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Topic: 480 BCE

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	Europe before 1000 BCE
		It was preceded by agriculture and the raising of animals, which appeared in sunny Greece as early as 6000 BCE - around the time that people there built stone walls around their villages, presumably to protect themselves from wild animals and marauding outsiders.
		By 4000 BCE, Europeans were using a wooden plow, and, sometime after 4000, farming spread to people around the Vistula River and into Scandinavia, while in Finland those people to be known as Finns hunted seals and bred pigs.
		By around 2000 BCE the Bell Beakers had traveled as far as what is now Czech Republic in central Europe, as far as Corsica, Sicily and North Africa, and they had entered Britain as far north as what is now Scotland.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch07.htm (0 words)

	Achaemenid period (553 bce - 330 bce)
		In the middle of the sixth century BCE, the Achaemanid clan of the Persians was headed by Cyrus, who ruled, under Median domination, as sub-king of Parsa, or Persis.
		In 553 BCE Cyrus led a revolt that resulted in the overthrow of the Median ruler and the rise to the power of the Achaemenids.
		A more ambitious to subjugate the Greeks was attempted by Xerxes, but after a navel disaster at Salamis in 480 BCE and a decimation of the land forces at Plataea the next year, the invading forces were withdrawn to the shores of Asia Minor.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/achaemen.shtml (0 words)

	Classics at Victoria University of Wellington: Classics Museum
		From the Orientalising Period (700-600 BCE) there are a number of small Corinthian vases including a concave pyxis (box) with friezes of animals and an aryballos with a procession of warriors with shields.
		From the Archaic Period (600-480 BCE), we have a number of vases in the Attic fl figure style: several lekythoi (jugs or cruets), an olpe with Achilles slaying Penthesilea, a neck amphora with satyrs carrying maenads, and a kylix or cup (inscribed) with two silens running, one on either side of the vase.
		From the Classical Period (480-323 BCE) we exhibit a white ground aryballos illustrated with a winged Nike (Victory), as well as a white ground lekythos with a nude male figure wearing a petasos (a travelling hat).
	www.vuw.ac.nz /classics/about/classics_museum.html (0 words)

	History of Iran: Xerxes (Khashayar Shah)
		He wintered in Sardis in 481-480 BCE and thence led a combined land and sea invasion of Greece.
		Northern Greece fell to the invaders in the summer of 480 BCE, the Greek stand at Thermopylae in August of 480 BCE came to nought, and the Persian land forces marched on Athens, taking and burning the Acropolis.
		Self-enjoyment was steadily sapping the strength and vitality of the Achaemenid Empire, led to the assassination of the Great King in 465 BCE -probably upon order by one of his sons, Artaxerxes, who succeeded him-.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/xerxes/xerxes.php (0 words)

	The Indus Valley and Hindus
		Sometime around 6000 BCE a nomadic herding people settled into villages in the Mountainous region just west of the Indus River.
		After 5000 BCE the climate in their region changed, bringing more rainfall, and apparently they were able to grow more food, for they grew in population.
		In the decades around 1000 BCE came a shortage of rainfall, and, running from drought, Aryan tribes trekked eastward along the foot of the Himalayan mountains, where jungles were less dense and rivers easier to cross.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch05.htm (0 words)

	Crotone Information
		From 588 BCE onwards, Croton produced many generations of victors in the Olympics and the other Panhellenic Games, the most famous of whom was Milo of Croton.
		In 480 BCE, Croton sent a ship in support of the Greeks at the Battle of Salamis (Herodotus 8.47), but the victory of Locri and Rhegium over Croton in the same year marked the beginning of its decline.
		Croton was then occupied by the Bruttii, with the exception of the citadel, in which the chief inhabitants had taken refuge; these, being unable to defend the place against a Carthaginian force, soon after surrendered, and were allowed to withdraw to Locri.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Crotone (997 words)

	The Greeks to 480 BCE
		He is credited with having written, sometime before 700 BCE, the epic poem the Iliad, a story that had been passed from generation to generation by those who told stories from memory, a story about war between the Mycenae Greeks and the city of Troy.
		In 621 BCE, while unrest was rising among the poor of Athens, a man named Draco (Drako) led the ruling oligarchy in Athens.
		And among the aristocrats of Miletus was an independence of thought that was a part of an effort toward individual excellence that had been encouraged as justification for their privileges.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch07b-eu.htm (0 words)

	The Acropolis Museum (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 480 BCE, the Persians occupied Athens for a short period of time demolishing the treasures of the Acropolis.
		Marble kore, usually referred to as the Peplophoros, or Peplos Kore, on account of the peplos, a simple unpleated garment of Doric provenance, which she is wearing.
		Large marble Athena from the pediment bearing a representation of Gigantomachy from the Old Temple, as it was renovated in 525 BCE by the sons of Peisistratos (3rd phase of the Old Temple).
	www.grisel.net /acropolis_museum.htm (1346 words)

	[No title]
		The youngest of the three great tragedians, Euripides was probably born between 485 and 480 BCE, although some classicists propose a later date.
		The campaigns of 480-79 BCE saw the Athenians destroy the invading force of the powerful Persian Empire, solidifying Athens' position as the leader of the independent Greek city-states.
		The decisive victory came at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BCE, in which the Athenian navy routed the Persian fleet.
	www.lycos.com /info/euripides.html?page=2 (318 words)

	The Warring States Period of Ancient China (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The wasteful and bloody conquest of the separate states was justified as an unfortunate necessity to end the era of anarchy, but the wars were primarily those of empire-building.
		The kingdom of Qin of the northwest finally conquered the southeastern kingdom of Chu in 223 BCE.
		The last opponents were conquered two years later in 221 BCE, thus creating the Empire of Qin (China).
	www2.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/warringstates.htm (596 words)

	Online Study Guide
		Just as the contemporary Doryphoros by Polykleitos may be seen as the culmination of nearly two centuries of searching for the ideal proportions of the various human body parts, so, too, the Parthenon may be viewed as the ideal solution to the Greek architect's quest for the perfect proportions in Doric temple design.
		In 421 BCE work finally began on the temple that was to replace the Archaic Athena temple the Persians had razed.
		Only colors that could survive the heat of the great kiln- reds, brown, purple, and a special snowy white reserved for the flesh of the nymphs and for such details as the hair, beard, and shaggy body of Papposilenos, were used.
	www.wadsworth.com /art_d/templates/student_resources/0155050907_kleiner/studyguide/ch05/ch05_4.html (1772 words)

	Theravada Buddhism
		Year 1 of the Buddhist Era calendar is the year of the Buddha's Parinibbana (death and final release), which occurred in the Buddha's eightieth year (480 BCE according to the "historical" timeline; 544 BCE by tradition).
		According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha's birth took place in 624 BCE, although some recent estimates place the Buddha's birth much later — perhaps as late as 448 BCE {1}.
		Events in the timeline prior to -250 CE are shown with two CE dates: the date based on the "traditional" nativity of 624 BCE, followed by the date based on the "historical" date of 560 BCE.
	www.accesstoinsight.org /history.html (0 words)

	Olympians: Vase Representations
		On this Attic red figure Nolan amphora (Boston 10.184; early classical [470 bce]) he is shown pursuing Ganymede; transcript of pursuit; and on this Attic red figure kylix (Malibu 84.AE.569; late archaic [480 bce]) Ganymede is shown serving as cupbearer to Zeus.
		On this Attic red figure hydria of the early classical period (480-40 bce), Triptolemus is seated in his chariot and Demeter pours a libation for him; to his left is Persephone, and Hekate is depicted on the right behind Demeter (London E 183).
		On this Attic fl figure hydria of the archaic period (430-520 bce) Apollo stands in the center, playing his lyre, and faces his mother Leto; Artemis is behind him, and Hermes is on the far left; Poseidon is on the far right; Toledo 1956.70.
	mkatz.web.wesleyan.edu /cciv110x/hesiod/cciv110.olympians.html (2319 words)

	Slides for lecture of October 30, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Amphora by the Amasis Painter; 560 BCE; Dionysos and menads
		Amphora by the Kleophrades Painter; 500-490 BCE; Dionysos and menads
		Amphora by the Antimenes Painter, 540 BCE; scene of olive harvest
	classics.ucdavis.edu /AHI1A/20011030.html (348 words)

	Seder Olam Rabbah, Part 2 : Solomon's Temple, & Zerrubabel - The Kings Calendar
		The point made is that the Seder Olam Rabbah wishes to present chronological symmetry, in that 480 years elapsed between the Exodus and the commencement of Solomon's Temple, and 480 years elapsed unto Zerrubabel's commencement of the Temple's restoration.
		To measure 480 years from Solomon's Temple, we have to measure from both the commencement and completion years, and measure in both artificial and solar years.
		Likewise, it can also be determined that 480 mixed years transpire between Solomon's 4th and both Cyrus' conquest of Babylon - or - 522 BCE to the Commencement of the 2nd Temple.
	www.kingscalendar.com /cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=viewnews&id=141 (2044 words)

	Greek Architecture
		550-530 BCE, "Basilica" Temple of Hera I, Paestum
		438-432 BCE, The Parthenon, by Iktinos & Kallikrates, Athens, Acropolis
		447-438 BCE, Temple of Hephaistos, by Kallikrates, Athens
	www.oberlin.edu /staff/jromano/images/grarch.html (0 words)

	Ancient Greek Coins
		(They were independently invented in China in about 1000 BCE, but this was not known in Europe.) The idea soon spread to the independent city states of Ionia on the Aegean coast, and then to the rest of the Greek world, which extended at that time from the Black Sea to Sicily and southern Italy.
		The Archaic period extends from the introduction of coinage to the Greek world in about 600 BCE until the Persian Wars in about 480 BCE.
		Coins are the only art form from the Ancient world which are common enough and durable enough to be within the reach of ordinary collectors.
	www.crystalinks.com /greekcoins.html (1020 words)

	SparkNotes: Greek Art and Architecture: Important Terms, Periods, Places, and People
		Between the fourteenth and eleventh centuries BCE, Delphi housed the temple of the earth god Ge.
		Serving his temple was an oracle (priest or priestess), through whom it was believed that Apollo relayed messages to earth: Greeks sought advice and predictions from the oracle over the years.
		Art produced during this time is characterized by emotion and movement, and treated a more varying subject matter than had previous periods: artists now depicted subjects such as old beggar woman, young children, or athletes, rather than limiting themselves to mythical figures or gods.
	www.sparknotes.com /art/greek/terms.html (1218 words)

	Historical Background
		In the Fifth Century BCE, Persia had an empire which spread across half of known Asia (the area that was under its control was actually even larger than that of Rome at its peak).
		The beginning of the Fifth Century BCE in Greece was marked by the Persian Wars which started in 499 BCE and continued on and off until 480 BCE.
		On August, 480 BCE, 300 Spartans and 5 600 other warriors died at Thermoplylae in a vain attempt to stop the Persian advance.
	www.hermes-press.com /RNC_background.htm (3299 words)

	Archived Biography - Euripides
		Died: 406 BCE in Macedonia at age ~74.
		Born about 480 BCE, somewhere in the vicinity of Athens, Euripides, the son of Mnesarchides, was destined from the beginning to be a misunderstood poet.
		His 'Trojan Women' was written in response to an Athenian expedition in 416 BCE which destroyed the city of Melos and slaughtered its men.
	home.att.net /~shadow-raven/Politics/Bios/Euripides.htm (996 words)

	Delphi's Role in Greek History, page 5
		In 448 BCE, the Phocians again gained political power over Delphi, which led to the declaration of the Second Sacred War to restore the sanctuary's freedom.
		In 421 BCE the Peace of Nicias restored it to the Delphi.
		Defeated by Philip II of Macedonia in 346 BCE, they were expelled from the Amphictyonic Council, their towns were split into small villages, and they were forced to pay a large yearly fine to the Delphic sanctuary.
	ablemedia.com /ctcweb/showcase/pagepaper5.html (225 words)

	Greek Sculpture
		The "bronze hollow cast" figure begins as clay, a soft easily worked material that allows for extremely fine details; it is these fine details that the Greek artists sought to enhance the realism of the figure.
		The statue is marble, from c.150 bce and is 6'7" in height.
		"Athena and Alcyoneus" frieze from the Altar of Zeus at Pergamum, c.180 bce.
	www.accd.edu /sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Greek3.htm (583 words)

	SparkNotes: Greek Art and Architecture: Context
		During this time, the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations of Crete and the rest of the Eastern Mediterranean built monumental palaces, tombs, and temples, painted frescoes, and crafted fine granulated jewelry (a technique thought to have originated in the Near East).
		The period between the death of Alexander in 323 BCE and the defeat of the Greeks by the Romans in the Battle of Actium (31 BCE) is referred to as the Hellenistic Period.
		When the Romans conquered Greece in the first century BCE, they respected the artistic talents of their defeated enemy and even emulated them.
	www.sparknotes.com /art/greek/context.html (517 words)

	Greek Gods
		Indo-Europeans, originally from central Asia, beginning in 4th millennium bce, migrated in all directions, and destruction of original settlements in Greece appears around 2100 bce.
		Around 800 bce, someone familiar with Phoenician writing invented the Greek alphabet by making a rough indication of a vowel accompany consonant sounds.
		His death in 323 bce started break-up of his empire, but Greek culture became "world" culture.
	www.wsu.edu /%7Edelahoyd/ancient.greek.html (0 words)

	European Heads of State from BCE 1200
		After the murder of Frana in 586 BCE, the people wanted the "borugh maid" Adela to be their new Earth Mother, but she refused because she wished to resign from her citadel and marry, which she did.
		The ruling dynasty of the Bosporan Kingdom (see Crimea) from the end of the 1st century BCE on was Sarmatian in origin, and probably belonged to the Roxolanoi originally.
		Her father, Tigran III had been force to accept the supremacy of Rome, but the dynasty still used the title of "King of Kings." She first married her half-brother Tigran IV, who was disposesed by Augustus because of suspected treachery, and Tiberius came again to Armenia to replace him with their cousin Artavazd.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /womeninpower/European-Queens.htm (7032 words)

	Art Appreciation:Greek & Roman Art
		Idealized Sculptural proportions, according to Plato, transformed the image of a human being to the divine level.
		A Kouros that is in the later relaxed contraposto style (the weight is on one leg).
		With the arch and the invention of concrete, as we know it, great structures were built by the Romans.
	www.jcjc.cc.ms.us /faculty/finearts/bdennis/jcartgr.html (202 words)

	Livius Picture Archive: the naval battle off Salamis (480 BCE)
		After the Persian victories at Artemisium and Thermopylae, king Xerxes proceeded to Athens, which he captured in the last days of September 480.
		According to a story that may or may not be true, the Athenian admiral Themistocles, pretending to be a friend of the Persians, lured the enemy navy into the straits of Salamis.
		In retrospect, Salamis proved to be the decisive battle in the Persian War.
	www.livius.org /a/battlefields/salamis/salamis.html (0 words)

	Greek Gods
		Indo-Europeans, originally from central Asia, beginning in 4th millennium bce, migrated in all directions, and destruction of original settlements in Greece appears around 2100 bce.
		Around 800 bce, someone familiar with Phoenician writing invented the Greek alphabet by making a rough indication of a vowel accompany consonant sounds.
		31 bce Alexandria fell into Roman hands at death of Cleopatra VII, last of the ruling descendants of the generals of Alexander.
	www.wsu.edu:8001 /~delahoyd/ancient.greek.html (450 words)

	Carthage - Classics - Ancient Carthage
		Carthage founded by Tyrian colonists according to Timaeus (350-260 BCE), a historian from Taormina in Sicily historian.
		After the 480 battle, a temple to Athena was built to mark the victory.
		He escapes the Roman army sent to stop him, marches across the Alps in the winter, and defeat three consular armies in 218, 217 and 216 BCE.
	www.carthage.edu /outis/carthage3.html (473 words)

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