names they are still known by in the West.
	www.krysstal.com /astrhist.html (8980 words)

	Cultural Astronomy Curriculum Unit
		Three prominent figures in Greek astronomy are Hipparchus, Ptolemy and Aristotle.
		Hipparchus calculated the length of the year to within 6.5 minutes and discovered the precession of the equinoxes.
		Hipparchus's value of 46" for the annual precession is good compared with the modern value of 50.26" and much better than the 36" Ptolemy was to obtain nearly 300 years later.
	www.unm.edu /~abqteach/ArcheoCUs/99-01-04.htm (5440 words)

	PSC 153 Star Classifications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Since then the history of the magnitude scale is, like so much else in astronomy, the history of increasing scientific precision being built on an ungainly historical foundation that was too deeply rooted for anyone to bulldoze it and start fresh.
		The story begins around 129 BC., when the Greek astronomer Hipparchus produced the first well-known star catalog.
		Hipparchus ranked his stars in a simple way.
	www.draco.scsu.edu /starclass.html (2275 words)

	Portable Planetariums Home More than a Portable Planetarium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		While some of the star data in the Almagest was his own Ptolemy certainly got part, and perhaps most, from Hipparchus, a 2nd century BC.
		The oldest known drawings of constellations are motifs on seals, vases, and gaming boards from the Sumerians, indicating that constellations may have been developed as early as 4000 bc.
		The constellation Aquarius was named by the Sumerians after their god of heaven An, who pours the waters of immortality upon the earth.
	www.planetarios.com /manualconstelaciones.htm (1616 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		Evidence of the dream exists in myth and fiction as far back as Babylonian texts of 4000
		Hipparchus, another Greek, prepared information about stars and the motions of the moon in the 2d century
		Ptolemy of Alexandria placed the earth at the center of the solar system in the Ptolemaic system.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/space/spaceexplore.html (1800 words)

	INFO OF -Trigonometry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The origins of trigonometry can be traced to the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization, more than 4000 years ago.
		The earliest use of sine appears in the Sulba Sutras written in India, between 800 BC and 500 BC, which correctly computes the sine of π /4 (45 Degree (angle)) as 1/√2 in a procedure for circling the square (the opposite of squaring the circle).
		Greek mathematics Hipparchus (astronomer) circa 150 BC compiled a trigonometric Mathematical table for solving triangles.
	www.cwap.org /en/trigonometry (2506 words)

	Short Glossary for PY 124 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Armillary spheres usually have rings representing the ecliptic and the zodiac, the celestial equator, the meridian of the vernal equinox, and whichever other great circles the maker of that particular instrument chose to include.
		The wavelengths of the light range from about 7000 Angstroms on the red end to about 4000 Angstroms on the violet end.
		The visible spectrum has wavelengths between roughly 4000 Angstroms (violet light) and 7000 Angstroms (red light).
	www.physics.ncsu.edu /courses/astron/AstroDictionary.html (10702 words)

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