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Topic: 410 km

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	Abstract for SSA, 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Assuming the Grand (1997) S-wave model and a dVs/dVp ratio of 1.0, average depths are 416 ± 5 km and 662 ± 6 km to the north of the array, and 415 ± 5 km and 665 ± 16 km to the south of the array.
		The "410" discontinuity is relatively flat across the array, but does appear to be elevated by roughly 7 km in the center of the array with respect to the most eastern and western stations.
		The elevated region of the "410" does coincide with a localized zone of high velocities imaged by Grand (1997) at depths of roughly 400 km and may be attributed to thermal elevation of the olivine/beta-spinel phase transition.
	epsc.wustl.edu /seismology/michael/abstract5.html (477 words)

	410-km discontinuity
		Although the 410 km discontinuity is a dominant feature in most 1-dimensional Earth models, only a few events in this study show reflections from this discontinuity.
		Figure 6.10: Vertical cross section for the depths of the reflections at the 410 km discontinuity along a profile perpendicular to the Hawaiian Chain.
		This detail of the topography of the 410 and geodynamic implications are discussed in the next section.
	www.es.ucsc.edu /~srost/diss_01/node40.html (564 words)

	Personal page of John Blum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The shoaling of the 410-km discontinuity and the deepening of the 660-km discontinuity are due to a lower-than-normal temperature and a higher-than-normal water content of the cratonic keel.
		Observations of P-to-S conversions from the seismic discontinuities near 410- and 660-km depth reveal the shoaling of the 410-km discontinuity and the deepening of the 660-km discontinuity beneath the Archaean cratons in southern Africa; consequently, the mantle transition zone is 20 km thicker than beneath post-Archaean regions and the global average.
		The observations suggest that cold thermal downwelling is not the primary cause of the anomalously thick transition zone beneath the cratons, although it may exist in a confined area near the boundary between the Kheis thrust belt and the Namaqua-Natal belt.
	insci14.ucsd.edu /~jablum/safrica.html (481 words)

	The 410- and 660-km Discontinuities
		These maps show large scale patterns of topography on the 410- and 660-km discontinuities with about 30 to 40 km of relief.
		In another short-period study, Wicks and Richards [1993] used data from an Australian array to produce a detailed map of a depression in the 660-km discontinuity beneath the Izu-Bonin subduction zone.
		were used by Benz and Vidale [1993] to show that the 410- and 660-km discontinuities beneath the Indian Ocean are locally sharp, with a significant fraction of the jump in properties occuring within 4 km or less.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/sheare01/node4.html (421 words)

	Lehmann discontinuity
		This figure is similar to Figure 6.1, but for a depth range of 150 km to 250 km.
		In Figure 6.6 the mean depths of all reflections shown is 200 km, as indicated by the solid line.
		The reflections at a depth range from 130 km to 190 km are displayed in Figure 6.7.
	www.uni-geophys.gwdg.de /~srost/diss_01/node39.html (669 words)

	410 km discontinuity sharpness
		Thus, the phase transition model for the 410 km discontinuity may not be ruled out simply on the basis of transition thickness.
		The fact that the 410 km discontinuity is visible at all at short periods suggests that it provides a useful constraint on bulk mantle water content.
		The sharply curved phase diagram, with a 10 km transition interval, yields reflectivity equivalent to a ~5 km linear gradient.
	www1.gly.bris.ac.uk /~george/gjift96/gjift96.html (2725 words)

	SAFT Project Proposal
		In general, the 410 km discontinuity, having a negative Clapyron slope, should be uplifted near cold subducting slabs, whereas the 670 km discontinuity should show an increased depth.
		A decrease in the sharpness of the 410 km discontinuity may also be expected due to the thickening of the divarient phase loop at lower temperatures [Helffrich and Bina, 1994], and increased presence of water in the top part of the slab [Helffrich and Wood, 1996; Wood, 1995].
		These studies generally show an uplift of the 410 km discontinuity and a depression of the 670 km discontinuity in the vicinity of subduction zones, in agreement with the mineral physics data.
	epsc.wustl.edu /seismology/SAFT/proposal.html (7537 words)

	Sangwon Ham AGU Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For example, the Hales discontinuity at ~80 km is found only beneath the continents, and the mid-mantle discontinuity at ~1000 km has been reported specifically in the western Pacific.
		With the unprecedented high quality and volume of seismic data recorded by the Japanese borehole seismic network (Hinet) deployed since 2000, we are in an ideal position to characterize the discontinuity structure beneath the Japanese islands, which is a "type locale" of a subduction region.
		The 660-km discontinuity is found to be depressed as much as 40 km beneath southwest Japan and the Izu-Bonin arc, while the 410-km is uplifted by 20 km within the subducted Pacific slab and some of the fast regions in tomographic images.
	zephyr.rice.edu /AGU/ham.html (602 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Each symbol represents the measured depth perturbation from the average of 411 km at the corresponding cap location.
		There is a reasonable correlation in the topography of 410 and the seismic velocity variations right above the transition zone; to the first order, 410 is depressed under most parts of the Pacific ocean and elevated under major continents.
		If this discontinuity represents the phase change from alpha-olivine to beta-phase, then the difference in 410 topography under continents and the largest ocean on Earth may reflect the thermal difference between these regions.
	www.seismology.harvard.edu /~gu/research_fig/topography_410 (204 words)

	Transition zone
		The mantle transition zone (TZ) is the layer between two discontinuities in seismic wave-speed that lie at depths of approximately 410 km and 650 km [Anderson, 1989].
		For example, TZ thickness is normal beneath southern Africa (245 km) and the East African Rift and Afar (244 ± 19 km), which are underlain by the South Atlantic superplume and the postulated Afar plume.
		Within a 1500 x 800 km region of the western USA, the thickness of the TZ varies from 220 to 270 km, with an average thickness of 246 ± 9 km.
	www.mantleplumes.org /TransitionZone.html (3074 words)

	520-km discontinuity
		A less prominent feature within the mantle transition zone is a seismic discontinuity around a depth of 520 km (the 520).
		The long period filtering produces sidelobes of the signals from the 410 and the 660-km discontinuity at the appropriate travel time of the 520.
		Due to the sparse seismological evidence, the small impedance contrast of the mineralogical phase transition and the large depth interval where the phase transition occurs, the existence of the 520 in seismological data is still controversial.
	www.uni-geophys.gwdg.de /~srost/diss_01/node12.html (382 words)

	Seismology
		the liquid iron core (radius 3475 km), at whose center is the 1250-km radius solid inner core.
		Several “discontinuities” are present, in addition to the major ones near 410 and 650 km.
		The depths to the 410- and 650-km discontinuities are expected to be negatively correlated if their topography results from temperature variations, but actually they are weakly positively correlated.
	www.mantleplumes.org /Seismology.html (2972 words)

	IMAGING ROCK FABRIC DIFFERENCES ACROSS THE 410 KM AND 660 KM SEISMIC DISCONTINUITIES BENEATH THE CHEYENNE BELT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		YUAN, Huaiyu and DUEKER, Ken, Geology and Geophysics, Univ of Wyoming, Dept of Geology and Geophysics, Laramie, WY 82071, yuan@uwyo.edu
		A change in rock fabric and hence velocity anisotropy is expected across the 660 km discontinuity if this phase boundary acts as a barrier to mass exchange between upper and lower mantle.
		To address these questions, we study radial and transverse receiver function stacks from the 410 km and 660 km discontinuity boundaries.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2001RM/finalprogram/abstract_6359.htm (289 words)

	Saint Helena. The World Factbook. 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		total: 158 km (Saint Helena 118 km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha 0 km)
		paved: 138 km (Saint Helena 98km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha 0 km)
		unpaved: 20 km (Saint Helena 20 km, Ascension 0 km, Tristan da Cunha 0 km)
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/151/sh.html (731 words)

	Assorted Yellowstone hotspot and plume picutures
		From June 2000 to July of 2001 we operated 47 broad-band PASSCAL seismometers in a 450 km diameter array about the Yellowstone hotspot which is currently beneath the Yellowstone Caldera.
		An 18 km down-warp in the 410 km discontinuity is imaged where the low velocity conduit crosses the 410 km depth.
		An upwarp of the 660 km discontinuity is not imaged consistent with the P-wave tomogram.
	faculty.gg.uwyo.edu /dueker/assorted_yellowstone_hotspot.htm (249 words)

	Saint Helena
		Location: Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, about midway between South America and Africa Area: Total: 410 sq km note: includes St. Helena Island, Ascension, and the island group of Tristan da Cunha, which consists of Tristan da Cunha Island, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, and the three Nightingale Islands.
		Water: 0 sq km, land: 410 sq km.
		Highways: Total: 158 km (Saint Helena 118 km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha 0 km), paved: 138 km (Saint Helena 98km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha 0 km), unpaved: 20 km (Saint Helena 20 km, Ascension 0 km, Tristan da Cunha 0 km).
	www.paulnoll.com /Locations/visiting-Saint-Helena.html (425 words)

	Topography on the Transition Zone Discontinuities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		SS precursor results (Flanagan and Shearer, 1998a), including figures, tables of the spherical harmonic coefficients for the smoothed topography maps (410, 520, 660, TZ), and a table of the individual depth estimates and travel-times are available by anonymous ftp at: mahi.ucsd.edu/pub/TOPOTZ.
		PP precursor results (Flanagan and Shearer, 1999) including a model of 410 topography are available by anonymous ftp at: mahi.ucsd.edu/pub/TOPOPP.
		Near-source 410 topography results (Flanagan and Shearer, 1998b) are available by anonymous ftp at: mahi.ucsd.edu/pub/THE410.
	mahi.ucsd.edu /shearer/topotz.html (259 words)

	DD2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		(a) Model containing regional 220 km discontinuity, a flat 410 km discontinuity with a small gap, and an undulating 660 km discontinuity.
		Synthetic seismograms are generated using the same source and receiver geometries as in the Snake River Plain PASSCAL experiment.
		The starting model is recovered well, including the gap in the 410 km discontinuity and the large undulation on the 660 km discontinuity.
	cires.colorado.edu /people/sheehan.anne/DD2000.html (201 words)

	[gse-ff] Revised Exercise #437: 10 September 2002, 1456 UT - Revised (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Input data for STOA, STOA-2 and HAFv.2: # Date Start Time Vs Tau Location Vsw 0437 10 Sept 1456 UT 662 km/s 10m S10E43 410 km/s Our ensemble's prediction window is indicated as follows: HAF2: Shock will arrive at Earth at 0700UT, 2002/09/14 with ssi=-0.01 and DDP=1.57 nPa.
		However, final report speeds were received in the range of 356 to 710 km/s.
		We settled on a report of speed 662 km/s as the most representative.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /pipermail/gse-ff/2002-September/000139.html (494 words)

	Democratic Republic Congo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Total 10,271 km, Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia 1,930 km
		Tanzania-Democratic Republic Congo-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Democratic Republic Congo-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been made)
		Narrow gauge: 3,987 km 1.067-m gauge (858 km electrified); 125 km 1.000-m gauge; 1,026 km 0.600-m gauge
	www.fortunecity.com /bally/waterford/96/zre.htm (1096 words)

	Kolyma on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		kelĬ´me), river, c.1,500 mi (2,410 km) long, rising in several headstreams in the Kolyma and Cherskogo ranges, Russian Far East.
		It is navigable (June-October) for c.1,000 mi (1,610 km).
		Its upper course crosses the rich Kolyma Gold Fields, which supplied much of the gold for Soviet foreign trade.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/K/Kolyma.asp (328 words)

	China People Groups
		India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423
		km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast)
		3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km
	www.whn.org /content/China.htm (1336 words)

	Seismic evidence for silicate melt atop the 410-km mantle discontinuity
		5.8% impedance decrease roughly 330 km beneath the Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea and easternmost Asia.
		We propose that this represents the upper surface of a layer of negatively buoyant melt lying on top of the olivine
		The remaining, dense, crystalline fraction would then concentrate above 410 km, producing a garnet-rich layer that may flush into the transition zone.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v369/n6480/abs/369474a0.html (359 words)

	[gse-ff] Exercise #389: 14 April 2002; 0744 UT
		= ACE/SWEPAM is observing a background solar wind speed, Vsw =3D 410 = km/sec.
		HAFv.2 will consider events #385 through the present one, #389, = in appropriate temporal sequence.
		These predictions = are=20 based on input that is undergoing standardization (still under = development), so=20 they should be taken only as suggestions.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /pipermail/gse-ff/2002-April/000082.html (404 words)

	s11d-11 in fm96 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Results indicate a ``410'' depth of 350 km in the interior of the slab and a ``660'' depth of 700 km, laterally offset and following the slab seismicity.
		The ``660'' deflection is larger by 30 km than that predicted by global models based on long period SS precursors (Shearer and Masters 1992).
		However the results compare favourably with other short-period array measurements (Wicks and Richards 1995), showing a 10 km deepening of the depression from the south to the north of the region from 690 to 700 km.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm96&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/fm96/fm96&maxhits=200&="S11D-11" (5958 words)

	Stichting Wakudiba steunt Paroisse St. Vincent de Paul in Congo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		border countries:Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic 1,577 km, Congo-Brazzaville 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia 1,930 km
		Climate:tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October
		narrow gauge:3,987 km 1.067-m gauge (858 km electrified); 125 km 1.000-m gauge; 1,026 km 0.600-m gauge
	www.xs4all.nl /~pverstap/wakudiba/wakudiba_facts.html (650 words)

	Saint Helena (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Total: NA (mainland 118 km, Ascension NA, Tristan da Cunha NA)
		Paved: 180.7 km (mainland 98 km, Ascension 80 km, Tristan da Cunha 2.70 km)
		Unpaved: NA (mainland 20 km, Ascension NA, Tristan da Cunha NA)
	www.fortunecity.com /bally/waterford/96/sh.htm (485 words)

	Croatia
		border countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina 932 km, Hungary 329 km, Serbia and Montenegro 266 km (241 km with Serbia; 25 km with Montenego), Slovenia 670 km
		Coastline: 5,790 km (mainland 1,778 km, islands 4,012 km)
		standard gauge : 1,907 km 1.435-m gauge (769 km electrified)
	www.dlhoffman.com /publiclibrary/factbook97/hr.html (1309 words)

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