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Topic: 431 BCE

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Peloponnesian War

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Citizen X

	The Ultimate Aramaic language - American History Information Guide and Reference
		BCE early written Aramaic bar:test at:-740 mark:(line,white) at:-740 shift:(10,0) text: 740s BCE Aramaic official in Assyria bar:test at:-500 mark:(line,white) at:-500 shift:(10,0) text: c.500 BCE Darius I decrees Aramaic official bar:test at:-425 mark:(line,white) at:-425 shift:(10,0) text: 5th c.
		BCE Elephantine papyri composed bar:test at:-330 mark:(line,white) at:-331 shift:(10,0) text: 331 BCE Greek ascendancy bar:test at:-246 mark:(line,white) at:-246 shift:(10,0) text: 247 BCE Aramaic official in Arsacid Empire bar:test at:-169 mark:(line,white) at:-169 shift:(10,5) text: c.
		Palmyrene Aramaic is the dialect that was in use in the city of Palmyra in the Syrian Desert from 44 BCE to 274 CE.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Aramaic (5726 words)

	Great Pagans in Science
		ARISTOTLE (384-322 BCE), Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers.Aristotle was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to the royal court.
		BCE), Greek philosopher and mathematician, whose doctrines strongly influenced Plato.Born on the island of Sámos, Pythagor as was instructed in the teachings of the early Ionian philosophers Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes.
		He was charged in 399 BCE with neglecting the gods of the state and introducing new divinities, a reference to the daemonion, or mystical inner voice, to which Socrates often referred.
	www.holysmoke.org /sdhok/pag00.htm (10526 words)

	Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Greece
		The Acharnians 425 BCE [At Eserver, formerly ERIS]
		The Frogs 405 BCE [At Eserver, formerly ERIS]
		The Wasps 422 BCE [At Eserver, formerly ERIS]
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/asbook07.html (2623 words)

	Classical Acropolis
		In 499 BCE Athens participated in the defense of the Ionian colonies in Asia Minor against the Persian Empire, and were among those who sacked Sardis, ensuring thus certain retaliation by the great Asian empire.
		In 431 BCE constructions at the Acropolis and elsewhere was interrupted by the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, which found Athens and Sparta fighting a conflict that lasted until 404 BCE and was fought in the extended theater of the Mediterranean.
		The war effort was punctuated by the plague that afflicted Athens between 430 and 427 BCE killing one third of its population.
	www.ancient-greece.org /history/acropolis-classical.html (793 words)

	3.09 Greek Late Classical Period Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Needless to say, the idealism of the fifth century BCE was replaced by disillusionment and estrangement in the fourth century.
		For the fourth century BCE was an age when artists, while still reflecting the same overall goals of the period, developed their own individual styles.
		Nevertheless the fourth century BCE did give rise to several new structures, not the least of which was a new type of building, the monumental outdoor theater.
	content.ecollege.com /ap_art/module03/lesmod3/03_09.htm (1751 words)

	List of monarchs of Kush - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An added complication is that in recent years there have been disputes as to which monarch belongs to which tomb.
		Shebitku (3rd Pharaoh) ( 702 - 690 BCE)
		Taharqa (4th Pharaoh) ( 690 - 664 BCE)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Kushite_Kings (218 words)

	Literary Encyclopedia: Xenophon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Born in Athens between 431 and 427 BCE, at the start of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta (431 to 404 BCE), Xenophon lived a life as tumultuous and full of contrast as his written works.
		Written around 380 BCE, while the author was living in exile in the western Peloponnesus, the account is forty years removed from the event it immortalizes; Xenophon is presenting a child's perspective on conviviality.
		In 404 BCE the war with Sparta was lost, the inevitable consequence of mob rule.
	www.litencyc.com /php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4824 (2740 words)

	PtwoA
		Between 720 BCE and 576 BCE, Sparta provided fifty-six of the seventy-one well known Olympic victors, not just proof of its superior military strength and training, but to the Greeks, evidence that rituals had been correctly performed and that pleas for intercession were being answered.
		Following the Spartan victory in the Peloponnesian Wars (404 BCE), which curtailed the wealth, optimism, and originality of the Athenians, and the subsequent subjugation by Alexander the Great in 335 BCE, the sports industry responded to a Greek desire for heroes in a society where political independence and creativity were no longer possible.
		Although, the resistance implied in the Neo-Gramscian theory is not overt, the movement of the elite from athlete to spectator and the assumption of the role of athlete by the lower classes, illustrates the synthesis which often results from conflict.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/popculture/PtwoA.html (1358 words)

	The Glory that was Greece (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Son of a midwife and sculptor, he was acquainted with the intellectual elite at the court of Pericles, ruler of Athens, despite his plebian origins.
		By 423 BCE, Socrates was well-known in Athens, not so much for military distinction as for his non-traditional teaching methods.
		Aristotle, or Aristoteles, (c.384-322 BCE) was born in Stagirus in the Greek colony of Chalcidice, which lies to the north of Greece near Macedon.
	www.watson.org /~leigh/philo.html (1899 words)

	Greece from Peloponnesian Wars to Macedonia: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Agesilaus in Asia; Lysander in the Hellespont (396-395 BCE) Xen.
		Causes- formation of an alliance against Sparta; Revolution in Corinth and the seizure of power by the Argives 393 BCE-- massacre in the city during the festival of Artimis Euclea.
		375-4 BCE Social Revolution in the Peloponnesian cities: many cities especially in the Peloponnese, having been granted autonomy, were immersed in conflict between oligarchs and Democrats and their supporters Diod.
	www.juyayay.com /outline/greece/politics02.html (1071 words)

	CLAS1000: DR.Norman
		Solon was selected in 595 BCE as special Tenth Archon and given the task of reforming the Athenian governance with an aim towards alleviating social tensions and civil unrest to avoid tyranny.
		He is said to have left Athens in 408 BCE and to have died in Macedonia at the court of King Archelaus in 406 BCE.
		Sokrates was tried on a charge of impiety in 399 BCE and was convicted; he was imprisioned and forced to commit suicide by drinking hemlock.
	helios.classics.uga.edu /courses/clas1000/study_tools/author.htm (2778 words)

	timeline
		3300 - 1000 BCE > The earliest known prehistoric civilizations occupy the Aegean.
		Knossos is it's center, in the Island of Crete.
		Athens' supremacy and democracy is ended, with the victory of Sparta, leading the Peloponesian League.
	www.geocities.com /aragreeko/timeline.html (197 words)

	The East Mediterranean and the Near East from the sixth through the fourth centuries BCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Thus, against the Persians for example the Ionians of Asia Minor united under the leadership of Aristagoras of Miletus, the Athenians were aided by the poleis of the Peloponnesus, and the Attic leagues, the Theban league, and the confederate leagues of Philip II and Alexander were formed.
		This was one of the main causes of the economic crisis of Greece in IV BCE.
		Phase one of the war, from 431 to 421 BCE is called the Archidamian War from the name of the Spartan King Archidamus.
	www.sonoma.edu /people/poe/Hist304/Notes/6_4CBCE.htm (4099 words)

	The Violent Teacher
		Sparta and Athens fought the bitter conflict from 431 BCE to 404 BCE when the latter was defeated through exhaustion.
		The similarities to the Great War are striking - two great alliances coming into conflict, both sides drawn hesitantly into war by their lesser allies, the emergence of new tactics in warfare, a great sea power confronting a great land power, and the bitterness and devastation that marked the end of a relatively prosperous era.
		For instance, although Kagan frequently mentions that the Athenian Assemblymen were themselves the soldiers responsible for carrying out their decisions, it is estimated that these included only 30 percent of the adult population of Athens and its countryside, Attica.
	amh.freehosting.net /kagan.html (1127 words)

	Corinth 1
		Following the Dark Age of Greece (1100-800 BCE) with its characteristic invasion waves, the expansion of the Dorian people group was illustrated by their colonization of Syracuse and Corcyra from areas like Corinth.
		It was important to Philip II (who garrisoned the mount of Acrocorinth) and later even became the capital of the Aechean League for a short time before it aligned against the rising Roman power.
		By 46 BCE, Julius Caesar re-colonized the area and gave it the status of Roman capital of Achaia.
	www.ctsp.co.il /LBS%20pages/LBS_corinth1.htm (590 words)

	3.07 Greek High Classical Period Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		By the mid fifth century BCE, under the leadership of Pericles, the Athenians employed this wealth to rebuild their acropolis which was razed by the Persians in 480 BCE.
		Unfortunately, due to the start of the Peloponnesian War (431 BCE), only the western half of the Propylaia was completed.
		The Erechtheion (421-405 BCE), which lies just across from the Parthenon, was a multipurpose structure in ancient times and is a bit of an oddity in ancient Greek architecture because of its asymmetrical plan.
	content.ecollege.com /ap_art/module03/lesmod3/03_07.htm (1719 words)

	Ezra 1; 3-7; 9-10; Boadt 431-33, 435-38, 453-55, 458-60
		He also is believed to have lead a council of 120 men who began the process of determining the limits of the OT canon.
		Phase 1 : Sheshbazzar (appointed governor of Judah) and Zerubbabel (one of Jehoiachin’s sons) 538 BCE (the details of this return trip are not without dispute).
		Nearly 60 years pass between the end of Ezra 6 and the beginning of chapter 7, during which Esther was able to avert the complete massacre of the Jewish people.
	rel2210-01.su02.fsu.edu /Ezra.htm (393 words)

	SparkNotes: The Clouds: Context (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Greek drama was born, according to modern scholars' best conjectures, in 534 BCE at one of the many annual festivals honoring Dionysus.
		The festival was no longer an expression of revelry and ritual but a bona fide industry of its own, with strict rules governing selection of the playwright and producer as well as specific guidelines for appointing judges and tabulating votes.
		In 431 BCE, however, Athens was plunged into the endless Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Spartan Allies.
	www.sparknotes.com /drama/theclouds/context.html (610 words)

	GREEK CIVIL WAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Greek city-states were able to unify in the beginning of the fifth century BCE because of the attacks by Persia.
		In 431 BCE, bowing to pressure by its allies, Sparta declared war on Athens once again on the premise of “Greek freedom” as the Spartans viewed Athens as trying to over-power the rest of the peninsula.
		In 338 BCE, the Macedonians smashed the Greeks (mostly Athenians and Thebians), annihilating the Greeks “crack” fighting force, the Sacred Band.
	www.bmoore.net /western_civ/greece/civil_war.html (853 words)

	Thucydides and Herodotus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		BCE), on the other hand, tends to give a specific description of an event and then draw use that event to draw more general conclusions based upon his observations and the evidence he has available.
		Thucydides, himself a victim of the plague, describes ( Thucydides, 2.49.2) the symptoms of the plague in the hope that others will be able to identify it at a later point.
		Thucydides gives a very specific description about the revolution at Corcyra in the fifth year of the Peloponnesian war (427 BCE), but then goes on to use it as an example of the revolutions that occurred during the remaining portion of the war.
	www.perseus.tufts.edu /GreekScience/Students/Ben/aristotle.html (2881 words)

	Aegina sailing guide - Egina yachting, sailing holidays and yacht charters in Greece, Athens and Aegina island
		Aeginetan coins bearing the effigy of a tortoise are the oldest known, and by 656 BCE already had a wide circulation, and Aeginetan weights and measures remained current into Roman times.
		At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War (431 BCE) the Aeginetans were expelled from their island and the land distributed to citizens of Attica.
		According to Pausanias this belonged to the temple of Aphrodite by the harbour (460 BCE): in fact the temple was dedicated to Apollo.
	www.sailingissues.com /greekislands/aegina.html (830 words)

	Peloponnesian War
		Then, a deadly plague infected Athens in the year 430 BCE which wiped out a third of the Athenian population and was the cause of Pericles's death in 429 BCE At this time in the war, Athens was at a standstill.
		In May, 425 BCE, an Athenian fleet, which was supposed to bring aid to Corcyra, was driven by a storm into the harbor of Pylos, where one of the generals, Demosthenes, had hoped they might stop, since it was an excellent spot to raid the Peloponnesian coast.
		In 420 BCE Alcibiades, the nephew of Pericles, was elected as the new general.
	www.richeast.org /htwm/Greeks/war/index.html (1974 words)

	History 101 Lecture No. 5 at CSU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In 431 BCE hostilities resumed which began the proper Peloponnesian War.
		By 410 BCE, Athens had a small income remaining and was able to raise a small fleet to continue the war.
		By 404 BCE Sparta invaded Attica and defeated Athens.
	www.everfall.net /csu.history101.lecture05.html (1291 words)

	Ephesus
		A later council held at Chalcedon in 451 overturned the ruling and Jesus was elevated to being the same as God.
		The tomb was bult for the Seleucid King Antiochus II Theos, who died at Ephesus in 246 BCE.
		431 Councils at Ephesus in 431 and 449
	www.ancientroute.com /cities/ephesus.htm (4528 words)

	Thucydides
		The results of this democratic approach to warfare were not always happy, and the Athenians abandoned it to raise a professional army after heavy losses reduced their population.
		He was a mature man when the Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 BCE, and realizing its importance, he kept a record of events.
		The policy is expressed forcefully in extracts from a debate between envoys from an Athenian expedition to capture Melos in 416 BCE and the Melian leaders themselves.
	www.humanistictexts.org /thucydides.htm (5060 words)

	Staging, Actors, Masks
		The earliest known use of this device was in Euripdes’ Medea (431 BCE), when Medea flew off with the bodies of her children in a dragon-chariot supplied by the sun-god.
		Although early plays required only two actors, by the time of the Oresteia (458 BCE) three actors were needed for tragedies, and by 449 BCE the leading actors of each of the three sets of tragic performances competed for an acting prize at the City Dionysia.
		The vase depicts a “back-stage” celebration at the end of a satyr play, presumably the victors in a dramatic competition; it also depicts and names the Theban aulos -player Pronomos, who is also shown in dramatic costume, presumably because he had to be in the orchestra throughout the play.
	www.cnr.edu /home/bmcmanus/tragedy_staging.html (919 words)

	HH205 Names and Dates for the First Midterm
		509 BCE Rejection of the monarchy, establishment of Republic.
		508 BCE A factional leader, Cleisthenes, won power by promising lower classes equality before the law; he created democratic institutions such as generalship by election.
		133 BCE Tiberius Gracchus attempted land reforms for poor and was killed.
	www.dound.com /school/civ/6WeeksGuideDates.htm (126 words)

	to 1650 Lecture Four
		By the 600s BCE it had shifted to lyric poetry that focused on the emotions and feelings of the poet him or herself.
		By the 450s BCE this position was filled by the Sophists, philosophers who taught that man was rational and should approach all topics from the perspective of "systematic doubt." Some Sophists took doubting anything that could not be proven so far as to reject the gods; others argued that there was no absolute truth (relativism).
		In the mid-500s BCE the Greeks had tried to copy Egyptian art; by the 400s BCE, Greek artists had begun cast off these models and began portraying people in natural and fluid poses, with the aim of capturing beauty, motion, harmony, and balance.
	facstaff.bloomu.edu /hickey/to%201650%20lecture%204.htm (4624 words)

	Review 11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		the "golden age" of classical Athens in the 5th century BCE.
		Although his Antigone and Oedipus at Colonnus do deal with the saga of Thebes, they are NOT the remaining two plays that comprised the trilogy that Oedipus Rex was a part of.
		The Oedipus at Colonnus was written last, and produced posthumously in 401 BCE.
	www.pitt.edu /~classics/mythlit/review11.html (1522 words)

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