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	[No title]
		479 BCE: China - The philosopher Mo-tzu, founder of Mohism, is born.
		145 BCE: China - The historian Ssu-ma Ch'ien, author of the Records of the Historian, is born.
		141-87 BCE: China - Han Wu-Ti is emperor of the Han Dynasty.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/chpage.htm (937 words)

	History of Iran: Xerxes (Khashayar Shah)
		He wintered in Sardis in 481-480 BCE and thence led a combined land and sea invasion of Greece.
		Northern Greece fell to the invaders in the summer of 480 BCE, the Greek stand at Thermopylae in August of 480 BCE came to nought, and the Persian land forces marched on Athens, taking and burning the Acropolis.
		Self-enjoyment was steadily sapping the strength and vitality of the Achaemenid Empire, led to the assassination of the Great King in 465 BCE -probably upon order by one of his sons, Artaxerxes, who succeeded him-.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/xerxes/xerxes.php (480 words)

	Encyclopedia: Chu (state)
		Chu overran Cai to the north in 447 BCE.
		In 333 BCE Chu, along with the state of Qi, annexed the coastal state of Yue.
		In 278 BCE, Qin general Bai Qi marched on the capital Yingdu, threatening to invade.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Chu-%28state%29 (1298 words)

	Confucius [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Better known in China as "Master Kong" (Chinese: Kongzi), Confucius was a fifth-century BCE Chinese thinker whose influence upon East Asian intellectual and social history is immeasurable.
		Sources for the historical recovery of Confucius' life and thought are limited to texts that postdate his traditional lifetime (551-479 BCE) by a few decades at least and several centuries at most.
		After the initial persecution of Confucians during the short-lived Qin dynasty (221-202 BCE), the succeeding Han emperors and their ministers seized upon Confucius as a vehicle for the legitimation of their rule and the social control of their subjects.
	www.iep.utm.edu /c/confuciu.htm (4364 words)

	Thucnotes.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Peloponnesian War: War between Athens and her allies (the Delian League) and Sparta with her allies (the Peloponnesian League), 431-403 BCE.
		Thirty Years Truce: between Athens and Sparta, agreed upon in 446 BCE, ended in 431.
		The Corinthians come from a prosperous trading city that was a major rival of Athens in colonizing other areas of Greece.
	isc.temple.edu /pericles/thucnotes.htm (149 words)

	205 A Brief History of Classical Greece, Classical Drama and Theatre
		By the early days of the fifth century (the 490's BCE), the Athenians had settled into their new type of government where the general populace exerted direct control of the city through assemblies and the enactment of laws, and measures were regularly being passed by a majority vote of some sort.
		It ended with the fall of Athens in 404 BCE and resulted, ultimately, in the collapse of all of southern Greece to a foreign power in the next century.
		In 338 BCE, Philip succeeded in defeating the combined forces of the southern Greeks—Athens, Thebes, and Sparta all fighting together for the first time in centuries!—and reduced them to a tribute-paying protectorate of his burgeoning empire.
	www.usu.edu /markdamen/ClasDram/chapters/051clasgk.htm (2095 words)

	481 Definition / 481 Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		He succeeded his father Childeric I in 481 as King of the Salian Franks.
		These were a Germanic people occupying the area west of the lower Rhine, with their own center around Tournai and Cambrai, along the modern frontier between France and Belgium, in an area known as Toxandria....
		481 is a long awaited patch for this damn fine game that we have been waiting for.
	www.elresearch.com /481 (274 words)

	Early Confucianism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		'Confucius', is a Latinization of Kung Futzu, Master Kung(551-479 BCE), who was born in troubled times during the Spring and Autumn (770-481 BCE) period.
		His disciples respected or revered him and compared his virtue to the sun and moon.
		He was buried near his native town, and many of his disciples stayed there for three years mourning for him, where they planted trees in memory of him.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/confuc/early.html (984 words)

	Articles - Rhetoric (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Rhetoric was popularized in the 5th century BCE by itinerant teachers known as sophists, the best known of whom were Protagoras (c.481-420 BCE), Gorgias (c.483-376 BCE), and Isocrates (436-338 BCE).
		Cicero (106-43 BCE) and Quintilian (35-100 CE) were chief among Roman rhetoricians, and their work is an extension of Aristotle's.
		In the second century BCE, Rhodes became an important educational center, particularly of rhetoric, and the sons of noble Roman families studied there.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Rhetoric (3273 words)

	Yinyang (Yin-yang) [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The earliest Chinese characters for yin and yang are found in inscriptions made on “oracle bones” (skeletal remains of various animals used in ancient Chinese divination practices at least as early as the 14th century BCE).
		He lists this yinyang school alongside five others (Confucian, Mohist, Legalist, Fatalist, and Daoist) and defines its theory as “the investigation of the shu [art] of yin and yang.” According to him, this school focused on omens of luck and explored the patterns of the four seasons.
		The Han dynasty chronicle Shiji (Records of the Historian) lists Zou Yan (305-240 BCE) as a representative of the yinyang school who possessed a profound knowledge of the theory of yinyang and wrote about a hundred thousand words on it.
	www.iep.utm.edu /y/yinyang.htm (3238 words)

	[No title]
		[25]479 BCE: China - The philosopher Mo-tzu, founder of Mohism, is born.
		He operates against the assumptions of a theory of absolute aggression justified by the "School of Law." [31]320 BCE: China - The philosopher Hsun-tzu, founder of Legalism, is born.
		[45]145 BCE: China - The historian Ssu-ma Ch'ien, author of the Records of the Historian, is born.
	saturniancosmology.org /files/china/chpage.txt (1019 words)

	Mayton English 500 Fall 1998
		The classical period of Chinese history is thought to have ended in 221 BCE with the establishment of the Qin or Ch=in dynasty, which began the Great Wall and attempted to destroy all remnants of the classical period by censoring and burning books (Kennedy 142).
		According to Xing Lu'Rhetoric in Ancient China Fifth to Third Century BCE, A[f]rom the Xia to Shang dynasties (approximately twenty-first to eleventh century BCE), the Chinese rhetorical experience was characterized by mythological and ritualistic communication in the form of the oral transmission of legends, along with rites of ancestor worship and divinations"(6).
		The Spring-Autumn and Warring States period (722-221 BCE) was a time of great shifts in power, characterized by the emergence of a dominant lower-middle class, the decline of the aristocracy, wars, and crises in cultural values (Lu 6).
	www.cwru.edu /affil/sce/old/ricemayton500.html (3644 words)

	Chinese Cultural Studies: A brief chinese chronology
		The little Chinese cities of remote antiquity were only enclaves in the midst of vast extents of uncultivated land and did not extend beyond the limits of the lower basin of the Yellow River.
		The colonization of the southern provinces was a long-lasting affair which began at the end of the third century BCE.
		The warlike, China of the sixth to eighth centuries turned towards central Asia and succeeded in extending its authority to the regions beyond the Pamirs, while China of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was a maritime, trading land threatened by the advance of the empires of the steppe.
	acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu /~phalsall/texts/chron.html (2132 words)

	Arts of Asia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		BCE a follower of Confucius named Dong Zhong Shu provides an overarching cosmological framework for its moral philosophy (drawing from other school of thoughts):
		The emperor acts as link between heaven and hearth (the emperor rules with mandate of heaven, thus if an emperor is overthrown it is because he lost the mandate of heaven).
		In 136 BCE during the Han dynasty an exam system that tested one’s knowledge of the Confucian classics was set up in order to provide access to the bureaucratic structure (Power can be acquired through knowledge and not exclusively through birth).
	www.temple.edu /Art_History_India/16-arts-asia/h-12-zhou-qin.htm (554 words)

	- LEARNERS: BURNING LIBRARIES (BCE) -
		In 612 BCE Medes and resurgent Chaldeans-Babylonians destroyed the Assyrian capital at Nineveh.
		In retaliation for Sardis, the Persians razed the Greek colony of Miletus (494 BCE).
		In 48 BCE the inhabitants of Alexandria blockaded Caesar.
	peaceworld.freeservers.com /130BURNINGLIBRARIES1.htm (9347 words)

	Rissho Ankoku Ron - a commentary, part 21 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		1100-256 BCE) in China, the second involves the fall of the Western Chin dynasty (265-316), the third involves the death of Emperor Wu-tsung (r.
		770-720 BCE) of the Chou dynasty, while moving his court east to Loyang, observed that those living by the Yi River were no longer following the ancient customs of the Chou and were reverting to their own local rustic customs.
		He lived during the Warring States period (475-221 BCE) of Chinese history when the Chou dynasty was nothing more than a name and the princes of all the various states vied with each other over who would get to become the founder of a new dynasty.
	nichirenscoffeehouse.net /Ryuei/RAR21.html (2569 words)

	News Page Press Release
		Early in the nineteenth century, these ninth-century BCE limestone panels from Assyria (present-day Iraq) made an incredible journey across the desert, over the ocean, and along the dusty roads of New England to Dartmouth College.
		After moving several times over the course of 130 years on the campus, they were installed in their present location in the Hood Museum of Art in 1985.
		Terracotta vessels from the ancient Andes mountains and adjacent coastal region, some in the shape of animals and humans and dating back to 2100 BCE, are now on view, presenting an extraordinary level of artistic and technological achievement.
	hoodmuseum.dartmouth.edu /newspagepressrel.html (852 words)

	Encyclopedia: China
		The "Chinese" thus defined their nation as culturally and politically distinct from - and as the axis mundi of surrounding nations; a concept that continued well into the Qing dynasty, although being continually redefined while the central political influence expanded territorially, and its culture assimilated alien influences.
		The Spring and Autumn Period (Chinese: æ˜¥ç§‹æ™‚ä»£; Pinyin:) represented an era in Chinese history between 722 BC and 481 BC.
		The period takes its name from the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle of the period whose authorship was traditionally attributed to Confucius.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/China (10802 words)

	Notes 5b: The Classical Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The central authority of the Zhou kings thus began a steep and rapid decline.
		Sometime around 450 BCE (or 403 BCE in some accounts), there was a de facto division of power that finally broke the hegemony of the Zhou kingdom in name as well as in fact.
		Finally, in 221 BCE, the Qin state overcame all its enemies and unified China under a single, centralized government for the first time in history.
	inic.utexas.edu /asnic/boretz/Chinasite2/Content/Notes%205b%20The%20Classical%20Age.htm (1261 words)

	Chinese Astronomical Observations
		Circa 480 BCE is thought to be somewhat correct.
		But one was found on a cyclical day whose number was 53, this eclipse, 1302 BCE Jun 5, was then selected as the only possible candidate.
		Furthermore, direct references to solar eclipses are alleged to have existed as early as the eighth century BCE, during the Chou dynasty.
	members.aol.com /gparrishjr/cao.html (750 words)

	first
		There was a loose degree of central unity; the state was held together by a system of oaths, tributes and ritual - it was not a true central kingdom or state in terms of an effective bureaucracy, unified military or centralized law.
		During the latter part of the Zhou dynasty (by around 771 BCE), this loose leadership began to erode and violence increased.
		By 221 BCE the northern state of Qin had subdued most of the other competing states and declared the creation of a new dynasty - claiming the Mandate of Heaven and the "Qin Dynasty".
	www.hcc.hawaii.edu /distance/hist151/first.htm (1755 words)

	[No title]
		Born around 495 BCE and dying in 406, Sophocles' life encompassed almost the entirety of the fifth century, the Golden Age of Classical Athens.
		In 443 BCE he served as the Imperial Treasurer of Athens, a high honor, and was twice elected to the board of Strategoi ("Generals") who ruled the city.
		Over the course of the next half decade, this epidemic claimed a quarter to a third of the population of Athens, including the great statesman Pericles whose death was, without doubt, one of the most devastating consequences of the Peloponnesian War in its early days.
	www.usu.edu /markdamen/1320AncLit/chapters/08soph.htm (8506 words)

	Xi Shi and the Warring States Period
		Though we cannot pin-point her exact date of birth, we can certainly assume that she was real through the legend that she had left behind.
		He was infatuated with her so much that when Wu Zixu suggested attacking Yue instead of Chu (another advisor by the name of Bo Pi--he, ironically, was from the same state of Chu that Wu Zixu originated from [3]--had suggested earlier that Wu attack Chu instead of Yue), he had Wu Zixu commit suicide.
		When 482 BCE came around, "while the King of Wu was away at a conference of rulers to discuss control of the central plain, Yue launched a surprise attack on Wu, inflicting heavy casualties.
	www.lam.741.com /387-1.html (807 words)

	Written Evidence Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		It is known for its use of acupuncture, elaborate bronze ritual vessels, oracle bones to determine the future and the earliest standardized form of Chinese characters.
		It was during a period of decline in the Zhou between 770 and 256 BCE, the Eastern Zhou period, (divided into the Spring and Autum period -- 722-481 BCE.
		-- and the Waring States period --403-221 BCE.) that China's philosophic and political traditions are born in scholars vying for influence in the decreasing number of states as the stronger ones defeat the weaker.
	www.worldclass.net /China/written1.htm (1066 words)

	I Ching - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was not until then that the whole context of I Ching was understood.
		Its philosophy heavily influenced the literature and government administration of the Zhou Dynasty (1122 BCE - 256 BCE).
		Later, during the time of Spring and Autumn (722 BCE - 481 BCE), Confucius wrote Shi Yi (十翼 shí yì, "Ten Wings"), an introductory comment on the I Ching.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/I_Ching (2740 words)

	481 BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Years: 486 BC 485 BC 484 BC 483 BC 482 BC - 481 BC - 480 BC 479 BC 478 BC 477 BC 476 BC
		The Congress at the Isthmus of Corinth ends a war between Athens and Aegina
		The article about 481 BC contains information related to 481 BC, Events, Births and Deaths.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/481_BCE (126 words)

	Zopyrus
		This may have happened in 481 BCE; the Babylonian rebel king may have been Bêl-shimanni.
		Zopyrus was married to a sister of Darius; the couple had at least one daughter and one son, named Megabyzus; this was one of the Persian commanders during the Persian campaign against Greece of king Xerxes (in 480 BCE).
		Megabyzus was married to a daughter of Xerxes; their son was called Zopyrus, and this man defected to the Athenians in 445 BCE.
	www.livius.org /zo-zz/zopyrus/zopyrus.html (616 words)

	Timeline of Events in Classical China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		He writes the Tao-te Ching and founds the Taoist school of thought.
		Sometime after 502 BCE, Confucius becomes ssu k'ou in Lu.
		On diplomatic errands, Confucius assists at ceremony during meeting between Duke Ting of Lu and Duke Ching of Ch'i in Chia Ku (500 BCE)
	guweb2.gonzaga.edu /faculty/wheeler/chinese_timeline.html (536 words)

	Ancient Chinese and Mediterranean Empires
		BCE), and was subsequently accelerated by the conquests of Alexander the Great (334-330 BCE), followed by the creation of Hellenistic successor states to the Persian empire (3rd to 1st c.
		BCE, the Mediterranean had come to consist of five principal warring states (Rome, Carthage, Macedon, the Seleucid empire, and Egypt) surrounded by a few smaller polities (such as Syracuse and Pergamon) and an otherwise largely tribal periphery.
		Rapid unification was brought about by the Qin state (221-210 BCE) which soon turned into the Han empire (206 BCE to 220 CE), and then continued expansion into its tribal periphery (in the 2nd and 1st c.
	www.stanford.edu /~scheidel/acme.htm (3561 words)

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