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Topic: 449 BCE

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	Sparta - Crystalinks
		In 449 BCE the war was ended by a five years' truce, but after Athens had lost her mainland empire by the battle of Coronea and the revolt of Megara a thirty years' peace was concluded, probably in the winter 446-445 BCE.
		That the terms of the Peace of Nicias, which in 421 BCE concluded the first phase of the war, were rather in favour of Sparta than of Athens was due almost entirely to the energy and insight of an individual Spartan, Brasidas, and the disastrous attempt of Athens to regain its lost land empire.
		The final success of Sparta and the capture of Athens in 405 BCE were brought about partly by the treachery of Alcibiades, who induced the state to send Gylippus to conduct the defence of Syracuse, to fortify Decelea in northern Attica, and to adopt a vigorous policy of aiding Athenian allies to revolt.
	www.crystalinks.com /sparta.html (2836 words)

	Chthonios (2) to Confusion * People, Places, & Things * Greek Mythology: From the Iliad to the Fall of the Last ...
		Kimon came to prominence after the ouster of Themistokles (Themistocles) and in 479 BCE he was elected strategos which gave him almost unlimited powers in regard to Athenian military policy; he was less confrontational (some would say sympathetic) with Sparta and more focused on the subjugation of the islands and colonies of the Aegean Sea.
		An Athenian statesman; circa 515-495 BCE; after the ouster of the tyrant, Hippias, Kleisthenes led the popular movement for the establishment of a democratic state instead of a tyranny or oligarchy; he is most noted for redistributing the lands of Attika (Attica) into ten “tribal” divisions; each section was called a deme.
		Kleomenes went to Athens in 508 BCE to impose a solution to the dispute over the Athenian constitution, he was subsequently trapped on the Akropolis (Acropolis) and only allowed to leave after he promised to never return to Attika (Attica); the dates given for his rule are extrapolations and should be used only as approximations.
	www.messagenet.com /myths/ppt/_c1003.html (3018 words)

	EPHESUS
		After the tragic fire in 356 BCE (tradition holds that Herostratos set that temple aflame to make a name for himself), the city took a long time to recover.
		They were defeated by the Romans at Magnesia (189 BCE) and Ephesus was turned over to control by Pergamum, until in 133 BCE Ephesus came under direct Roman rule.
		The monumental triple gate to the commercial agora from the Library of Celsus was dedicated to Augustus' family in 4/3 BCE.
	www.enjoyturkey.com /Tours/Interest/Biblicals/ephesus.htm (1295 words)

	..:: LES DRUIDES DU QUéBEC /\|\ ::.. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		550 BCE - 50 BCE Messapic and Venetic inscriptions
		And in 187 BCE, the last heir of the Asokan dynasty was killed by one of his commanders.
		Weakened by its isolation, Galatia became in the 2nd century BCE, the protectorate of the Pontic kingdom, and by the next century, became a province of Rome.
	www.angelfire.com /folk/boutios/timeline.html (3530 words)

	Overview
		In the classical era, Rhetoric was a major cultural force—tied to governmental practice and the rise of textual literacy.
		Socrates (469-399 BCE) is against the Sophists because he believes that the only worthy goal of Rhetoric is to pursue absolute truth (allegory of the cave, realm of the forms).
		Aristotle (384-322 BCE) was a student of Plato’s, who went on to found his own school (one of his pupils was the ruler Alexander the Great) and to become one of the widest ranging and most important writers in the Western tradition.
	www.viterbo.edu /perspgs/faculty/WStobb/471spr04classical.htm (1364 words)

	Chapter Two (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		By 479 BCE the Persians* are on the run and the Greeks have retaken the first parts of their Asia Minor* colonies.
		In 477 BCE The Confederacy of Delos* is founded by the Athenians to cope with all aggression.
		In 499 BCE the contest* for tragic actors is instituted and they begin to get some of the glory that had gone only to the playwright.
	hometown.aol.com /clasz/ChapTwo.html (11131 words)

	Morgantina - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The earliest historical date associated with Morgantina is 459 BCE, when Douketios, leader of the indigenous Sikel population of central Sicily, attacked the city and captured it.
		Morgantina was probably still under Douketios' control when he was defeated at Nomai by Syracuse in 449 BCE.
		No further mention of Morgantina is made until Thucydides lists it as part of the terms of a truce in the war of 427–424 BCE between Syracuse and the Dorian cities of Sicily on one side, and Kamarina, the Khalkidian cities of Sicily, the Sikels, and Athens on the other side.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Morgantina (1343 words)

	Apollo
		Livy refers to a cultus already established in 449 BCE and the presence of the Apollinar (open cult place of Apollo), located outside the pomerium (city boundary) of Rome-- ascertaining a marked presence, perhaps even during the Monarchy.
		Apollo’s prominence was further enhanced in 217 BCE upon becoming one of the Dii Consentes, at which time He was coactively identified as a solar deity.
		In the early fourth century BCE the duomviri sacris faciundis (“two men of sacred action”-later a college that was responsible for keeping, and when required, consulting the Sibylline oracles) supervised the first ceremony of the lectisternium or “draping of the couches”.
	www.religioromana.net /dii_consentes/apollo.htm (1524 words)

	Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Greece
		The Acharnians 425 BCE [At Eserver, formerly ERIS]
		The Frogs 405 BCE [At Eserver, formerly ERIS]
		The Wasps 422 BCE [At Eserver, formerly ERIS]
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/asbook07.html (2613 words)

	The Ancient Agora
		It was used as a residential and burial area as early as the Late Neolithic period (3000 BCE).
		The eastern side of the Agora is bounded by the restored Stoa of Attalus II (2nd century BCE).
		The Odeion of Agrippa was built in 15 BCE and comprised an auditorium with a seating capacity of about 1000 people and a two-story portico.
	www.grisel.net /ancient_agora.htm (607 words)

	History of Iran: Persian influence on Greece
		Their fathers had defeated the Persians (480-479 BCE), and the city was rightly famous for this victory.
		Besides, the economy was functioning well, and Athens was the leader of the Delian League, a position that it used unhesitatingly to impose tribute.
		Once, the Athenian leader Aristides had organized the League as a confederacy of equal states with equal rights (isonomia), but in the decades between 479 and 449 BCE, Athens had seized the initiative and had started to regard the other towns as subjects.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/persian_influence_on_greece3.php (1197 words)

	2blowhards.com: Case Studies in State Formation, Part II: Athens
		In 454 BCE, apparently in reaction to the Egyptian disaster of that year, Pericles relocated the treasury of the league from Delos (chosen originally as being sacred to Apollo) to Athens itself.
		In 449 BCE he issued a decree banning the mining of silver by the city states of the Delian League, forcing them to utilize Athenian coinage, weights and measures.
		In 405 BCE, the new Spartan navy, by a lucky sneak attack, destroyed a grotesquely incompetent Athenian fleet near the mouth of the Black Sea.
	www.2blowhards.com /archives/2006/09/case_studies_in_1.html (5625 words)

	CTCWeb Glossary: L (labrys to Lysistrata)
		a Roman law created in 215 BCE and cancelled in 195 BCE despite the influence of Cato the Elder; this law limited how much gold women could have, forbade women from wearing dresses of too many colors and driving in a horse-drawn vehicle too close to the City unless for a religious rite.
		a law ratified in 494 BCE after the first plebeian secession; it stated that the tribunes were sacred and made the plebeians a group united against the patricians.
		Roman laws passed in 449 BCE that protected and gave rights to the tribunes of the plebs.
	ablemedia.com /ctcweb/glossary/glossaryl.html (1501 words)

	Greek Theater
		In new comedy which lasted from 336 to 250 BCE, satire is almost entirely replaced by social comedy involving the family and individual character development, and the themes of romantic love.
		The archaeological evidence suggests that between 460 and 431 BCE (and probably at the time the Odeion was built) the orchestra was shifted north and west of its original position, and the hillside excavated further to make a more secure foundatio n for the wooden seats.
		By the fourth century BCE, and possibly during the fifth, there were 13 of these wedges, called kekrides in Greek.) In front of the new terrace wall, which became the rear wall of the stoa, was a projecting rectangle of stone 26 feet long and 23 feet 3 inches wide.
	faculty.saintleo.edu /reynolds/HON150-F03/Lectures/theater.htm (4659 words)

	[No title]
		But commencing in 449 BCE, prizes were also given for the best actor.
		And this question of "taste"--that which cannot be determined objectively, which can't be measured precisely, which, finally, is not controlled by the eye--but by what is "felt" or "experienced" or "savored" opens the door to my second text.
		Bharata-muni's Natyasastra was compiled between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE.
	www.nyu.edu /classes/bkg/rasa (2842 words)

	Staging, Actors, Masks
		The earliest known use of this device was in Euripdes’ Medea (431 BCE), when Medea flew off with the bodies of her children in a dragon-chariot supplied by the sun-god.
		Although early plays required only two actors, by the time of the Oresteia (458 BCE) three actors were needed for tragedies, and by 449 BCE the leading actors of each of the three sets of tragic performances competed for an acting prize at the City Dionysia.
		The vase depicts a “back-stage” celebration at the end of a satyr play, presumably the victors in a dramatic competition; it also depicts and names the Theban aulos-player Pronomos, who is also shown in dramatic costume, presumably because he had to be in the orchestra throughout the play.
	www.cnr.edu /home/bmcmanus/tragedy_staging.html (917 words)

	Religions of Iran: Influence and Role of Iranians in other Religions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In 449 BCE Ardeshir concluded a peace treaty with Athens known as the Peace of Cimons or Callias, under which the roadstead of the Phaselis in Lycia was designated as the boundary between the spheres of action of the navies.
		Having been born in 469 BCE, in 449 when the peace treaty was signed, he must have been 20 years old and having lost his army job as a hoplite he enlisted as a philosopher.
		It took them some years but in 250 BCE the Zarathushties changed their approach: theology was developed making use of Caldean, Sumerian, Babylonia and Jewish history and Epics, and we see a natural development rather than imposition or revolution.
	www.iranchamber.com /religions/iranian_influence_other_religions.php (8674 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In the early republic, traditional date being 449 BCE a special commission of ten men drew up and wrote down the customs or laws on Twelve Tables.
		The duty of the praetor peregrinus was to administer justice to non-Romans.
		Roman citizens attempted to get their cases tried in the "foreign courts." In 151 BCE, the formulary procedure of the praetor peregrinus was recognized as an alternative to the old legis actiones and they virtually disappeared from civil law except in religious cases and a few others.
	www2.chass.ncsu.edu /riddle/hi406.laws.doc (1697 words)

	Didaskalia - Introduction to Greek Stagecraft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The tragedies and comedies of the fifth and fourth centuries BCE that remain to us today were almost all written for performance in the Theatre of Dionysos at Athens.
		The Theatre of Dionysos was first dug out of the slope beneath the south side of the Acropolis in the late 6th century BCE, possibly while Athens was still under the rule of the Peisistratid dynasty.
		The archaeological evidence suggests that between 460 and 431 BCE (and probably at the time the Odeion was built) the orchestra was shifted north and west of its original position, and the hillside excavated further to make a more secure foundation for the wooden seats.
	www.didaskalia.net /studyarea/greekstagecraft.html (2276 words)

	What is Direct democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Direct democracy was first experimented with in the ancient Athenian democracy of ancient Greece (beginning circa 508 BCE (Finley, 1973)), which was governed for two centuries by a general assembly of all male citizens, by randomly selected officials, and one elected representative charged to command the army of the city (strategos).
		The ancient Roman Republic's "citizen lawmaking" -- citizen formulation and passage of law, as well as citizen veto of legislature-made law -- began about 449 BCE and lasted the approximately four hundred years to the death of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE.
		The presence of citizen lawmaking in Rome's governance was a strong, contributing factor to the rise of Rome, and its Greco-Roman civilization, to a greatness all out of proportion to the rest of the ancient world (Carey, 1967).
	www.whatis.tv /Direct_democracy.html (2599 words)

	Historic Amphipolis and Potidaea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In the early 5th century BCE, the Persian empire was all over this part of the world, and several major battles were fought around the Chalcidician peninsula as the Greeks struggled to push the Persians back east.
		By 449 BCE, Potidaea was an "ally" of Athens, in the "tribute-paying class".
		Back in the 5th century BCE, the area of Amphipolis and eastward was considered part of Thrace, and the people who lived in that immediate area were the Edonians, a Thracian tribe.
	www.whoosh.org /issue18/dickson1.html (2951 words)

	CTCWeb Glossary: P (paedagogus to pyxis)
		- the temple of Athena on the Acropolis in Athens; begun in 449 BCE, it was dedicated in 438 but did not finish construction until 432 BCE; a large cult statue by the famous sculptor Phidias was kept in the Parthenon and beautiful friezes decorated the temple.
		- (238-179 BCE) Philip V was a king of Macedonia; he fought in the Social War and the Second Macedonian War; he was beaten in the Battle of Cynoscephalae in Thessaly in 197 BCE; Philip V died in 179 BCE at Amphipolis.
		Caesar, elected pontifex maximus in 63 BCE; Caesar's best known reform as pontifex was to introduce the "Julian Calendar," a calendar of 365 days with a provision of a leap year every forth year.
	ablemedia.com /ctcweb/glossary/glossaryp.html (3461 words)

	Museum of Classical Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Roman woman, 36 BCE - 37, married to Drusus the Elder and mother of Claudius.
		The Athenians had decisive victories at Marathon (490 BCE), Salamis (480 BCE) and Plataea (479 BCE), and a peace was agreed in 449 BCE.
		The Acropolis, which had been flattened by the Persians in 480 BCE, was rebuilt with labour and money provided by the powerful position of Athens, with the new Parthenon as a focus of the victory celebrations.
	www.classics.cam.ac.uk /museum/glossarya-c.html (1052 words)

	Ancient Roman History Timeline II
		A seminal event, Rome's success in its first major wars, first against the town of Fidenae, followed by its defeat of the Etruscan city of Veii in 406-396 BCE, are seen by some historians as laying the foundation for the militaristic underpinnings of Roman society.
		Success in these wars allowed for its expansion of territory, and now, as a proven formidable opponent, Rome was seen as a potential danger by some, and a desired ally by others.
		The problem is these two were joint rulers from 170 to 164 BCE, and Plutarch simply says "Ptolemy".
	www.exovedate.com /ancient_timeline_two.html (1504 words)

	Climbing the Acropolis
		City and goddess were integrated by the Dorians and, with the union of Attica towns and villages in the ninth century BCE, the Acropolis became the heart of the first Greek city-state.
		In 479 BCE Athens was laid waste by the conquering Persian army.
		Much later, in 174 BCE, the king of Syria, renewed the construction project, which was finally completed by the Roman emperor Hadrian nearly 300 years later.
	www.gogreece.com /classroom/Acropolis.htm (3181 words)

	Rome: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History
		Marius served in 90 BCE as legate under Rutilius Lupus the consul.
		And as for Sulla, all his friends were put to death, his house was razed to the ground, his property was declared forfeit and he was declared an enemy of the state.
		Battle of the Colline Gate 1st November 82 BCE [Appian I.80-96] Praeneste surrendered and Marius II had his head hung in the forum.
	www.juyayay.com /outline/rome (2753 words)

	Temple - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Temple of Hephaestus, an Doric Greek temple in Athens with the original entrance facing east, 449 BC (western face depicted)
		A temple is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities, such as prayer and sacrifice, or analogous rites (as in masonry).
		At the center of the structure was the Holy of Holies where only the High Priest could enter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Temple (1163 words)

	SlowMotionDoomsday.Com - The Stairway To Heaven
		Inaros/Ramses IX was executed in 449 BCE at the end of the Six-Year Egyptian War.
		Whether he was born before 687 BCE and actually caught some glimpse of the departing Planet X Nibiru is unknown to me. It is possible, but not probable, that Seti I ("ghost correlation" of Psammetichus I) saw remnants of The Cosmic Tree with his own eyes.
		This year of 762 BCE also fell during the reigns of King Uzziah in Judah and King Asshurdan III in Assyria and was contemporaneous with the Trojan War, which lasted from 770 until 760 BCE.
	www.slowmotiondoomsday.com /stairway.html (10473 words)

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